PSY 3010 Quiz 9

Researchers tested the impact of participants' arousal level and the level of task difficulty on performance. The data, shown in the graph below, indicate that the study was a _______ design.

2 x 3 factorial

What type of statistical procedure is commonly used to analyze data from factorial designs?

ANOVA

Dr. Hill studied alcohol consumption in rodents. She conducted a study with two different strains of mice: C57s and DBAs. She tested both males and females of each strain by measuring their daily alcohol consumption (in milliliters). Based on this description, what can be inferred about the study?

All answers are correct.

A mixed factorial design has:

At least one between-subjects factor and at least one within-subjects factor

Dr. Hill collected data on two different mouse strains: C57 and DBA. She tested both male and female mice. Each day she collected the amount of alcohol (in ml) each mouse consumed. Data are below. Select the statement which best describes the effect of mouse strain.

C57 mice consume more alcohol than DBA mice.

Dr. Starbuck tests the effects of caffeine and time of day on word recall. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Each participant is given a beverage (either decaf coffee or regular coffee) 30 minutes before their testing session. Half of the participants are tested in the morning and half of the participants are tested in the afternoon. Participants are given lists of words to learn and then tested on recall. The data are below. Based on these data, which of the following statements fit the results? Choose all that apply.

Caffeine in the afternoon improved word recall. Caffeine in the morning has little-to-no effect on word recall.

Dr. Starbuck tests the effects of caffeine and time of day on word recall. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Each participant is given a beverage (either decaf coffee or regular coffee) 30 minutes before their testing session. Half of the participants are tested in the morning and half of the participants are tested in the afternoon. Participants are given lists of words to learn and then tested on recall. The data are below. Based on these data, which of the following statements fit the results? Choose all that apply.

Caffeine in the afternoon improved word recall. Caffeine in the morning has little-to-no effect on word recall.

In a study by Kathy Gilliland (1980), introverts performed better than extraverts when they had not ingested any caffeine. But extraverts performed better than introverts when they had ingested 4 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight. What type of interaction occurs when the effects are in opposite directions?

Cross-Over Interaction

Any study with more than one independent variable is known as a:

Factorial Design

Which of the following is true about factorial designs?

Factorial designs are sometimes non-experimental studies

Researchers conducted a study investigating the effects of participants' arousal level and task difficulty. The data, shown in the graph below, indicates that task difficulty did NOT affect performance.

False

Phil O'Dendron is interested in plant "behavior" (growth) and variables that influence growth. He does a study where he maintains sample of plants in 3 different locations in his house that vary in terms of sunlight. Half of the plants in each location are watered once per week and the other half are watered twice per week. All plants are the same species of ivy and the same size at the start of the study. Four plants are included in each condition. He measures plant growth (in cm) over the course of one year. If O'Dendron added an additional independent variable (plant food: either once per month or no plant food), which of the following would be true of this modified study? There may be more than one correct answer, so choose all that apply.

He would need 12 more plants It would be a 2 x 2 x 3 design.

Which of the following is true about a P x E factorial design?

It includes both a subject variable and a manipulated variable

A 2x2x2x2 factorial design has four

Levels

A 4x4x4 factorial design has four

Levels

In a factorial design table, the numerical value of each of the numbers represents the number of _____ of each independent variable.

Levels

Factorial designs can also include only non-manipulated independent variables, in which case they are no longer experiments but are instead _____ in nature.

Non-Experimental

Dr. Myopia is interested in what size of font people can read; he hypothesizes that this is influenced both by a person's natural visual abilities as well as the lighting condition in the room. Myopia prepares a set of reading materials with samples of text printed in varying font sizes on index cards; within a given card, the font size is uniform. Font sizes range from 6-point up to 40 point. Myopia obtains a sample of 20 volunteers, 10 who have 20/20 vision and 10 who are near-sighted. The text samples are presented one at a time to each participant, at a distance of 24 inches from the person's eyes, starting with the smallest font and increasing in size until the participant can clearly read the text. Each participant is tested under both full lighting and dim lighting conditions in a laboratory setting. The data are below. Select the statement that best describes the effect of lighting.

Participants can read smaller print under full lighting conditions.

Grant and colleagues (1998) studied the effects of noisy and silent environments during both studying and testing to see if these variables affect memory recall. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions, and all participants studied the same word lists. Half of the participants were assigned to the silent study condition and half to the noisy study condition; then, half of the participants in each of these conditions were tested under either silent or noisy conditions. The data are below. Which of the following conclusions best fits the data?

Performance is better when study conditions match test conditions.

Dr. Hill collected data on two different mouse strains: C57 and DBA. She tested both male and female mice. Each day she recorded the amount of alcohol (in ml) each mouse consumed. Data are below. True or False: Sex of the mouse influenced alcohol consumption in C57s but not DBAs, indicating a Sex x Strain interaction.

TRUE

Dr. Hill collected data on two different mouse strains: C57 and DBA. She tested both male and female mice. Each day she recorded the amount of alcohol (in ml) each mouse consumed. Data are below. True or False: Sex of the mouse influenced alcohol consumption in C57s but not DBAs, indicating a Sex x Strain interaction.

TRUE

Dr. Myopia is interested in what size of font people can read; he hypothesizes that this is influenced both by a person's natural visual abilities as well as the lighting condition in the room. Myopia prepares a set of reading materials with samples of text printed in varying font sizes on index cards; within a given card, the font size is uniform. Font sizes range from 6-point up to 40 point. Myopia obtains a sample of 20 volunteers, 10 who have 20/20 vision and 10 who are near-sighted. The text samples are presented one at a time to each participant, at a distance of 24 inches from the person's eyes, starting with the smallest font and increasing in size until the participant can clearly read the text. Each participant is tested under both full lighting and dim lighting conditions in a laboratory setting. The data are below. Select the statements that describe the results. There may be more than one correct statement, so select all that apply.

There is a main effect of lighting condition. There is a main effect of visual abilities.

Dr. Romero studies learning and memory and wants to investigate study conditions that help students perform better on exams. He obtains information from his students about their study habits related to two variables: auditory conditions (quiet or listening to music) and frequency of studying (cramming or spaced practice). He then tracks their exam scores across the semester. The data are below. Based on the data, select all statements that apply to the results.

There is a main effect of study frequency.

Dr. Romero studies learning and memory and wants to investigate study conditions that help students perform better on exams. He obtains information from his students about their study habits related to two variables: auditory conditions (quiet or listening to music) and frequency of studying (cramming or spaced practice). He then tracks their exam scores across the semester. The data are below.Based on the data, select all statements that apply to the results.

There is a main effect of study frequency.

Dr. Starbuck tests the effects of caffeine and time of day on word recall. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Each participant is given a beverage (either decaf coffee or regular coffee) 30 minutes before their testing session. Half of the participants are tested in the morning and half of the participants are tested in the afternoon. Participants are given lists of words to learn and then tested on recall. The data are below. Select all of the statements that apply to the results of the study. There could be more than one correct answer.

There is an interaction between caffeine and time of day. There is a main effect of caffeine. There is a main effect of time of day.

Grant and colleagues (1998) studied the effects of noisy and silent environments during both studying and testing to see if these variables affect memory recall. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions, and all participants studied the same word lists. Half of the participants were assigned to the silent study condition and half to the noisy study condition; then, half of the participants in each of these conditions were tested under either silent or noisy conditions. The data are below. Select all statements that apply to the results of the study. There could be more than one correct answer.

There is an interaction of study condition with testing condition.

Phil O'Dendron is interested in plant "behavior" (growth) and variables that influence growth. He does a study where he maintains sample of plants in 3 different locations in his house that vary in terms of sunlight. Half of the plants in each location are watered once per week and the other half are watered twice per week. All plants are the same species of ivy and the same size at the start of the study. Four plants are included in each condition. He measures plant growth (in cm) over the course of one year. The data are below.Which statement best describes the design of this study?

This is a between-groups 2 x 3 factorial.

Phil O'Dendron is interested in plant "behavior" (growth) and variables that influence growth. He does a study where he maintains sample of plants in 3 different locations in his house that vary in terms of sunlight. Half of the plants in each location are watered once per week and the other half are watered twice per week. All plants are the same species of ivy and the same size at the start of the study. Four plants are included in each condition. He measures plant growth (in cm) over the course of one year. The data are below.Which statement best describes the design of this study?

This is a mixed 2 x 3 factorial.

Dr. Myopia is interested in what size of font people can read; he hypothesizes that this is influenced both by a person's natural visual abilities as well as the lighting condition in the room. Myopia prepares a set of reading materials with samples of text printed in varying font sizes on index cards; within a given card, the font size is uniform. Font sizes range from 6-point up to 40 point. Myopia obtains a sample of 20 volunteers, 10 who have 20/20 vision and 10 who are near-sighted. The text samples are presented one at a time to each participant, at a distance of 24 inches from the person's eyes, starting with the smallest font and increasing in size until the participant can clearly read the text. Each participant is tested under both full lighting and dim lighting conditions in a laboratory setting. Select the statement that best describes the design of the study.

This is a within-subjects 2 x 2 factorial design.

A study has all participants tested both while using a cell phone and while not using a cell phone and both during the day and during the night. This would mean that each participant would need to be tested in all four conditions. This is known as a _____ factorial design.

Within-Subjects

In a _____ factorial design, all of the independent variables are manipulated between subjects. This means that each participant is tested in one and only one condition.

between-subjects

In factorial design notation, you can determine how many _____(independent variables) there are in the experiment by looking at how many numbers are in the notation. The numerical value of each of the numbers represents the number of ____of each independent variable.

factors, levels

Phil O'Dendron is interested in plant "behavior" (growth) and variables that influence growth. He does a study where he maintains sample of plants in 3 different locations in his house that vary in terms of sunlight. Half of the plants in each location are watered once per week and the other half are watered twice per week. All plants are the same species of ivy and the same size at the start of the study. Four plants are included in each condition. He measures plant growth (in cm) over the course of one year. The data are below. What is the dependent variable in this study?

growth

There is an _____ when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another.

interaction

Fisher thought that factorial designs were especially useful in agriculture, because the best crop yields might result from combinations of various factors. That is, Fisher saw that the advantage of factorials lies in their ability to uncover:

interactions

In a factorial design table, the numerical value of each of the numbers represents the number of _____ of each independent variable.

levels

A researcher chooses to treat cell phone use as a within-subjects factor by testing the same participants both while using a cell phone and while not using a cell phone (while counterbalancing the order of these two conditions). But they choose to treat time of day as a between-subjects factor by testing each participant either during the day or during the night (perhaps because this only requires them to come in for testing once). Thus, each participant is tested in two of the four conditions. What type of factorial design is this?

mixed

In a _____ factorial design, all of the independent variables are manipulated between subjects. This means that each participant is tested in one and only one condition.

mixed

Rather than averaging across the levels of the other independent variable, as is done in a main effects analysis, _____ analyses are used to examine the effects of each independent variable at each level of the other independent variable(s).

simple effects

In a _____ interactions there is an effect of one independent variable at one level of the other independent variable and there is either a weak effect or no effect of that independent variable at the other level of the other independent variable.

spreading

Non-manipulated independent variables are usually _____ variables (private body consciousness, hypochondriasis, self-esteem, gender, and so on).

subject

Dr. Hill collected data on two different mouse strains: C57 and DBA. She tested both male and female mice. Each day she recorded the amount of alcohol (in ml) each mouse consumed. Data are below. True or False: Sex of the mouse influenced alcohol consumption in C57s but not DBAs, indicating a Sex x Strain interaction.

true

Dr. Romero studies learning and memory and wants to investigate study conditions that help students perform better on exams. He obtains information from his students about their study habits related to two variables: auditory conditions (quiet or listening to music) and frequency of studying (cramming or spaced practice). He then tracks their exam scores across the semester. The data are below. True or False: This is a quasi-experiment.

true

It is possible for the results of a factorial experiment with 2 independent variables to show effects of both IVs but no interaction.

true

Researchers studied whether the size of a group and whether there was a leader in the group affected how quickly groups can reach a decision. The graph indicates an interaction between group size and presence of a leader in the group.

true

Simple effects are calculated to help understand interactions between independent variables.

true

A study has all participants tested both while using a cell phone and while not using a cell phone and both during the day and during the night. This would mean that each participant would need to be tested in all four conditions. This is known as a _____ factorial design.

within-subjects