PSY 2210 Ch. 9
THE ______ PERIOD: ONE WORD AT A TIME. - Vocabulary grows one word at a time - Naming explosion. - Talk most about manipulable objects
HOLOPHRASE
A small number of individually meaningless symbols that can be combined according to rules to produce infinite messages.
Language
Rules specifying how words are formed from sounds
Morphology
Smallest sound unit used in a language. - Children are born with ability to discriminate most _____ but specialize in those they hear after about 1 year. - Differ across languages (l vs r in English and Japanese)
Phonemes
Knowledge of how language is used to communicate effectively
Pragmatics
______ language (understanding) develops earlier than _____ language (expression).
Receptive Productive
______ knowledge: Rules of how to use language in particular social contexts.
Sociolinguistic
What are the typical error in pronouncing words? What are the causes?
Some sounds more difficult to make or make together (in English, l, r, th, s may be later developing) Consonant clusters are particularly tricky Is sometimes due to hearing issues or inherited speech problem (often neither of the above)
Rules specifying how words are combined to produce sentences.
Syntax
THE ____ PERIOD: FROM HOLOPHRASES TO SIMPLE SENTENCES
TELEGRAPHIC
Do Preverbal Infants Understand the Meaning of Words?
Yes
According to the rules that young children use to learn the meanings of new words, when Ravisha points to a picture of a boy in a blue shirt and says "boy" her 13-month-old son will assume that the word "boy" refers to a. the boy. c. the color blue. b. the boy's shirt. d. the book that Ravisha is reading.
a
As infants develop a. babbling shifts from single syllable utterances to combinations of different sounds. b. the average length of each babbled sound decreases. c. babbling tends to become more constant in pitch. d. they shift from babbling to cooing.
a
Babbling refers to a. speech-like sounds that consist of a vowel and consonant but that have no meaning. b. the production of vowel-like sounds such as "ooooooo" or "ahhhhhhh." c. a pattern of rising and falling pitch. d. a distinctive style of speech adults use when talking to infants.
a
Barry tells his 3-year-old son, Billy, the name of an unfamiliar object. You would expect Billy to a. use rules to link the word with its meaning. b. not use any rules to determine the meaning of the word. c. need to hear the new word many times before he learns its correct meaning. d. systematically evaluate all possible hypotheses regarding the correct meaning of the word.
a
Who is most likely to be using telegraphic speech? a. 6-month-old Linda. c. 3-year-old Lucinda b. 18-month-old Lorna. d. 5-year-old Louisa
b
Naming explosion occurs at ___ to ____ months
18 24
Process by which one organism transmits information to and influences another.
Communication
How do kids compensate?
Deletion, Addition, Substitution, Reduplication, Reordering, Not Attempting the word at all
Behaviorist learning theorists propose that a. language is learned through imitation and reinforcement. b. children have an inborn mechanism to help them learn grammar. c. there is a critical period for learning language. d. grammatical rules are too complex for children to infer solely on the basis of speech they hear.
a
Berko's classic study in which she showed children a nonsense object labeled a "wug" and then presented the child with a picture of two of these objects to see how the child would supply the plural form of "wug" demonstrated that preschool a. children's use of grammatical morphemes is based on rules. b. children do not use inflection. c. children's language is not based on rules. d. children acquire a rule for using "un + verb" to reverse or stop the action of a verb.
a
Fast mapping denotes the phenomenon that a. words are associated with objects so rapidly that children are not systematically evaluating all possible meanings of a word. b. children have identified concepts prior to language; words are used as symbols to denote these concepts. c. children are more likely to learn words consisting of sounds they have already mastered. d. children often understand words before they are able to produce them in their own speech.
a
Infants as young as __________ of age can distinguish phonemes. a. 1 month. c. 1 year b. 6 months. d. 2 years
a
Infants who are younger than 6 months of age a. do not need to experience speech sounds in their environment to be able to discriminate them. b. must experience speech sounds in their environment to be able to discriminate them. c. can discriminate only the sounds found in their native language. d. cannot discriminate any speech sounds which explains why they cannot talk.
a
Much evidence supports the theory that children's acquisition of grammar is guided by innate mechanisms. Which of the following does NOT support this theory? a. Children sometimes imitate adult speech. b. Only humans learn grammar readily. c. Regions of the brain are specialized for processing language. d. There is a critical period for learning language.
a
Overextensions a. occur more often when children are producing words than when they are comprehending words. b. occur when children define a word too narrowly. c. are not influenced by feedback from parents. d. become more common as children get older.
a
The ability to remember speech sounds briefly is known as a. phonological memory. c. expressive memory. b. referential memory. d. fast mapping.
a
The production of the first words is linked to the ability to a. use symbols. c. produce consonants. b. produce vowels. d. use intonation.
a
The term phonology refers to a.the sounds of a language. b.the study of words and their meanings. c.the structure of a language. d.the study of how people use language to communicate effectively.
a
When Utsav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say "car." This is an example of a. an overextension. c. fast mapping. b. an underextension. d. overregularization.
a
Which child showed overregularization? a. Rachel, who said "I goed to the store" c. Clarissa, who said "I went to the store" b. Whitney, who said "Me go" d. Isabelle, who said "I go to the store every day"
a
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement concerning the rules children use to learn new words? a. If an unfamiliar word is heard in the presence of objects that already have names and objects that do not, the word refers to one of the objects that does not have a name. b. A name refers to a part of an object, not the whole object. c. A name refers to one particular object not to all objects of the same type. d. If an object already has a name and another name is presented, the new name is incorrect.
a
Which of the following is an example of overregularization? a. mans. c. children's b. women. d. mice
a
Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? a. "Baby hungry." b. the "ing" in "kicking" c. using the word "car" to refer to trucks, vans, and automobiles d. using the word "dog" to refer only to the family dog
a
Children use rules such as "agent + action," "action + object," "action + location," and "attribute + entity" to a. form grammatical morphemes. c. use semantic bootstrapping. b. form two-word sentences. d. produce overregularizations.
b
Children with expressive language-learning styles a. have vocabularies that primarily consist of the names of objects, people, and actions. b. have vocabularies that consist of many social phrases. c. use language as an intellectual tool. d. have vocabularies that contain few question words, such as "what."
b
Children's use of grammatical morphemes is based primarily on a. learning individual words. c. inflection. b. the use of rules. d. telegraphic speech.
b
Cooing refers to a. single syllable utterances consisting of a consonant and vowel. b. the production of vowel-like sounds such as "ooooooo" or "ahhhhhhh." c. the repetition of a sound such as "dahdahdahdahdah." d. a pattern of rising and falling pitch.
b
Defining a word too narrowly is known as a. an overextension. c. fast mapping. b. an underextension. d. overregularization.
b
Dr. White is a learning theorist who believes that language is learned purely through imitation and reinforcement. Which of the following would she have the most difficulty explaining? a. children learning the language that is spoken by their family members, rather than a different language b. children producing many more sentences than they have ever heard c. children who watch Sesame Street having larger vocabularies than children who do not watch Sesame Street d. children learning words more rapidly if their parents speak to them frequently
b
Eighteen-month-old Zach's vocabulary consists mainly of words that are the names of objects, persons, or actions. Zach has a(n) __________ style of learning language. a. expressive c. social b. referential. d. fast mapping
b
Joanne and Dennis want to do all they can to expand their preschooler son's vocabulary. Which of the following would you recommend to them? a. When reading stories, simply read the story and do not ask him questions. b. Have him watch "Sesame Street" regularly. c. Have him watch "Sesame Street" only occasionally. d. Have him watch many cartoons.
b
Kim has an expressive style of learning language. Ellie has a referential style of learning language. You would expect to find that a. Kim knows more words that are names, but Ellie knows more social phrases. b. Kim knows more social phrases, but Ellie knows more words that are names. c. Kim knows more words that are names, but Ellie knows more question words. d. Kim and Ellie's vocabularies both contain equal numbers of words that are names, social phrases, and question words.
b
Most children say their first words at about __________ of age. a. 6 months. c. 18 months b. 12 months. d. 24 months
b
Nicole is being raised in a home where both English and Spanish are spoken. She is likely to a. learn language at the same rate as a child who is learning only one language. b. learn language more slowly at first because she will mix words from the two languages, but will be as proficient or better in language skill than monolingual children later in childhood. c. learn language more quickly at first because she is exposed to more words but have less proficient language skills than monolingual children later in childhood. d. be delayed in her language growth throughout infancy and childhood.
b
Roger is fascinated with learning the meanings of words. Roger has a keen interest in a. phonology. c. syntax. b. semantics. d. grammar.
b
Seven-month-old Julius hears this conversation: John: I want to go swim. John's dad: Do you want to swim in the pool? John: No, I want to swim in the lake. If Julius then hears the words "run" and "swim," what would you expect him to do? a.pay more attention to "run" than to "swim" b.pay more attention to "swim" than to "run" c.pay equal attention to "run" and "swim" d.say the words "run" and "swim"
b
Six-month-old Seiko is growing up in a home where Japanese is the only language spoken. Is she likely to be able to discriminate speech sounds that are used in English but are not used in Japanese? a. She is not likely to ever be able to discriminate them. b. She is likely to be able to discriminate them now, but will probably lose that ability when she gets older. c. She is not likely to be able to discriminate them at this age, but should be able to when she gets older. d. She is likely to be able to discriminate them throughout her life.
b
The production of syllables that contain vowels and consonants is called a. cooing. c. fast mapping. b. babbling. d. intonation.
b
The study by DeLoache and her colleagues (1997) that used a "shrinking machine" demonstrated that young children's trouble with scale models is due to their a. poor imagination skills. b. trouble dealing with models as symbolic representation. c. inability to remember the location of the hidden toy. d. difficulty in comprehending adult-directed speech
b
The term semantics refers to a. the sounds of a language. b. the study of words and their meanings. c. the structure of language. d. the study of how people use language to communicate effectively.
b
When 7- to 8-month-olds hear a word repeatedly in different sentences, later they a. pay less attention to that word than to words they have not heard previously. b. pay more attention to that word than to words they have not heard previously. c. pay the same amount of attention to the previously heard word and new words. d. cannot recognize sound patterns that they hear repeatedly.
b
When children make the mistake of defining a word too broadly, it is referred to as a. overregularization. c. underextension. b. overextension. d. fast mapping.
b
When do toddlers experience their first vocabulary spurt (naming explosion)? a. between 12 and 16 months c. between 2 and 2 ½ years b. between 18 to 20 monthsd. d. between 3 and 3 ½ years
b
Which of the following is TRUE of the development of babbling? a. Infants produce complex speech sounds before simpler sounds. b. Intonation is added to later babbling. c. Early babbling contains combinations of many different sounds. d. Babbling is the production of vowel-like sounds.
b
Which of the following is positively related to the size of a child's vocabulary? a. having parents who speak to the child infrequently b. reading written material c. rarely asking children questions d. viewing cartoons on television
b
You visit your friend, Amy, and her 6-month-old son, Joey. You notice that when Amy talks to Joey she speaks slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness. You think to yourself a. "Amy had better stop talking that way or Joey is never going to learn to speak properly." b. "Amy's making it easier for Joey to perceive the important sounds of our language by talking to him the way she does." c. "Amy's correct to speak differently to Joey than she does to adults, but she should be speaking more quickly and with fewer changes in pitch and loudness."
b
Young infants seem to identify words by a. paying attention to unusual combinations of syllables. b. paying more attention to stressed syllables, rather than unstressed syllables. c. paying more attention to words they have never heard before. d. paying attention to the meaning of words.
b
According to linguists, which of the following statements reflects how children acquire grammar? a. Children learn grammar by means of reinforcement and imitation. b. The human brain is not specialized to process language. c. Humans seem to be innately prepared to process language and learn grammar. d. Language can be acquired easily at any time during one's life.
c
Both overextensions and underextensions a. occur more often when children are producing words than when they are comprehending words. b. occur more often as children move away from attentional cues and toward language and social cues for word learning. c. disappear gradually as children refine meanings for words with more exposure to language. d. become more common as children get older.
c
Children with a referential style of learning language use language mainly as a(n) __________ tool whereas children with an expressive style of learning language use language primarily as a(n) __________ tool. a. adult-directed; child-directed. c. intellectual; social b. child-directed; adult-directed. d. social; intellectual
c
Intonation refers to a. the production of vowel-like sounds. b. the production of utterances that contain both vowel and consonant sounds. c. a pattern of rising or falling pitch. d. the repetition of a sound.
c
Meredith has just begun to be able to use symbols to represent actions and objects. You would expect her to use a. gestures, but not words. c. words and gestures. b. words, but not gestures. d. neither words nor gestures.
c
Researchers have studied the impact on language development of cochlear implants in profoundly deaf children. They found that a. children who received cochlear implants did not show any benefits to their language development. b. cochlear implants replace other forms of therapy for deaf children. c. almost all children showed large improvements in their language skills. d. children who received cochlear implants acquired language at the same rate as children with normal hearing.
c
Rita was kept in a closet and not allowed to speak until she was 13 years old. How would you expect her language to be affected? a. Rita's language would probably be normal because language develops through innate processes. b. Rita's language would probably be primitive when she was found, but with intensive language training she would eventually learn most of the rudiments of grammar. c. Rita's language would probably be primitive when she was found, and even with intensive language training, her language mastery would be limited because she would be past the critical period for learning language. d. Rita would probably have developed a complex language of her own and would be able to be taught a standard language as well as any 13-year-old could be taught a foreign language.
c
The sounds of a language are referred to as a. semantics. b. pragmatics. c. phonology. d. syntax.
c
Two-year-old Michael already knows the meaning of the word dog. One day when he is at a park with his mother, they see a dog and his mother points to the dog and says, "That's a collie." Michael is likely to conclude that a. his mother does not know what a dog is. b. all dogs are called collies. c. a collie is a special type of dog. d. collie refers to some part of the dog, such as its head or tail or neck.
c
When Angela says "Me down" instead of "I would like to get down," she is using a. overregularization. c. telegraphic speech. b. a grammatical morpheme. d. underextension.
c
When using __________, adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness. a. a referential style b. an expressive style c. infant-directed speech d. adult-directed speech
c
When young children are learning new words, they a. require many presentations of the new word to learn the correct referent. b. systematically consider all possible hypotheses about the connection between the word and the correct referent. c. are more likely to learn an object's name when adults look at the object while saying its name. d. do not use sentence cues.
c
Which of the following is TRUE of infant-directed speech? a. Infants prefer adult-directed speech to infant-directed speech. b. Only mothers use infant-directed speech. c. Infant-directed speech seems to attract the infant's attention.
c
Which of the following is the best example of an overextension? a. using the word "house" to refer only to the family's house b. hearing the unfamiliar word "shoe" and concluding that it refers to objects that are worn on feet c. using the word "horsie" to refer to all four-legged creatures d. saying "I goed" instead of "I went"
c
You are on a committee formed to make a recommendation to a school system about how to best help non-English-speaking children master both academic content and English. Based on research in this area, what language would you recommend be used for instruction? a. English only b. the children's native language only c. both English and the children's native language d. either English or the children's native language, it does not matter which one is used
c
Youngsters with a referential style of language-learning a. use language primarily as a social tool. b. have a high percentage of question words (what, where) in their vocabularies. c. have vocabularies that are dominated by the names of objects, persons, or actions. d. have balanced vocabularies containing words used for questions, social-interactions, and names.
c
__________ are words or endings of words (such as -ed or -ing) that make a sentence grammatical. a. Overextensions. c. Grammatical morphemes b. Underextensions. d. Overregularizations
c
__________ occurs when children apply rules to words that are exceptions to the rule. a. An underextension b. An overextension c. Overregularization d. Semantic bootstrapping
c
A child who says "I am eating my lunch" instead of "Me eat" is using a. telegraphic speech. c. overregularization. b. overextension. d. grammatical morphemes
d
A child's ability to make connections between new words and referents so rapidly that he or she cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word is referred to as a. overregularization. c. overextension. b. underextension. d. fast mapping.
d
A language's rules for combining words to create sentences are referred to as a. telegraphic speech. c. grammatical morphemes. b. semantic bootstrapping. d. syntax.
d
As children develop the ability to use symbols, they begin to talk and a. no longer make underextension errors. c. begin to be able to differentiate phonemes. b. no longer make overregularization errors. d. begin to use gestures.
d
Bilingual children a. have lower IQ scores than monolingual children. b. do not understand the fine points of grammar as well as monolingual children. c. are at a linguistic disadvantage when they begin elementary school. d. are more likely than monolingual children to understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols.
d
Celia has noticed that her 7-month-old daughter has recently begun to raise and lower the pitch of her voice when she babbles so she sometimes sounds as if she is asking questions. Celia's daughter has added __________ to her babbling. a. cooing. c. vowel sounds b. repetition. d. intonation
d
Eighteen-month-old Lenny's vocabulary contains some words that are names for objects, but also has many social phrases such as "I want it" and "Go away." Lenny has a(n) __________ style of learning language. a. intellectual. c. referential b. fast mapping. d. expressive
d
Hannah uses the word cat to refer only to her cat, not to other cats. Hannah's mistake is an example of a. fast mapping. c. overextension. b. overregularization. d. underextension.
d
Infants pay more attention to a. a referential style of language. b. an expressive style of language. c. adult-directed speech. d. infant-directed speech.
d
Jenny just had her first baby and is wondering when he will begin producing different kinds of sounds. Which of the following should she expect him to produce first? a. babbling c. first word b. intonation d. cooing
d
Research in which chimpanzees are trained to use language reveals all of the following EXCEPT that a. chimpanzees can be taught to communicate using gestures. b. chimpanzees use longer sentences only because they repeat themselves c. chimpanzees cannot master anything beyond the simplest of grammatical rules. d. acquisition of language by humans need not involve any innate mechanisms.
d
The basic building blocks of language that are used to form words are called a. morphemes. c. lexicals. b. grammars. d. phonemes.
d
The naming explosion typically occurs at 18 months, but the timing of this event varies widely for individual children. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding individual differences in word learning? a. Twin studies find that vocabulary size is more similar in identical twins than in fraternal twins indicating a role for genetics. b. Children have larger vocabularies when they are exposed to high-quality language. c. Children who have difficulty remembering speech sounds accurately find word learning particularly challenging. d. Children learn fewer words when their parents' speech is rich in different words and is grammatically sophisticated.
d
The production of two-word speech a. usually occurs around the first birthday. b. is haphazard and is not based on any rules. c. follows rules that are very different from language to language. d. often is called telegraphic speech.
d
Vowel-like utterances such as "oooooooo" and "ahhhhhhh" are referred to as a. babbling. c. infant-directed speech. b. intonation. d. cooing.
d
Which grammatical morpheme would you expect a child to learn last? a.aadding -ed to indicate past tense c. adding -ing to denote ongoing action b. adding -s to indicate plural d. the various form of the verb to be
d
Which of the following grammatical forms have most children mastered by the time they enter kindergarten? a. Forming sentences with the required auxiliary verb before the subject b. Using negation c. Using embedded sentences d. Children have usually mastered all of the above grammatical forms by the time they enter kindergarten.
d
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the impact of video on word learning? a. Preschool children who regularly watch "Sesame Street" usually have larger vocabularies than preschoolers who watch "Sesame Street" occasionally. b. Television shows that promote word learning are those that tell a story or directly ask questions of the viewer (e.g., "Dora the Explorer"). c. The benefit of television shows on word learning is greatest when preschoolers watch them with adults because the video becomes the focus of joint attention. d. Most cartoons benefit word learning as much as other television shows like "Thomas the Tank Engine" or "Blue's Clues".
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for why baby videos seem to have no benefit for infants' word learning? a. Videos for infants are poorly designed. b. Videos for infants are insufficient to support language processing and are developmentally inappropriate. c. Infants 12 to 18 months of age have limited understanding of relationships between real objects and their depictions in photographs and videos. d. Infants 12 to 18 months of age spend very little time watching videos.
d
Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? a. "bababababa" b. the "ing" in "playing" c. "Me go." d. the "d" sound in "dog"
d
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the influence of the environment on language development? a. The frequency of parental speech is not related to the size of a child's vocabulary. b. Naming objects that are the focus of a child's attention is not related to word learning. c. Children who are passively exposed to television shows, such as cartoons have larger vocabularies than other children. d. Questioning children while reading to them forces them to identify the meanings of new words.
d
__________ is the study of how people use language to communicate effectively. a. Phonology. c. Semantics b. Grammar. d. Pragmatics
d
__________ is/are a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning. a. Pragmatics c. Semantics b. Phonology d. Language
d
__________ refers to using only words directly relevant to meaning. a. Semantic bootstrapping c. Overregularization b. A grammatical morpheme d. Telegraphic speech
d