PSY 3420 Final
Define the most common form of anxiety disorder and give its lifetime prevalence rate in adults 60 years of age and older.
specific phobia, 12.5%
surrogate parent
takes over the caretaking role with the child
behavioral approach
the behaviors couples engage in affect their relationship satisfaction
List some of the disadvantages for older single women
• Fewer financial resources • Fewer Access to care • Less social support
Define congruence and briefly explain how it is associated with the RIASEC model.
"fit" occurs when your vocational type matches your occupational environment. Not only does this congruence make you happier but it also influences your ability to be effective on the job. According to the vocational development theory if you are happy you will be productive.
List and give examples of the six occupational reinforcement patterns that reinforce job satisfaction.
1. Achievement: using one's abilities and feeling a sense of accomplishment 2. Altruism: being of service to others 3. Autonomy: having a sense of control 4. Comfort: not feeling stressed 5. Safety: stability order and predictability 6. Status: being recognized and serving in a dominant position
What are the five phases of retirement (Figure 10.10)?
1. Anticipatory period 2. Decision to retire 3. Retirement 4. Immediate adjustment 5. Changes in activity patterns
Define the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and list the domains it protects (Figure 10.9).
1. Apprenticeships 2. Job notices and ads 3. Pre-employment injuries (expect for lawful purpose) 4. Benefits 5. Mandatory retirement
List and describe the four stages of self-concept according to the Super model.
1. Disengagement (late career): workers begin to prepare for retirement 2. Maintenance (mid-career): people attempt to hold onto their positions rather than seek further advancement 3. Establishment (20s-30s): people are focused on achieving stability and attempt to remain within the same occupation, people seek advancement 4. Exploration (teens to mid-20s): people explore career alternatives and select a vocation that they will find to express their self-concept
How many U.S. states currently have legalized gay marriage?
13
What percentage of U.S. adults over the age of 60 experiences some kind of abuse and which type of abuse is the most common?
14.1%
percentage of women over 65 that live alone
35%
Psychological illness (depression, etc.) is associated with what percentage of suicides in older adults?
97%
What is the Five-Factor Model of trait theory?
A theory intended to capture all the essential characteristics of personality in a set of five broad dispositions. Each disposition has 6 subscales or "facets" to characterize an individual completely requires knowing how that person rates on each of these 30 facets
What are the three underlying dimensions of the RIASEC "types" suggested by Armstrong and Anthoney in 2009?
Interest in people versus things, preference for abstract versus concrete ideas, and striving for personal growth versus striving for accomplishment
How do marriage, educational level, subjective stress, and religion affect mortality rate?
Marriage: people who have been married have a lower mortality rate than those who never married Education level: those with a college education or better have lower mortality rates Subjective stress: more stress higher mortality rates Religion: people who are involved in organized religion may regardless of social class have lower mortality rates
Give a few examples of how the five personality traits change (or stay the same) throughout adulthood and in to old age?
There is a high degree of consistency over time throughout adulthood, with greater consistency among increasingly older groups of adults. • If you had high neuroticism scores as a young adult, you would continue your high levels of worry, anxiety, and general malaise throughout your midlife years and beyond • Although people may maintain their relative positions along each of the traits, their mean scores may undergo change across adulthood
How do injuries influence job performance in older adults?
They spend twice as many days away from work when they receive an injury compared to younger workers.
Define anxiety disorders and explain how they affect an individual's whole life.
This is anxiety a sense of dread about what might happen in the future. They have unpleasant feelings but also go to great lengths to avoid anxiety-provoking situations. They may have difficulty performing their jobs, enjoying their leisure pursuits, or engaging in social activities with their friends and families.
How does the Cohabitation Effect influence the success or failure of marriage?
This is the greater likelihood of divorce among couples who cohabitate before becoming engaged
How does the Paradox of Well-Being influence older adults' sense of subjective well-being?
This refers to the well-established finding that older adults maintain high subjective well-being despite facing challenges from their objective circumstances
Explain the Super's Life-Span Life-Stage Theory and how it differs from Holland's theory.
This theory focuses on the role of the self and proposes that people attempt to realize their inner potential through their career choices. Holland's theory emphasizes vocational preferences this theory places the focus on the occupation that you see as the most "true" to your inner self.
Who's more likely to experience MDD in their lifetime: men or women? What percentage of women (age 60-91) experience signs and symptoms of depression?
Women are 70% more likely than men to experience major depressive disorder at some point in life. 20% of women 60-91 years old experience symptoms and signs of depression
5 patterns of life pathways
authentic road, triumphant trail, straight and narrow way, meandering way, downward slope
avoidant attachment style
being neglected in infancy this may produce this, this is when there is a fear of abandonment so intense that they stay away from close relationships altogether
fun seeker
emphasizes the leisure aspects of the role and primarily provides entertainment for the grandchild
meandering way
fails to settle on a course in life, constantly searches for identity
straight and narrow way
maintains consistent life pattern, is defensive about change
triumphant trail
overcomes challenges, is resilient
problem-focused coping
people attempt to reduce their stress by changing something about the situation
socioemotional selectivity theory
people prefer long-term relationships to maximize their positive effect
List, define, and explain the differences among the four theories of retirement in Table 10.1 of your textbook.
1. Role theory: roles provide source of fulfillment, loss of work is harmful 2. Continuity theory: retirees maintain previous sense of identity, retirement is not a crisis 3. Life course perspective: normative timing of events, retirement stressful only when unexpected 4. Resource model: adjustment to retirement reflects physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources. The more resources the more favorable will be the individual's adjustment
What four constructs compose core self-examination?
1. Self esteem 2. Generalized self-efficacy 3. High emotional stability 4. The belief that you control your fate
List and give examples of the three characteristics of older workers and job performance.
1. Slightly lower core work performance a. Workers in jobs that require crystallized intelligence (which does not decrease until well past retirement) and depend on experience theoretically show improved performance later in adulthood. Older workers in jobs with high crystallized components should be strongly motivated to put in the effort they need to perform well on the job because they realize that their efforts will most likely be met with success 2. Fewer counterproductive work behaviors a. Such as voluntary absenteeism. 3. They are more likely to engage in good citizenship meaning that they participate in more voluntary activities. They also tend to be safer in that they take fewer risks on the job
what percentage of the us population is divorced
10%
What is the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in older adults 60 years of age and older?
15.3%
What percentage of adults is diagnosed with MDD over the course of their lifetime?
16.6%
What percentage of individuals 65 years and older are working or actively seeking employment?
18.2%
What percentage of U.S. grandparents is highly involved in caring for their grandchildren?
22%
median age of marriage for women
25.8
median age of marriage for men
28.3
What is the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?
28.8%
What percentage of prescription drugs in the U.S. is used by adults over the age of 65?
36%
What percentage of adults 50 years of age and older have used illicit drugs with the past year?
4.7% (4.3 million)
what percentage of marriages in the US is preceded by cohabitation?
50-60%
What percentage of the U.S. population is currently married?
51%
As of 2012, how many older adults (65 years and older) were cohabitating?
735,000
What percentage of older adults who committed suicide had seen a health professional within a month of their death?
76%
What is the average length of a first marriage (prior to divorce) in the U.S.?
8 years
What percentage of adults 75 years of age and older reported feeling "very" or "pretty" happy according to 2009 national survey conducted by the Pew Research Center?
81%
What percentage of U.S. individuals is married at least once by age 55?
84%
dreaded possible selves
A dreaded possible self is the opposite of the hoped-for self, with regard to health most people would rather not become ill and so they will take action to avoid that outcome
Explain how sexuality and exercise are important to successful aging
Although sexual activity and functioning were negatively correlated with age, there was no relationship between age and sexual satisfaction. The overall scores of these women on the successful aging measures were related to sexual satisfaction but, again, not related to actual sexual activity. Actual physical health appears to be less important in predicating successful aging. Exercise is an important preventative measure in predicating overall well-being.
List and give examples of the five categories of specific phobias.
Animals: such as mice Natural environment: storms, heights, fires Blood injection injury: seeing blood, having an invasive medical procedure Engaging in activities in particular situations: driving, flying, and being in an enclosed space Variety of miscellaneous stimuli or situations: such as a child's fear of clowns or an adult's fear of contracting a particular disease
Why are Marcia's identity statuses difficult to apply to older adults?
Because technically using the identity status framework, you could be considered "identity achieved" if you went through a period of exploration during your college years or even your early teens. Some 30 years later, would it still be appropriate for you to retain that same set of commitments despite the many opportunities for change that would have ensued then? Technically you would be identity achieved but for all intents and purposes if you never questioned your identity since adolescence, you would be different from someone who occasionally revisits these important commitments
Discuss suicide as a biopsychosocial perspective outcome
Because there are biological factors (functional losses and illness), psychological (cognitive changes and depression), and sociocultural (stress and isolation)
Why might it be better for children for a couple to divorce rather than stay together in a high-conflict marriage?
Because they might feel caught in the middle of their parents' conflicts. These feelings relate to lower subjective well-being and poorer relationships with their parents
List several symptoms of impending death in a dying person
Being asleep most of the time, being disoriented, breathing irregularly, having visual and auditory hallucinations, being less able to see, producing more urine, having mottled skin, cool hands and feet, an overly warm trunk and excessive secretions of bodily fluids
How does age-adjusted death rate differ from crude death rate and age-specific death rate?
Crude death rate: simply the number of deaths divided by population alive during a certain time period Age specific death rate: crude death rate for a specific group. This only discloses the likelihood of people dying within their own age group
According to the Social Indicator Model, what factors explain the individual differences in well-being among older adults?
Demographic and social variables, such as age, gender, martial status, and income, account for individual differences in levels of well-being.
Define the Affective Events Theory.
Events at work lead individuals to experience affective reactions, and these in turn influence attitudes toward work and performance
List the emotions assessed in the Midlife Crisis Scale created by McCrae and Costa
Feelings of meaninglessness, turmoil, and confusion, job and family dissatisfaction, and fear of aging and death
What are some contributing psychosocial factors related that can contribute to the onset of depression in older adults?
Functional limitations, sensory impairments, the inability to provide basic self-care tasks, and pain
Define Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and explain why the incidence rates of PTSD are expected to increase in the future. What is the prevalence rate of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans?
Given to people whose symptoms persist for more than a month, the rates among the older population are expected to increase in the future due to the aging of Vietnam veterans, the prevalence in Vietnam soldiers is 15%
Who has the lowest age-adjusted mortality rate in the U.S.?
Hawaii
List several negative findings from recent studies on the lack of effectiveness of the PSDA in nursing homes and hospitals.
Health care providers do not always communicate with dying patients or alleviate their pain. Nursing home staff often have no developed procedures to communicate either among themselves or with patients to determine at what point in the resident's illness palliative care should begin. Hospital patients do not consistently receive the opportunity to complete an AD, leading the bereaved family to fell that the patient's wishes were not respected
What are the three structures of the mind that influence human behavior?
Id, ego, superego
In your own words, explain how one's job, income, and work satisfaction influences every aspect of a person's life.
If you are in a job that you like and are satisfied with it you will be much more satisfied with your life overall. Your job and the mount of money you make carry over to other aspects of your life. if you do not make enough money to support yourself this will not allow you to have a home, or maybe even a car which could hinder your ability to go places.
How do positive or negative experiences at work affect attitudes and mood?
If you experience positive events at work such as being complimented by a supervisor, you will have a positive emotional experience. If you experience negative events such as a conflict with a coworker your emotions will be negatively affected.
financial exploitation
Illegal or improper use of an older adult's funds, property, or assets Cashing an older adult's checks without authorization, forging an older adult's signature, misusing or stealing an older adult's money or possessions
Explain how the ego influences personality and behavior according to Erik Erikson vs. Sigmund Freud
In Freud's theory the ego is part of the mind that controls rational thought. its job is to negotiate a way for people to meet their biological needs without putting themselves at risk of violating society's expectations or falling short of their ideals. Erikson's theory proposes that it is ego that matures throughout life as the individual faces particular biological, psychological, and social forces
type A personality
Includes being highly competitive, impatient, feeling a strong sense of time urgency, and highly achievement-oriented
psychological abuse
Infliction of anguish, pain, or distress on an older adult through verbal or nonverbal acts Verbal assaults, insults, threats, intimidation, humiliation, harassment
List and define the five major forms of psychotherapy (shown in Figure 11.6 in your textbook) and discuss how they could be combined to improve the care and treatment of older adults suffering from psychological health outcomes.
Integrative approaches are increasingly being used that match the client's disorder with the treatment shown to be most effective Interpersonal: cognitive methods and social skills Cognitive-behavioral: change thoughts and behaviors Cognitive: focus on dysfunctional thoughts Behavioral: change reinforcements for behavior Psychodynamic: inner conflicts, attachment issues, and life review
List, explain, and give examples of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence vocational satisfaction.
Intrinsic: refers to the tasks required to perform the work itself, cannot be found in precisely the same fashion in a different type of job. - The sculptor engages in the physical activities of molding clay or stone, and the accountant must perform the mental activities of manipulating numbers. Although each job involves other activities these are the ones that serve to define the work required to perform each Extrinsic: features that accompany the job but are not central to its performance - Salary is an example. Although some jobs earn more than others you can earn the same amount of money by performing very different work tasks. A professional athlete and a real estate magnate may earn the same six- or seven-figure paycheck for performing very different set of job activities
how does social support influence coping?
It involves both taking action (by talking to other people) and attempting to feel better (which may result from talking to other people). It is not the number of people in their social network but also the quality of social support that can help people feel more satisfied with their lives
Why is brain plasticity beneficial to successful cognitive aging?
It is possible that the successful brain agers are most likely to show greater abilities to take advantage of brain plasticity. Successful cognitive aging in which an older individual is able to maintain superior memory performance may also reflect greater ability to engage in the compensatory activities involved in neuroplasticity.
Explain what the "pay-as-you-go" system is and why it may negatively impact social security funds for future generations.
It means that workers pay into the system to pay for current retirees (and some for their own future as the trust fund accumulates). As the balance of retired to employed workers continues to shift the amount to be paid to retires will increase faster than the income that will be paid into the trust fund. At that point the only way that the government can pay out benefits is to dip into the trust fund assets which then run the risk of being depleted.
How are life satisfaction and subjective well-being different?
Life satisfaction: the overall assessment of an individual's feelings and attitudes about one's life at a particular point in time Subjective well-being: the individual's overall sense of happiness One difference is that life satisfaction may be more of a cognitive evaluation, but subjective well-being is more affective or emotional. Together they represent a complete picture of a person's well-being.
What other personality traits (other than conscientiousness) positively influence longevity and how do they do so?
Longevity was associated with high scores on conscientiousness, low scores on neuroticism, and high scores on the activity facet of extraversion • High levels of openness, particularly emotional awareness and curiosity also seemed lower mortality rates
List the three categories of defense mechanisms identified by Vaillant
Mature defense mechanisms, intermediate defense mechanisms, and immature defense mechanisms
What did we learn about personality traits and midlife crises from the Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study?
Men who had received higher scores on the neuroticism factor 10 years earlier were the ones who received higher scores on the Midlife Crisis Scale. This finding suggests that people with chronic psychological problems are more likely to experience a phenomenon such as the midlife crisis
Which U.S. state has the highest death rate?
Mississippi
Do older adults tend to rate their aging experience more favorably than do younger adults? Why or why not?
Most older adults rated their own experience of aging more favorably than younger adults would expect along a variety of dimensions from extent of memory loss to the feeling of being a burden on others. This could be because older adults have developed a set of coping skills over their lifetimes that allow them to frame events that younger adults would consider detrimental to their own well-being or even that the older adults would have found challenging when they themselves were younger. It is also possible that cohort effects lead current generations of older adults to feel higher levels of subjective well-being because they grew up with different expectations about what their lives would be like than is true for current cohorts of young adults. Another possibility is that the paradox of well-being reflects a survival effect and that older adults who are still alive and available to be tested are hardier and more optimistic than those who are either no longer in the population or unwilling to be sampled. Perhaps these individuals were always inclined to view the world in a positive way, and the fact that they are the ones left standing at the end of life reflects their particular optimistic bias.
Does the cohabitation effect apply equally to all couples? Why or why not?
No. It has been shown that people who had cohabitated only with their spouse prior to marriage did not show the cohabitation effect. It was the serial cohabiters wo showed higher rates of martial disruption
What did Whitbourne's study of 100 adult men and women between the ages of 24 and 61 reveal about midlife crises?
None of the participants even those in their 40s fit the criteria for a midlife crisis even when they were asked specifically about the impact of aging on their identities
Why does this put older adults at risk for drug abuse?
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs is the most common form of illicit drug abuse among people 65 and older
How do these different attachment styles influence older adults?
Older adults do appear less likely to experience anxious types of attachment in comparison with younger adults. Older adults who reported secure attachment with their parent's state that they are currently happier on a daily basis than those who reported less secure attachment
Do older adults retain a sense of control in their lives? If so, how do they achieve this control?
Older adults retain the feeling of being in control of their lives despite being aware of the constraints they may encounter. They do so by viewing their resources and potential positively rather than focusing on losses
Which symptoms are older adults more likely to seek treatment for: physical (pain, etc.) or psychological (anxiety, depression, etc.)? Why?
Physical disturbances because the psychological symptoms are less likely to be recognized by adults
List several additional risk factors associated with suicide
Physical illness (particularly when an individual suffers from several major diseases such as cancer, heart disease, COPD, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and liver disease), limitations in functioning, chronic pain, and deficits in cognitive functioning, social isolation, stressful life events
Explain the difference between physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.
Physician assisted suicide: doctor gives medicine to patient, terminally ill patient administers it themselves Euthanasia: take actions that cause the patient to die with the intention of preventing the suffering associated with a prolonged ending of life
Discuss the physiological, emotional, cognitive, and sociocultural outcomes of bereavement.
Physiologically: it places stress on the body, leading to a series of physical symptoms such as tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, loss of energy and strength, sleep problems, digestive symptoms, and decreased immune system resistance Emotionally: these individuals experience a range of feelings including anger, depression, anxiety, feelings of emptiness, and preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased Cognitive: these can occur by impaired attention and memory, a desire to withdraw from social activities, and increased risk of accidents Sociocultural: the loss of a spouse alters the individual's position in the family and community and status within society and may also place the individual at risk of an increasing financial burden
List the six fundamental types of Holland's Vocational Development (RIASEC) Theory and give a few career examples of each.
Realistic (R): work with one's hands Investigative (I) : scientist Artistic (A): painter Social (S): involve work with people, corrections officer Enterprising (E): business man Conventional (C): construction worker
Briefly describe the Late-Onset Stress Symptomatology (LOSS) and explain how it is associated to PTSD.
Refers to a phenomenon observed in aging veterans who were exposed to stressful combat situations in young adulthood. The symptoms are similar to PTSD but the progression is distinct in that it develops later in life and may exist at levels below the threshold for a PTSD diagnosis
neglect
Refusal or failure to fulfill any part of a person's obligation or duties to an older adult Refusing or failing to provide an older adult with necessities such as food, water, clothing, shelter, personal hygiene, medicine, comfort, personal safety, and other essentials
Compare the criteria of the Health and Retirement Study to the Rowe and Kahn model.
S.H.A.R.E. - family and SES
List the five resources of a work-family environment that can be acquired to enhance performance in other areas of an individual's life?
Skills and perspectives: interpersonal skills, coping skills, respect for individual differences Psychological and physical resources: self- efficacy, hardiness, optimism Social capital resources: networking, information Flexibility: flexible work arrangements Material resources: money, gifts
seven psychological perspectives on long-term relationships
Socioemotional selectivity theory, Social exchange theory, equity theory, similarity, need complementary, behavioral approach, suffocation model
How is Divorce Proneness related to divorce?
Someone has high divorce proneness when they are more likely to contemplate divorce when their marriage is in trouble
What did the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe study contribute to our understanding of successful aging?
Successful aging is best viewed as a life-long process reflecting the influence of multiple factors, including favorable or unfavorable childhood conditions
List, define, and give an example of the three types of dying trajectories.
Sudden death Steady decline Slow decline with periodic crises
The British Household Panel Study by Baird et al. (2010) revealed what kind of life satisfaction pattern across the life span?
The course of life satisfaction across adulthood was relatively stable until the very oldest ages, dropping slightly after the age of 70 and then more steadily in the 80s.
Explain the differences between the restorative and loss dimensions of the Dual-Processing Model of Coping.
The loss dimension involves coping with the direct emotional consequences of the death. The restoration dimension is the practical adaptations that accompany the death such as taking on new tasks or functions
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
The major symptom of this is an extremely sad mood that lasts most of the time for at least 2 weeks and is not typical of the individual's usual mood. The individual may also experience other symptoms including appetite and sleep disturbances, feelings of guilt, difficulty concentrating, and a low sense of self-worth
According to 2015 data, how much more do college graduates earn compared to high school graduates?
The median weekly earnings of people with doctoral degree: $1623 Professional degree: $1730 Master's degree: $1341 Bachelor's degree: $1137 High school Diploma: $678
Which of the four theories best fits the biopsychosocial perspective? Why?
The resource model, this model outlines the adjustment to retirement reflects physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources Biological: physical changes, health problems Psychological: cognitive functioning, personality, expectations about retirement Sociocultural: social class, income, opportunities for engagement
What role did the Women's Health Initiative Study play in assessing the WHO's model?
The study findings support the contention that the Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging is overly narrow and that psychological resilience's and optimism are more important contributors to the older individual's own sense of aging well than are objective determinants
List the criteria and discuss the criticisms of the Rowe and Kahn Model of successful aging.
Their definition is sometimes seen as unclear, overly focused on physical and cognitive health, and lacking psychological trains such as spirituality and wellbeing.
What was learned from the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) about personality development throughout the lifespan?
They show that continued personality development is not only possible but predictable.
Vaillant's Theory of Defense Mechanisms
This emphasizes the development of defense mechanisms over the course of adulthood. These are intended to help protect the conscious mind from knowing about unconscious desires, defense mechanisms are strategies that people use almost automatically as protection against morally unacceptable urges and desires
List and briefly explain the determinants of active aging according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Model of active aging
This encompasses the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. The determinants of active ageing are social determinants, physical environment, personal determinants, behavioral determinants, health and social services, economic determinants, economic determinants, gender, culture
How do social comparisons related to physical health affect older adults' sense of well-being and successful aging?
This is the process that occurs when people rate themselves relative to their primary reference group. If people in the older adult's reference group are in poorer health, then the individual's self-related health will be higher than if the comparison is in better health.
Discuss the negative impact of the Widowhood Effect on the surviving individual
This is when there is a greater probability of death in those who have become widowed compared to those who are married
Explain a blurred retirement pattern
This is when they (retirees) exit and reenter the labor force several times
Explain how Erikson's "Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion" stage influences adolescent development
This portrays adolescents as struggling to define themselves in the face of physical changes associated with puberty, cognitive changes, and particularly role changes where they are expected to find a place for themselves in society
How does the set point perspective influence one's level of well-being throughout life?
This proposes that people's personalities influence their level of well-being throughout life.
What are the positive characteristics of the Dual-Processing Model of Coping with Bereavement?
This proposes that the practical adaptations to loss are as important to the bereaved person's adjustment as the emotional
Explain the differences between the traditional view and attachment view of bereavement.
Traditional view: death should be "worked through", grief that goes on for > 1 year is abnormal Attachment view: maintain continuing bone with deceased, keeping possessions is not abnormal
physical abuse
Use of physical force against an older adult that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment Striking with an object, hitting, punishing, shoving
Why is elder abuse so difficult to prove?
Victims are afraid to report abuse because they are afraid of being punished by their abusers, and the perpetrators obviously do not wish to reveal that they are engaging in this activity
How do intrinsic and extrinsic factors play a role in vocational satisfaction according to the Two-Factor Theory?
When workers are motivated for intrinsic reasons (job motivators) they are more likely to achieve self-actualization. Extrinsic factors are also called hygiene factors they do not play a central role in vocational satisfaction. Favorable hygiene factors can prevent the development of job dissatisfaction, but they cannot promote it. Growth, self-fulfillment and feelings of achievement can only come from the fulfillment of job motivators not from the hygiene factors.
Explain the differences between the Work-Family Enrichment Model and the Work-Family Conflict Model.
Work family enrichment: experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other. This model is based on the theory of conservation of resources, which proposes that organizations can protect their workers against stress by providing them with support to maintain both their work and family roles.
Define and list several forms of workplace bullying.
Workplace bullying: a form of stress in which individuals are exposed over a lengthy period to negative interpersonal acts on the job which they cannot cope or control. Can be social isolation, direct harassment, intimidating behavior, work related criticism, and physical violence.
Are same-sex cohabitating couples more likely to break up than opposite-sex couples? Why or why not?
Yes, same-sex couples are more likely to dissolve. This could be because the external forces such as discrimination and family pressures. A lot are also not legally bound so this contributes as well
Discuss several ways in which successful coping positively influences overall life satisfaction and increased feelings of well-being
Your mood improves, and you have a higher sense of wellbeing. There are more satisfied with their lives
List a few factors that affect attitude and mood at work.
Your mood when you wake up in the morning can affect the way you feel about your work as you go throughout the day, the stress of feeling overloaded, participation in the organization, supervisory support, and concern by supervisors for employee's welfare
Define Hospice care and explain why it is considered palliative care.
a site or program that provides medial and supportive services for dying patients. the care is palliative focusing on controlling pain and other symptoms and it is likely to take place within the home, beginning when the patient no longer wishes to receive active disease treatment.
Authentic road
achieves solid identity commitments through exploration and change
moratorium
actively exploring different commitments • These people tend to open and curious, on the positive side, and also anxious, depressed and low in self-esteem
What type of personal loss is considered the most devastating? Why?
adult child. The grief of a parent experiences over a child's death is highly intense and is associated with increased risk of depression, guilt, and health complaints lasting for many years
superego
attempts to control the id's irrational instincts in part through impairing society's moral stands and in part by providing the individual with an image of goodness to which the individual can aspire
equity theory
balance is sought between what each contributes to the relationship
ego
controls rational thought
need complementarity
couples who are different are happier
similarity
couples who are similar are happier
filial maturity
developmental changes in children
Role reversal
discredited view that parents and children switch roles
What are the two main features of dying trajectories?
duration and shape
filial obligation (piety)
feeling of commitment that the child should care for the parent
formal grandparent
follows what are believed to be the appropriate guidelines for the role: providing occasional services & maintaining an interest, but not overly involved
5 types of grandparents
formal grandparent, fun seeker, surrogate parent, resovoir of family wisdom, distant figure
Developmental schism
gap between parents and children in how much they value the relationship and seek independence
distant figure
he or she has infrequent contact with their grandchildren only appearing on holidays or special occasions
health related possible selves
hope that you will remain in good shape and free of disease.
4 identity statuses postulated by james marcia
identity achievement, foreclosed, moratorium, identity diffuse
identity
identity balance and assimilation help older adults maintain self-esteem. There is also the idea that people do not always view themselves realistically. Most people prefer to see themselves as stable and predictable even if they are not
secure attachment style
if people feel safe and cared for they will carry forward into their adult relationships with this attachment style, they feel confident about themselves and confident that others will treat them well
6 concepts in adult parent child relationships
intergenerational stake, developmental schism, role reversal, filial maturity, filial anxiety, filial obligation
How do type "A" personality traits (such as anxiety and hostility) influence health in adulthood and old age?
it is a major risk factor for heart disease and they have high levels of hostility which is also a risk factor for heart disease. High levels of anxiety can also serve as risk factors for cardiovascular disease
What did the study of victims from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 teach us about how older adults cope with stressful life?
it showed that older and younger adults were equally effective in engaging in coping strategies to manage their responses to the disasters
identity accommodation
lower levels of self-esteem, with health and mortality this is associated with depressive symptoms
5 personality traits with the five factor model theory
neurotocism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
identity diffuse
no strong commitments with or without a period of exploration • These are more likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors as well as having low self-esteem
sexual abuse
nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind with an older adult Unwanted touching, rape, sodomy, coerced nudity
Identity assimilation
older adults rely on this and this is how they maintain a positive self-esteem. This is a balance between maintaining the consistency of the self, older individuals who managed to avoid adopting negative views of aging lived longer than individuals who did not develop a resistance to accommodating society's negative views
intergenerational stake
older generations value relationships with adult children more than children value relationships with parents
Discuss some of the findings from Vaillant's 1993 study of adult development
older individuals are less likely to use immature defense mechanisms. There is a positive relationship between maturity of defenses and various outcome measures. Core city mean who used immature defenses (such as acting out) were more likely to experience alcohol problems, unstable marriages, and antisocial behavior
emotion-focused coping
people attempt to reduce their stress by changing the ways they think about the situation
Self-efficacy
people high in this believe that they can be successful, and this belief can stimulate them to higher performance than they would otherwise show
5 different kinds of elder abuse
physical, sexual, psychological, neglect, financial exploitation
Which coping style do individuals high on self-efficacy most likely use?
problem-focused coping
social exchange theory
relationships are evaluated according to costs and benefits
List and explain the three different attachment styles according to the adult attachment theory
secure attachment style, anxious attachment style, avoidant attachment style
downward slope
shows self-defeating behavior, makes poor decisions
identity achievement
strong commitments following a period of exploration • People in this tend to be balanced in their thinking, mature in their relationships to others, and thoughtful about their life options
foreclosed
strong commitments without a period of exploration • These individuals appear to be higher in self-esteem but closed-minded and rigid
id
the individuals biological instincts which include the need for food, sex, and water. The is instincts can also include the need to hurt, kill, and exert power over others.
coping
the mechanisms people use to manage stress. Older adults may be more rather than less capable of coping with stress
hoped for possible selves
the person you would like to be
How does religion provide comfort for the bereaved?
they can provide comfort to the dying and bereaved through their emphasis on the existence of an afterlife and the belief that human events occur because of some higher purpose
What are some of the reasons why health care professionals fail to recognize signs and symptoms of depression in older adults?
this is because older adults do not necessarily report their symptoms in a manner that allows for accurate diagnosis. Also, health care providers are not attuned to diagnosing psychological disorders in their older clients. Also, physicians spend less time with an older patient then they do a younger patient.
anxious attachment style
this occurs with people who are either abandoned as infants or felt that they would be, this is when they imagine that their adult partners will also abandon them
resovoir of family wisdom
usually a grandfather who is the head of the family who dispenses advice and resources but also controls the parent generation
suffocation model
we expect more from marriage but have less time to devote to maintaining its strength
filial anxiety
worry about being forced to take on care of parents
Is it generally true that one's income rises with increasing levels of education?
yes
List the results of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) and explain how these results argue against a traditional midlife crisis.
• 26% of respondents reported that they had experienced a midlife crisis • However this included "awareness of the passage of time" • No peak occurred among people in their 40s • Even people in their 60s reported currently having a midlife crisis These results showed they were hardly considered midlife by any stretch
advantages of being married
• 9-15% reduction in mortality risk for married men and women • Greater happiness • Benefits to the quality of life
List several factors that account for the diminished divorce rate over the last several decades
• People marry at later ages o The older a woman at marriage the lower the probability that she will become divorced • The previous skyrocketing divorce rates increased consciousness in society about the need for prevention
List some of the negative physical and psychological outcomes associated with divorce
• Practical consequences • Child custody - most challenging thing • Lower psychological health • Poorer health • Problems with substance abuse • More negative life events
List several ways in which conscientiousness (high or low) influences overall health, health behaviors, and mortality in adulthood and old age.
• Researchers have found that low scores in conscientiousness in childhood and higher death rates in adulthood • Being low in conscientiousness might lead people to be more careless about many aspects of life, including control over diet and exercise patterns, leading them to develop higher BMIs in turn more likely to gain weight during adolescence and early adulthood • This trait relates to greater weight gains during adulthood particularly for women placing them at risk for weight-related diseases • People low in conscientiousness and high on neuroticism also have higher likelihoods of cigarette smoking • Self-discipline (a facet of conscientiousness) predicted lower mortality risk