PSY 302 Exam 1

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?

"The data provide support for my theory"

Consider Study 1 (research Studies), how many groups were used in the study?

2

Consider Study 2, how many groups were used in the study?

2

Example #1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many variables are included in this study?

2

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:

A comparison group that did not receive the drug

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?

A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A description of the study's hypotheses

EXAMPLE #1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following?

A hypothesis

Example #1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following?

A measured variable

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

EXAMPLE #1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following?

A theory

EXAMPLE #1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?

A theory may need to be amended

Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?

According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitles to special protection

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims?

Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are.

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans

Which of following is true of the difference between basic and applies research?

Basic and applies research have different goals

The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is

Behaviorism

Two biases of intuition discussed in the test are:

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways?

Both are trying to inform their readers

Consider Study 2, how were participants assigned to groups?

By the order they arrived at the study

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following?

Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

Jerry is interested in discovering how people process, store, and use information. His interests reflect which psychological perspective?

Cognitive

______ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Cognitive psychology

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

Which of the following questions would be best suited for a social psychologist?

Do people work better when they study with a group of friends?

Structuralism is a school of psychology introduced by

Edward Titchener

_______ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.

Empiricism

Consider Study #3, how might the study be improved?

Ensure that the participants were representative of the population

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research?

He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching

Professor Wrastler is presenting modern approaches to psychology. As a well-prepared student, you notice an error Professor Wrastler makes in his lecture. What was the error you noticed?

He writes on the chalkboard, "Different approaches, same research methods."

Which of the following is true of the relationships between hypes and theories?

Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

Structuralists used a procedure to investigate the conscious parts of the mind. In this procedure an observer described the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible. This procedure was called

Introspection

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

It prevents researchers from being sued

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report?

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

Another word for data is a(n) _____________.

Observation

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease

Consider Study #3, how were participants assigned to groups?

Participants were not assigned to conditions

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

People with developmental disabilities

Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar?

PsycINFO is not free to use

Noreen believes that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint most consistent with the _________ approach in psychology.

Psychoanalytic

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ______________.

Questions

Consider Study 1, how were participants assigned to groups?

Random assignment

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following?

Science is probabilistic

Inez was attempting to recite the definition of psychology she read in her psychology textbook. She said that psychology is the systematic study of behavior and mental processes. What important word did she omit?

Scientific

Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment to resolve unconscious conflicts that cause mental disorders. This treatment was developed by

Sigmund Freud

An early school of psychology used introspection to study the basic elements of mental experiences. This school of psychology was called

Structuralism

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

Students can find deception to be stressful

Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study?

Students from a community college

EXAMPLE #1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?

Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews?

The anonymity of the peer reviewers

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following?

The availability heuristic

Consider Study 2, the aim of the study was to investigate.....

The difference of digital vs analog displays

Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principal of justice

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of beneficence

Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for persons

Example #1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study?

The sex of the participant

Example #1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?

The type of game

Consider Study #3, what was the dependent variable?

There was no dependent variable

Consider Study #3 (Research studies on the left course menu), what was the independent variable?

There was no independent variable

Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response?

There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now

Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals?

To have their reviewed by other psychologists

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of

Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority?

When they based their opinions on their intuition

Example #1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance?

Whether participants won against a partner

The person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was

Wilhelm Wundt

The psychologist most closely associated with the school of functionalism is

William James

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT:

an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?

both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

According to structuralism, the goal of psychology is to

explore the structures of the mind

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) ____________.

prediction

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of:

present/present bias

Which of the following is true of variables?

some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Functionalism is the school of thought concerned with

the adaptive purposes of the mind and behavior