PSY 320 Final -- Caldwell

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question. -- mental chronometry -- visual imagery -- her visual icon -- her visual search

visual imagery

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? --Hummingbird --Goose --Crow --Sparrow

Sparrow

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an --integral immediate emotion --immediate emotion --incidental immediate emotion --expected emotion

expected emotion

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of --incidental immediate emotion. --integral immediate emotion. --immediate emotion. --expected emotion.

expected emotion

Mental imagery involves -- sensory representations of a stimulus. -- experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. -- the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. -- mental representations of the current sensory inputs.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that --they are permanent and resist forgetting. --extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. --rehearsal cannot account for them --people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving --multiple goal states --reorganization or restructuring --sensory operators --continuity and form

reorganization or restructuring

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is -- repeated recall -- pre-cueing -- source monitoring -- scripting

repeated recall

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate --means-end analysis. --representation and restructuring. --how analogies can be used to solve problems. --the problem space.

representation and restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using --means-end analysis. --mental set. --warmth judgments. --representation and restructuring.

representation and restructuring.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if --fewer tacks are provided --the box is empty --pliers are also presented --the candle is already lit

the box is empty

A syllogism is valid if --there is no more than one exception to the conclusion --there is evidence to support the two premises --the conclusion follows logically from the two premises --the two premises and the conclusion are true

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by --the distance that must be traveled through the network. --the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. --the amount of information contained in each concept. --the typicality of the information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when --the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. --the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. --the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. --the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is --a categorical syllogism --the law of large numbers --a mental model --the falsification principle

the falsification principle

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT --the availability heuristic --the falsification principle --selective attention --illusory correlations

the falsification principle

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by --the framing effect. --the principle of diversity. --the law of large numbers. --confirmation bias.

the framing effect.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? --the temporal and parietal lobes --the frontal and temporal lobes --the parietal and occipital lobes --the frontal and parietal lobes

the frontal and temporal lobes

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support --the garden-path model to parsing --the interactionist approach to parsing --both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing --the syntax-first approach to parsing

the interactionist approach to parsing

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support --the interactionist approach to parsing. --both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing. --the syntax-first approach to parsing. --the garden-path model to parsing.

the interactionist approach to parsing.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on --the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. --a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. --the identification of a single meaning for that word. --the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is --valid --true --invalid --both valid and true

valid

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as --valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent --invalid because the syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema --invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect --valid because this conclusion is believable

valid because this conclusion is believable

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? --"a mile seems" --"Because he always jogs a mile" --"Because he always jogs" --"he always jogs"

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Donovan volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at Goodman headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman-Hernandez debate on TV. Donovan was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Donovan's first response to the debate will most likely be --"I wonder why Goodman was so vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that." --"Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race." --"I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." --"Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"

"Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) --"miles per hour." --"smashed." --"fast." --"car crash."

"smashed."

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. -- 2 -- 3 -- 6 -- 4

2

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of -- one month -- one hour -- 24 hours -- one week

24 hours

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? --1 --2 --3 --4

3

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? -- 60 degrees -- 180 degrees -- 90 degrees -- 30 degrees

30 degrees

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major. --40% --50% --60% --100%

40%

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify --100% of the words spoken by their own voices --50% of the words spoken by their own voices --50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs --none of the words spoken by others

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. -- 518: 583: 653 msec -- 583: 518: 653 msec -- 583: 653: 518 msec -- 653: 583: 518 msec

583: 653: 518 msec

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing --8 and M --A and M --A and 13 --8 and 13

A and 13

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? -- A field sparrow is an animal. -- A field sparrow is a bird. -- A field sparrow is a field sparrow. -- A field sparrow is a sparrow.

A field sparrow is an animal.

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? --A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event. --A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. --A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. --A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator.

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? -- A turtle is an amphibian. -- A turtle is an animal. -- A turtle is related to a fish. -- Turtles are turtles.

A turtle is an animal.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? --Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. --Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. --Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. --After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? -- Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. -- Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. -- Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. -- Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? --The cats won't bake --Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night --The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus --The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? --Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. --Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. --Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. --Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. --Exemplars --Icons --Units --Prototypes

Exemplars

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? --Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. --Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it. --Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. --Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling.

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process. --Narrative-rehearsal --Life-narrative --Consequentiality based --Constructive

Constructive

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as: --Narrative rehearsal --Cryptomnesia --Repeated recall --Repeated reproduction

Cryptomnesia

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? --Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. --Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. --The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect --The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? --Cognitive economy --Hierarchical organization --Family resemblance --Spreading activation

Family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? -- America -- Freedom -- Apple pie -- Baseball

Freedom

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? --Graduating from college at age 22 --Having a child at age 45 --Marrying at age 60 --Retiring from work at age 40

Graduating college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item? --Rock guitar --Paul McCartney's bass guitar --Guitar --Musical instrument

Guitar

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? --Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal --The solution is not obvious --Has one correct answer --Is difficult

Has one correct answer

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? --No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. --If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night. --I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. --All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C.

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? --Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. --Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish. --Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. --Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? -- Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO -- Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) _____ is a fruit. -- Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) _____. -- Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? --It has a single correct answer. --It is open-ended. --It is the cornerstone of creativity --It has a large number of potential solutions.

It has a single correct answer.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? -- It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. --It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. --It is vivid memory for emotional events. --It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? --Coding is required for language --Language symbols must have high discriminability --Language involves the use of a lexicon --Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? --Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. --Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. --Lydia is a state governor. --Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because --MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring. --MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. -- MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail. -- the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.

MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? --Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. --Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. --Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. --Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of --memory-trace replacement --a simultaneous presentation effect --A life-narrative confusion --Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference

_____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. --Pragmatic interference --Retroactive interference --Feature integration --Reminiscent memory

Retroactive interference

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. --light bulb --Tower of Hanoi --Russian marriage --radiation

Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? --ANT --SKY --ROACH --SPY

SKY

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. --Sapir-Whorf hypothesis --cooperative principle --interactionist approach --given-new contract

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen --Script --Schema --Source memory --Scan technique

Schema

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory. --Source misattributions --Repeated rehearsal of distinctive names --Schemas --Encoding Specificity

Source misattributions

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? --MPI --Schema confusion --Recovered memory --Source monitoring

Source monitoring

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. --The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. --The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. --The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. --The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? --Both premises are valid --The conclusion is not valid --The conclusion is true --The conclusion is valid

The conclusion is valid

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? --The group with one year of English instruction --The group with 10 years of English instruction --Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers --The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? -- The tacit-knowledge explanation -- The distinction between propositional and spatial representations -- Depicitive representations -- The results of scanning experiments

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? -- Thought is always accompanied by imagery. -- People can rotate images of objects in their heads. -- Imagery is closely related to language. -- Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. --Transition points --Trauma-based experiences --The freshman year --Family-centered challenges

Transition points

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? --Pickup truck --Transportation --Truck --Vehicle

Truck

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? --Mutilated checkerboard problem --The radiation problem --Two-string problem --Tower of Hanoi problem

Two-string problem

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that: --Highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate --Despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. --It is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. --When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? --Word superiority effect --Word frequency effect --Phonemic restoration effect --The lexical decision task

Word frequency effect

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? --Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe" --Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" --Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" --Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside -- a bumblebee -- a rhinoceros -- a wolf -- an anteater

a bumblebee

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that -- the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant. -- an eggplant would be named before carrot. -- a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. -- a carrot would be named before eggplant.

a carrot would be named before eggplant

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using -- tacit knowledge -- a proposition -- the method of loci -- a depicative representation

a depicative representation

Mental-scanning experiments found -- an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image -- a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. -- a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. -- that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT --the context produced by the sentence. --the portion of the word that was presented. --the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme. --a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents --a source problem --a mental set --convergent thinking --a single dissociation

a mental set

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of --inductive reasoning --a permission schema --the illusory correlation --a self-serving bias

a permission schema

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting --a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories. --a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. --accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. --accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories.

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether --a presented stimulus is a word --a stimulus is presented --a statement is true --two stimuli are associated

a presented stimulus is a word

______ is a "typical" member of a category. --a prototype --an exemplar --a component --a unit

a prototype

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of -- a sequence of actions -- what is involved in a particular experience -- information stored in both semantic and episodic memory -- a sequence of actions

a sequence of actions

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT --abstract symbols. --an equation. --a statement. --a spatial layout.

a spatial layout

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be --a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. --a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. --a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. --a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q This syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism. --concrete conditional --abstract conditional --abstract categorical --concrete categorical

abstract conditional

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for --adolescence and young adulthood. --childhood and adolescence. --young adulthood and middle age. --childhood and middle age.

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented --before the event --during the event --after the event --all of the above

after the event

Imagery neurons respond to --only visual images in a specific category. --all visual images --concrete mental images but not abstract mental images. --an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include --a categorical perception task. --a garden-path sentence. --two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). --an extraneous cough

an extraneous cough

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of --selective attention --an illusory correlation --the falsification principle --the availability heuristic

an illusory correlation

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using --an illusory correlation --the falsification principle --the law of large numbers --the atmosphere effect

an illusory correlation

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as --analogical transfer. --in vivo problem solving. --insight. --analogical encoding.

analogical transfer

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? --perceptual segregation --divergent thinking --analogies --anaphoric interference

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. --analogies --flexibility --subgoals --insight

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. --means-end analysis --mental set --functional fixedness --analogy

analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference. --anaphoric --narrative --analogic --instrument

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) --instrument inference --anaphoric inference --global connection --garden path sequence

anaphoric inference

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories --occur for details but not for entire events. --occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. --do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. --arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing --at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. --one mile away from the house. --two feet from the front door. --right at the front door.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was -- auditory from a female speaker -- auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker -- visual -- auditory from a male speaker

auditory from a female speaker

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) --availability heuristic. --illusory correlation. --permission schema. --representativeness heuristic.

availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the --availability heuristic --belief bias --falsification principle --representativeness heuristic

availability heuristic

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) --conjunction rule --confirmation bias --permission schema --availability heuristic

availability heuristic

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. --spreading activation --back propagation --graceful degradation --error verification

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience. -- subordinate -- prototypical -- superordinate -- basic

basic

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ________. --mental set --availability heuristic --belief bias --confirmatory bias

belief bias

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with --house. --boat _______ - car ________. --a blank piece of paper for free recall. --b___ - h___.

boat ______ - car ______

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. -- top-down; bottom-up -- top-down; top-down -- bottom-up; bottom-up -- bottom-up; top-down

bottom-up; top-down

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. --blank --bread and butter --color --black and pink

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to --move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. --bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. --avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. --solve insight problems.

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to --buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip --go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball --take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course --break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend

buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? --cake mug --true lies --mission impossible --amazing grace

cake mug

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. -- bird; penguin -- has feathers; ostrich -- can fly; canary -- can fly; bird

can fly; bird

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. --misinformation --event-specific --constructive --source

constructive

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder --helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. --can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life. --is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. --is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people --can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. --are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. --do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. --misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide.

can site several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on --category members that have been encountered in the past. --a defined set of category members. --the definition of the category. --a universal set of category members.

category members that have been encountered in the past

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. --causal --coherent --instrument --anaphoric

causal

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? -- cognitive economy -- serial processing -- prototype formation -- distributed processing

cognitive economy

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years for those who emigrated later. These results support the --self-image hypothesis --narrative rehearsal hypothesis --cognitive hypothesis --autobiographical hypothesis

cognitive hypothesis

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the --cognitive hypothesis. --self-image hypothesis. --narrative rehearsal hypothesis. --autobiographical hypothesis.

cognitive hypothesis

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? --it involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols --communication --governed by rules --hierarchical structure

communication

The given-new contract is a method for creating --resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence --children's mastery of syntax --comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation --anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas." --units --exemplars --prototypes --concepts

concepts

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism. --conclusion; conditional --premise; categorical --premise; conditional --conclusion; categorical

conclusion; conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the --permission schema. --falsification principle. --confirmation bias. --typicality principle.

confirmation bias

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? --likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor --developing schemas for each individual problem --generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem --connecting the fortress with the tumor

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network -- nodes -- connection weights -- output units -- hidden units

connection weights

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. -- connectionist -- hierarchical -- spreading activation -- semantic network

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with --reasoning about categories --connectionist networks --semantic networks --spreading activation

connectionist networks

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of --verbatim recall. --the effect of scripts. --cryptomnesia --constructive memory processes.

constructive memory processes

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the -- reminiscence bump. -- misinformation effect. -- familiarity effect. -- constructive nature of memory.

constructive nature of memory

Intermediate states can be created by --creating operators --restructuring goal states --restructuring initial states --creating subgoals

creating subgoals

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved -- confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. -- creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. -- participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. -- omissions of information that was presented.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on --shallow processing. --cultural expectations. --source misattributions. --narrative rehearsal.

cultural expectations.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that --damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. --these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. --learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. --learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that --it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task. --damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. --it loses information at a very slow rate. --it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all.

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to --decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word --decide which meaning of a ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation --separate a sentence into individual words --identify words that are contained in sentences

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. --inductive --deductive --intuitive --falsification

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. --conjunctive --descriptive --deductive --inductive

deductive

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. -- prototype -- definitional -- exemplar -- family resemblance

definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to --show that some problems are easier to solve than others. --measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. --show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. --demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains --a belief bias --descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. --inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases. --a focusing illusion.

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being -- subordinate -- distributed -- specific -- graded

distributed

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents --insight --divergent thinking --convergent thinking --hierarchical organization

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _______ approach developed by Ronald Finke. --divergent thinking --convergent thinking --the means-end analysis --creative cognition

divergent thinking

The definitional approach to categorization -- sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. -- doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. -- was proposed to replace the prototype approach. -- is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, tress, and plants.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and -- dreams -- inner audition -- the visual buffer -- dual coding

dreams

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. --environmental context --the cooperative principle --local connections --instrumental influences

environmental context

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) -- inner scribe -- epiphenomenon -- convergent behavior -- propositional behavior

epiphenomenon

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI --if they believe the postevent information is correct. --only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. --if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes. --even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

even if they are told to ignore the postevent information

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. -- family resemblance -- exemplar -- definitional -- prototype

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). -- exemplar -- prototype -- semantic network -- definitional

exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? -- prototype -- definitional -- network -- exemplar

exemplar

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus -- disrupts the processing of another stimulus. -- relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars. -- acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. -- facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT --failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. --increased confidence due to postevent questioning. --inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. --source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. --a premise --familiarity --validity --using a heuristic

familiarity

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is -- prototypicality -- family resemblance -- instance theory -- graded membership

family resemblance

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____. --lexical distinction; demure --fixation; pretty --fixation; demure --lexical distinction; pretty

fixation; pretty

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking. --experience; structure --flexibility; experience --experience; flexibility --structure; experience

flexibility; experience

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem. --fragile-glass; surface --insufficient-intensity; surface --insufficient-intensity; structural --fragile-glass; structural

fragile glass; structural

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? --functional fixedness --divergent thinking --perseveration --discriminability

functional fixedness

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. --losses; risk-aversion --gains; risk-aversion --gains; risk-taking --losses; risk-taking

gains; risk-aversion

Experts categorize problems based on --surface and deep structures --how similar the objects in the problem are --general principles that problems share --event-specific knowledge

general principles that problems share

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. --the analogical problem solving approach --information processing psychologists --gestalt psychologists --psychophysicists

gestalt psychologists

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates --creative cognition --structural analyses --convergent thinking --group brainstorming

group brainstorming

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that --had languages that were more primitive than languages of mot non-isolated societies --had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules --had a large number of sophisticated language systems --communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, --it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses --he should use his coin in the large machine --he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get --he should use his coin in the small machine

he should use his coin in the small machine

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language. --hierarchical --propositional --parallel --relational

hierarchical

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. --both lower and higher; higher --higher; lower --higher; both lower and higher --lower; higher

higher; both lower and higher

Noam Chomsky proposed that --humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language --the underlying basis of language is different across cultures --as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. --language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they --ignore the falsification principle --confuse the ideas of validity and truth --incorrectly apply the permission schema --are influenced by the atmosphere effect

ignore the falsification principle

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that -- creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. -- there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. -- imagery and perception are two different phenomena. -- imagery and perception can interact with one another.

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated --how easy mental rotation is for humans. --imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. --that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. --that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT --imagery requires a special mechanism. --thought is impossible without an image. --images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness. --studying images was a way of studying thinking.

imagery requires a special mechanism

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research. --situationally-produced mental set --environmental functional fixedness --think-aloud protocol --in vivo problem-solving

in vivo problem-solving

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an ________ emotion. --immediate --expected --integral --incidental

incidental

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, --decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. --increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. --increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. --increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people.

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. --inductive --deductive --syllogistic --connective

inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using --an omission bias --inductive reasoning --the similarity-coverage model --the conjunction rule

inductive reasoning

Most of the coherence in text is created by --phoneme restoration --syntax --parsing --inference

inference

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. --intermediate --initial --transitory --goal

initial

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the --intermediate state --source story --goal state --initial state

initial state

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. --mental synthesis --mental chronometry --inner audition --visual imagery

inner audition

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) --given-new contract --garden path model --age-appropriate principle --instrument inference

instrument inference

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state. --functional fixedness --initial --goal --intermediate

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is --valid --abstract --invalid --biased

invalid

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is --valid --invalid --skewed --robust

invalid

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they --start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. --demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways. --lose the ability to communicate in any way. --invent a sign language themselves.

invent a sign language themselves.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory -- involves making inferences -- is like a tape recording -- is better for vivid descriptions -- depends on the participant's mood

involves making inferences

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory --depends on the participant's mood. --is like a tape recording --is better for vivid descriptions --involves making inferences

involves making inferences

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____. --irrational; accepting any offer --rational; accepting any offer --rational; accepting only high offers --irrational; accepting only high offers

irrational; accepting only high offers

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal --matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. --is a dog that does not bark. --matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. --is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

is a dog that does not bark.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery --is based on spatial or language mechanisms --is identical for all people --actually exists --can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal --is continuous. --has breaks between words. --has breaks between morphemes. --has breaks between phonemes.

is continuous.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that --imagery occurs more automatically than perception. --perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. --it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. --imagery is more stable than perception.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

According to the typicality effect, -- we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects -- objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another -- items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group -- objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

The validity of a syllogism depends on --its form --the truth of its conclusion --the truth of its premises --both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion

its form

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between --experts and novices. --laboratory and real-world settings. --well- and ill-defined problems. --experimental groups and control groups.

laboratory and real-world settings

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying --language acquisition --speech parsing --speech production --language comprehension

language acquisition

Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________. --high levels of neuroticism --latent inhibition --low capacity for divergent thinking --low pressure tolerance

latent inhibition

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ --in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." --using stronger semantic connections than normal. --using more visual encoding than normal. --less efficiently than normal.

less efficiently than normal.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's --mental set --parser --lexicon --syntactical capacity

lexicon

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they --had received training in creative thinking. --were told they were expected to be creative. --made the objects themselves. --had been preselected as "creative" individuals.

made the objects themselves.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants -- report less confidence about their recollections. -- make more errors in their recollections. -- remember more details about the event. -- report less vivid recollections of the event.

make more errors in their recollections

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the --match box can be used as a container for tacks --match box can be used as a shelf --candle can be cut in half --candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally

match box can be used as a shelf

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that --people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. --our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. --life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. --memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our live identities.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using --propositional representations. --image scanning. --mental chronometry. --epiphenomena.

mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves --mental images. --perceptual images. --echoic schemas --visual icons.

mental images

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved -- mental scanning -- method of loci -- propositional representations -- image synthesis

mental scanning

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. -- mental scanning -- priming -- mental walk -- categorization

mental scanning

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment. -- mental walk -- mental synthesis -- mental set -- image scanning

mental walk

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as -- a propositional representation -- paired-associate learning -- method of loci -- the pegword technique

method of loci

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories. --mental synthesis --paired-associate learning --the pegword technique --method of loci

method of loci

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray. --mirror --imitative --anticipatory --redundant

mirror

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through --parsing --reinforcement --genetic coding --syntactic framing

reinforcement

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves --more exemplars than Bob's. --more prototypes than Bob's. --more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. --the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

more exemplars than Bob's.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the --life-narrative hypothesis --narrative rehearsal hypothesis --reminiscence hypothesis --cognitive hypothesis

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows --neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. --neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. --neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. --neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? --applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another --solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem --noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection --mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify

noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: --well-defining, infighting, and means-end analysis --surfacing, structuring, and generalizing --noticing, mapping, and applying --restructuring, searching, and simulating

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) --novel object --familiar object --object with a specific function --frequently used object

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the --novel objects before a function was described --object parts --inventions rated high in both practicality and originality

novel objects before a function was described

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as --intermediate states --subgoals --operators --mental sets

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT --initial states --intermediate states --operators --goal state

operators

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. --opt-in procedure --opt-out procedure --permission schema --pragmatic reasoning schema

opt-out procedure

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their --order --importance --bizarreness --concreteness

order

Utility refers to --degree of risk aversion one has. --outcomes that achieve a person's goals. --the validity of a syllogism. --how useful a reasoning process is.

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? -- enhancement due to priming -- semantic network theory -- the prototype approach -- parallel distributed processing theory

parallel distributed processing theory

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on --psychoacoustics. --psychophysics. --neuropsychology. --psycholinguistics.

psycholinguistics

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that -- screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. -- people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. -- the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. -- people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that --perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. --perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. --there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. --perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), --performance is better for the abstract task --performance is the same for both tasks --performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task --performance is better the concrete task

performance is better for concrete task

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. --permission schema --availability heuristic --atmosphere effect --conjunction rule

permission schema

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex -- plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. -- supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. -- is an epiphenomenon. -- can be inferred using mental chronometry.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. --pragmatic inference --automatic narrative --prospective memory --observer perspective

pragmatic inference

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. --diencephalon; putamen --basal ganglia; corpus callosum --striate nucleus; locus coeruleus --prefrontal cortex; insula

prefrontal cortex; insula

Spreading activation -- weakens the link between unrelated concepts -- creates new links between associated concepts -- inhibits unrelated concepts -- primes associated concepts

primes associated concepts

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children --show similar language development across cultures. --learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so. --produce sentences they have never heard. --are rewarded for using correct language.

produce sentences they have never heard.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation. -- propositional -- spatial -- descriptive -- depictive

propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT -- associations -- visualizations -- propositions -- rhymes

propositions

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. --parallel processing --exemplar --prototype --network

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? --prototype --typicality --exemplar --network

prototype

Coherence refers to the --mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. --principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. --mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. --representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

The misinformation effect can be explained by -- retroactive interference -- proactive interference -- repeated familiarity effects -- schematic biases

retroactive interference

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. --gradually rise; gradually rise --gradually rise; rise suddenly just --vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably --rise suddenly just; gradually rise

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves --the conjunction rule --sample size --framing --none of these

sample size

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. --schemas --scripts --bias --confabulation

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. --narrative --script --schema --misattribution

script

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves --search --parity --insight --algorithms

search

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving --creative cognition --design fixation --search --insight

search

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should --search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first. --search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first. --wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets hers back first. --search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from --understanding why the procedure works successfully. --discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. --being able to solve other problems at all. --seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. --neuronal limitation --sensory-functional --multiple-factor --semantic category

semantic category

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. --neural network --parallel distributed processing --semantic network --connectionist network

semantic network

The interactionist approach to parsing states that --the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing --semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity --semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence --semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. --sensations; facts --sequential networks; familial resemblance --serial nodes; familiar concepts --sensory attributes; function

sensory attributes; function

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. --immediate --precued --simultaneous --sequential

simultaneous

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. --global connections --speech continuity --causal inference --situation models

situation models

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the -- ability to visually recognize objects -- size of the field of view -- ability to draw objects from memory -- recognition of objects in the left side of space

size of the field of view

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. --sleep --tired --blanket --drowsy

sleep

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more --quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word that just once in a word --slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words --quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word --slowly to letters appearing in non-words that letters appearing in words

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? --permission schemas --social-exchange theory --falsification principle --availability heuristic

social-exchange theory

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem. --exemplar --prototype --target --source

source

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and --confabulation. --source misattribution. --consequentiality. --retroactive interference.

source misattribution

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? --schema confusion --source monitoring --recovered memory --MPI

source monitoring

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations. -- propositional -- epiphenomenal -- spatial -- unilateral

spatial

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of --lexical priming --temporary ambiguity --parsing --speech segmentation

speech segmentation

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model. --spreading activation --cognitive economy --typicality --back propagation

spreading activation

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias. --dual systems --self-serving --status quo --actor-observer

status quo

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances. --weak --strong --moderate --no

strong

Items high on prototypicality have _____ family resemblances. -- strong -- moderate -- weak -- no

strong

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on --operators --surface features --structural features --mental sets

structural features

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems. --surface; enhance --structural; enhance --structural; diminish --surface; diminish

structural; enhance

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. --subordinate; basic --superordinate; subordinate --superordinate; basic --basic; subordinate

subordinate; basic

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? --subordinate --superordinate --typical --basic

superordinate

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. --subordinate level to basic level --basic level to subordinate level --basic level to superordinate level --superordinate level to basic level

superordinate level to basic level

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results --support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. --contradict the word frequency effect. --contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. --support the word frequency effect.

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different --mental sets --operators --structural features --surface features

surface features

A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. --knotted --swinging --unknotted --stationary

swinging

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as --garden-pathing --anaphoric inferencing --syntactic priming --phonemic restoration

syntactic priming

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. --syntax-first --interactionist --temporary ambiguity --semantic

syntax-first

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. --syntax-first --semantic --interactionist --temporary ambiguity

syntax-first

Experts _____ than novices. --are better at reasoning in general --take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem --are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems --spend less time analyzing problems

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. --source; target --exemplar; source --prototype; target --target; source

target; source

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's --innate reasoning abilities --innate language abilities --tendency to detect when others are cheating --ability to work well with a group of others

tendency to detect when others are cheating

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, -- the more accurate the memories are -- the more convincing the testimony is to a jury -- the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus -- the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because --the participants were only asked one question for this poll. --the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. --the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. --everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that --the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. --the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. --the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. --the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event.

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to --the tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist. --the rules for combining spoken words into sentences. --the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation. --the meaning of a conversation.

the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed --the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. --the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. --the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. --no measurable priming effect

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

The conjunction rule states that --people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices --the probability of two events co-occuring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring --the probability of two events co-occuring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone --people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively

the probability of two-events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either even occurring alone

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning --utility --the representativeness heuristic --confirmation bias --the falsification principle

the representativeness heuristic

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using --framing. --the representativeness heuristic. --the availability heuristic. --the law of small numbers.

the representativeness heuristic.

Syntax is: --the meanings of words. --the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. --the rules for combining words into sentences. --the way people pronounce words in conversational speech.

the rules for combining words into sentences.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." -- the same as -- slower than -- faster than -- interfered with by

the same as

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was --greatest for accepted offers. --greatest for rejected offers. --dependent on how much money the responder was offered. --the same for accepted and rejected offers.

the same for accepted and rejected offers

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. -- perceiving stimuli; activated -- using visual images; deactivated -- perceiving stimuli; deactivated -- using visual imaged; activated

using visual images; deactivated

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves --different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. --the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. --the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. --the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

A phoneme refers to --the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word. --the property of combining words into unique sentences. --the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year. --a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition."

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because --they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. --they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. --distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. --their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.

the showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because --the goal state is not clearly defined --the initial state is not clearly defined --the solution is immediately obvious --there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state

the solution is immediately obvious

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that --a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. --people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically towards the solution of a non-insight problem. --people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. --the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that --the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. --when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. --people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. --neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category.

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos --the person has seen before. --the person has never seen before. --of familiar places. --they took themselves.

they took themselves

"Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. --two --three --four --five

three

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). --one --two --three --four

three

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____. -- tree; tree -- oak; oak -- oak; tree -- tree; oak

tree; oak

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect. --trial 1; word frequency --trial 2; word superiority --trial 1; word superiority --trial 2; word frequency

trial 1; word frequency

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect. -- resemblance -- reaction-time -- priming -- typicality

typicality

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? --using a wine bottle as a vase --using a pair of pliers as a paperweight --using a juice glass as a container for orange juice --using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because --visual images vary in detail. --the imageless thought debate was unresolved. --visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. --some people have great difficulty forming visual images.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine --how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving --what information a person is attending to while solving a problem --which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems --how a person's expertise increased his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

People tend to overestimate: --what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. --subjective utility values following a decision. --what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. --what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings.

what negative feelings will occurs following a decision more so than positive feelings

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. --when syntax --whether semantics --whether syntax --when semantics

when semantics

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? --input units --output units --hidden units --working units

working units