Psy exam 4

Most psychotherapy occurs in the form of individual therapy, involving face-to-face meetings that last ____.

1 hour

Race

A 2003 study by Ito and Urland showed that people quickly and sometimes unconsciously react to certain characteristics of people. Which characteristics did they find people identified most rapidly?

they had more stereotypical "black" features, such as a broad nose and dark skin

A 2006 research study found that black men convicted of murdering white victims were more than twice as likely to be sentenced to death if ________.

group polarity

A jury's final sentencing decision, reached after group deliberations, is more severe than the original opinions given by individual jurors. This is an example of ______.

The likelihood that the relationship will end has increased.

A married couple has always had some friction in their relationship, which they thought of as passion early on. After 12 years of marriage, though, their negative interactions now outnumber their positive ones. What does this suggest?

What is the system for classifying psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association? A. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders B. Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders C. American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis D. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

A. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Of the following, who is most likely to have anxiety, as opposed to fear? A. Emily, who is so worried about her psychology final she is unable to study B. Sam, who clutches the door handle when his girlfriend drives very fast C. Dave, who sweats profusely when he watches a horror movie D. Randi, who sees a snake in the garden and screams

A. Emily, who is so worried about her psychology final she is unable to study

What is one of the primary characteristics of panic disorder? A. Fear of future attacks B. Chronic anxiety C. More common in males than females D. Borderline agoraphobia

A. Fear of future attacks

Which of the following statements is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A. Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD. B. Almost 90% of the children in a very large sample who were receiving medication for ADHD met the carefully constructed criteria spelled out in the DSM. C. The DSM provides precise criteria to distinguish between normal and abnormal inattentiveness and hyperactivity. D. The combination of inattentiveness and hyperactivity in children is, by definition, ADHD.

A. Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD.

What kind of obsessions are involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder? A. Intrusive B. Physical C. Frightening D. Violent

A. Intrusive

Jake, a veteran of the Iraq war, witnessed his friends being severely injured or killed on two tours of duty. He came home physically healthy but suffering from PTSD. Jake was not much of a drinker before he went to Iraq, but now he frequently drinks alone at night. To what might this be related? A. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex B. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex C. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus D. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus

A. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex

____ phobias are fears of objects or situations, other than those associated with agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder. A. Specific B. Ideal C. Odd D. Obsessive

A. Specific

Most patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a lower level of frontal lobe activity than healthy control participants. Why would this difference be significant? A. The frontal lobes are important to higher cognitive processes and attention. B. The frontal lobes manage motor skills and speech. C. The frontal lobes are important to stress reaction and the formation of memories D. The frontal lobes manage vision and hearing.

A. The frontal lobes are important to higher cognitive processes and attention.

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of a real threat is called ____. A. a panic attack B. an anxiety attack C. a phobia D. a panic disorder

A. a panic attack

As a child, Kim was always highly reactive to new situations. Because her mother was a worrywart, Kim learned to view the world as a place requiring vigilance. When her father died, Kim's doctor attributed her stress levels to general anxiety disorder (GAD). The source of her GAD is best described by using ____. A. an integrated perspective B. a cognitive explanation C. a social explanation D. a biological explanation

A. an integrated perspective

Women experience depression more frequently than men do. This discrepancy between rates of depression in men and women has been observed to ____. A. be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence B. be dependent on race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence C. vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence D. be causally related to race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence

A. be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence

A brain imaging study showed that peak cortical thickness occurred around the age of 7.5 years in healthy children and on average around 10.5 years in children with ADHD. This finding implies that children with ADHD ____. A. can be expected to lag behind their same-age peers in some tasks but will eventually experience improvement B. will never be as intelligent as their same-age peers C. can be expected to go through puberty approximately 3 years behind their same- age peers D. will never catch up with their same-age peers

A. can be expected to lag behind their same-age peers in some tasks but will eventually experience improvement

Jane sometimes sits for hours with her arm bent behind her head and one leg crossed under her. Her mother tries to reposition her but she resists. This is an example of ____. A. catatonia B. avolition C. restricted affect D. asociality

A. catatonia

A biological bridge between the experience of stress, circadian rhythms, and the development of depression is formed by hormones released at times of stress, including ____. A. cortisol B. serotonin C. orexins D. benzodiazepines

A. cortisol

The DSM says that engaging in compulsive behavior for more than 1 hour per ____ is considered abnormal. A. day B. week C. month D. 6 months

A. day

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorders of movement, avolition/asociality, and ____. A. disorganized speech B. excessive emotionality and tears C. weight fluctuation D. hypersexuality

A. disorganized speech

In the development of autism spectrum disorder, environmental factors are likely to interact with genetics, especially ____. A. during sensitive periods of brain development B. when the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy C. for parents who are known carriers of genetic disorders D. at the time of conception

A. during sensitive periods of brain development

The text defines abnormal behavior as behavior that is unusual, distressing, and ____. A. harmful to oneself or others B. culturally insensitive C. a deviation from the norm D. illegal

A. harmful to oneself or others

Nine-year-old Jacob dislikes and often avoids doing things that require sustained mental effort, such as his schoolwork and homework. According to the DSM, ____. A. he has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder B. he may be showing signs of early-onset schizophrenia C. he is demonstrating a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder D. he has met one criterion for autism

A. he has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Brain imaging studies consistently show that PTSD is correlated with smaller _______ volume in the brain. A. hippocampal B. amygdalar C. hypothalamic D. prefrontal cortex

A. hippocampal

John tells his mother, "I will rake the leaves this afternoon. Let's leave soon for the store. We can store the leaves in the basement." This is an example of ____. A. loosening of associations B. catatonia C. avolition D. delusions of grandeur

A. loosening of associations

The symptoms of depression that occur in a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder are ____. A. the same as the symptoms in major depressive disorder B. distinct from the symptoms in unipolar disorder C. the same as the symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder D. distinct from the symptoms in major depressive disorder

A. the same as the symptoms in major depressive disorder

Under an integrated approach to psychological disorders, each perspective ____. A. will have more to say about some disorders than about others B. contributes equally to understanding each disorder C. narrows down numerous factors in order to determine a primary causal factor D. must be viewed as independent entities to reach a balanced conclusion

A. will have more to say about some disorders than about others

Treatment// ______: Behavior therapy, stimulant medications

ADHD

According to ______, people run into psychological trouble when they adopt irrational, self-defeating ways of thinking

Aaron Beck

compliance

Agreeing to a request from a person with no perceived authority is called ____.

an evaluation

An attitude is _____ that predisposes your behavior.

a judgment

An attribution is _____ about the causes of other people's behavior. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A

fundamental

An overestimation of dispositional contributions to the resulting observed behavior is called the _____ attribution error.

Treatment// ______: CBT, medication with antidepressant or antianxiety drugs

Anxiety

social loafing

As more people are added to each side in a game of tug-of-war, each participant works a little less hard. This is an example of _______.

Treatment// ______: Applied behavior analysis, antipsychotic medications for self-injury

Autism

What is bipolar disorder? A. A disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in the establishment of empathy or intimacy B. A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression C. A disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion D. A disorder characterized by disruptions in a person's identity, memory, or consciousness

B. A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

Which of the following is true regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia? A. Medications that block dopamine activity can produce schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions. B. An overactive dopamine system may be the major biochemical culprit in many cases of schizophrenia. C. Phencyclidine (PCP, or angel dust) can reduce schizophrenia-like symptoms by acting on synapses that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter. D. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia accounts for 90% to 95% of the symptoms that people with schizophrenia experience.

B. An overactive dopamine system may be the major biochemical culprit in many cases of schizophrenia.

Which of the following is an accurate statement? A. Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are lower than in the general population but appear to be increasing. B. College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college. C. College students have far fewer psychological disorders than their same-age peers who are not attending college. D. Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are higher than in the general population but appear to be decreasing.

B. College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college.

Which of the following is true of anxiety? A. People appear to have genetic vulnerabilities to specific types of anxiety disorders. B. Evidence of a predisposition to anxiety appears early in life. C. Children first show anxiety to novel situations around the time they start to crawl. D. Highly reactive infants are usually calm by the time they are 4 or 5 years old.

B. Evidence of a predisposition to anxiety appears early in life.

Which of the following is a potential cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A. Sugar B. Food additives C. Poor parenting D. Thimerosal

B. Food additives

Which of the following biological factors may be implicated in depression? A. Smaller hippocampal volume B. Increased right prefrontal cortex activity C. A surplus of serotonin availability at the synapses D. Lower levels of natural benzodiazepine activity

B. Increased right prefrontal cortex activity

In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors that lead to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective? A. Evolutionary B. Integrated C. Developmental D. Biological

B. Integrated

Myra has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion? A. Myra believes her neighbors are watching her through the television. B. Myra hears critical voices commenting on her every action. C. Myra knows that Brad Pitt, the actor, is in love with her. D. Myra thinks the CIA is trying to kill her.

B. Myra hears critical voices commenting on her every action.

What is a weakness of the theory that the interpretation of body symptoms, such as an increased heart rate, could lead to increasing anxiety and, ultimately, to panic? A. Patients are more worried about appearing weird than about heart attacks. B. Panic does not increase levels of the stress hormonecortisol. C. Patients are not affected by an injection of sodium lactate. D. Panic does not increase levels of the neurotransmitter orexin.

B. Panic does not increase levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

A research study (Gollan et al., 2010) found that the recognition of facial expressions by people with depression followed which of the following patterns? A. Participants with depression were more likely than control participants to misidentify happy or surprised facial expressions. B. Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities. C. Participants with depression were less likely than control participants to misidentify harsh facial expressions, such as fear or anger. D. The severity of the participants' depression was negatively correlated with their accuracy in recognizing sad faces.

B. Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities.

Ethan, a 5-year-old with autism spectrum disorder, often rocks back an d forth repetitively. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is ____. A. a failure to develop a normal theory of mind B. a general dysfunction in sensory networks behavior is a general dysfunction in sensory networks. C. slow development of language skills D. a low level of energy

B. a general dysfunction in sensory networks

Behaviors that characterize a small minority of people are ____. A. normal B. abnormal C. case studies D. cognitive issues

B. abnormal

Kevin, a graduate student in psychology, is fascinated by the topic of psychological disorders. He wants to study why they occur and how he, as a future therapist, can help restore healthy psychological functioning in those who suffer from such conditions. Kevin should probably focus on ________ psychology. A. psychiatric B. abnormal C. developmental D. forensic

B. abnormal

Gabriel has become so fearful of going outside his home alone and being in open spaces, such as parking lots, that he has difficulty holding a job. This is best described as ____. A. a phobia B. agoraphobia C. a panic attack D. claustrophobia

B. agoraphobia

One criticism of the DSM-IV and DSM-5 is that they led to "false epidemics" by _________. A. overemphasizing observation as a diagnostic tool B. categorizing some normal behaviors as abnormal C. underemphasizing observation as a diagnostic tool D. categorizing some abnormal behaviors as normal

B. categorizing some normal behaviors as abnormal

Family and twin studies provide strong evidence that ASD is influenced by ____. A. disorders B. genetics C. sensations D. serotonin

B. genetics

Psychologists find that agreeing on the differences between typical and abnormal behaviors is surprisingly difficult. However, deciding that an individual's behaviors and mental processes are abnormal is essential because ____. A. it provides a benchmark for statistical analysis of these behaviors B. it is the first step toward diagnosing a psychological disorder and providing treatment C. it establishes a cross-cultural consensus of what constitutes a disorder D. it protects society from possible psychopathological behavior

B. it is the first step toward diagnosing a psychological disorder and providing treatment

One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of ______ cases in the United States doubled, compared with the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. A. mumps B. measles C. rubella D. shingles

B. measles

One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with ____. A. frontal lobe activity B. neural degeneration C. synapses that rely on glutamate D. excessive dopamine activity

B. neural degeneration

Combat veterans with PTSD seem particularly sensitive to _____. A. touch B. smells C. sounds D. pictures

B. smells

attitude alignment

Being attracted to another person increases similarity. This is known as ______.

The discovery of which class of drugs after World War II changed the treatment of anxiety dramatically?

Benzodiazpines

competition, usually in the form of fighting

Biologists have cataloged many species that determine the allocation of mating opportunities, food, and other resources, both within and between groups, by ____.

Treatment// ______: Supportive CBT, medication with lithium carbonate, ECT for depression

Bipolar Disorder

What of the following is NOT a characteristic of PTSD? A. Hypervigilance B. Flashbacks and dreams about a traumatic event C. An attraction to stimuli surrounding a traumatic event D. Emotional numbness

C. An attraction to stimuli surrounding a traumatic event

Of the following, who is demonstrating mania? A. Ron, who screams at his girlfriend for talking too much with another man B. Alicia, who is euphoric over her approaching wedding day C. John, who feels so cheerful that he talks extensively and rapidly with strangers on the subway and on the street D. Shelley, who becomes aggressive after drinking several margaritas

C. John, who feels so cheerful that he talks extensively and rapidly with strangers on the subway and on the street

Of the following people, who is a member of a group that seems to have a disproportionate risk for bipolar disorder? A. Paul Pierce, a basketball player B. Mitt Romney, a politician C. Mark Zuckerberg, a computer programmer/entrepreneur D. Angelina Jolie, an actress

C. Mark Zuckerberg, a computer programmer/entrepreneur

Mia's doctor tells her that her depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this? A. Mia has too little dopamine activity at the synapse. B. Mia is spending too little time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. C. Mia is spending too much time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. D. Mia has too much dopamine activity at the synapse.

C. Mia is spending too much time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Eileen works in a crowded downtown neighborhood. She constantly worries that her car will be stolen while she is at work, and repeatedly goes back and checks to see that it is locked before finally arriving at the office, frequently late. Her therapist explains that returning to her car so often is a way to reduce the anxiety created by her obsessive thoughts. This is ____. A. a biological explanation based on genetics B. an evolutionary explanation based on survival instinct C. a learning explanation based on operant conditioning D. a social explanation based on culture

C. a learning explanation based on operant conditioning

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills, which often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior, is called ____. A. somatic symptom disorder B. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder C. autism spectrum disorder D. antisocial personality disorder

C. autism spectrum disorder

The presence of two or more disorders in the same person is called ____ disorders. A. bimodal B. bipathological C. comorbid D. cofunctional

C. comorbid

The parts of the brain implicated in ADHD, such as the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, feature large amounts of ____ activity. Many of the medications used to treat ADHD work by boosting the activity of this chemical. A. benzodiazepine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. orexin

C. dopamine

Teens typically experience a burst of cortical gray matter growth at puberty, followed by a wave of gray matter loss extending into their early twenties. Teens diagnosed with schizophrenia experience ____. A. no loss of gray matter B. loss of abnormally low levels of gray matter C. loss of gray matter that spreads in waves into their early twenties D. loss of gray matter that progresses like a drip through midlife

C. loss of gray matter that spreads in waves into their early twenties

The weight of scientific evidence indicates that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative that has been used in vaccines, ____. A. has been found to cause autism spectrum disorder B. may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder C. plays no part in the development of autism spectrum disorder D. caused autism spectrum disorder when used in the routine measles/mumps/rubella vaccination

C. plays no part in the development of autism spectrum disorder

Courtney is desperately sad, has trouble concentrating, and is experiencing some loss of appetite. She has started to skip most of her classes and can't maintain eye contact with others for long. She calls her college's mental health help line and says, "I'm so worried about my grades that my stomach hurts. I don't know what to do." Based on the text's continuum from normal behavior to severely disordered behavior, Courtney's status would be considered ____. A. normal B. moderately disordered C. psychological disorder, less severe

C. psychological disorder, less severe

Most children with autism spectrum disorder have a level of auditory filtering that is ____ that of a group of typical, healthy children. A. the same as B. mildly different from C. very different from D. substantially different from

C. very different from

sense of fair play

Capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a more highly valued grape for its pebble (Brosnan & De Waal, 2003). This suggests that nonhuman primates have a ____.

_____: Treats psychological disorders and problems with adjustment; if special licensed, prescribes medication

Clinical Psychologist

_____ Therapy initiates behavioral changes and is fewer than 16 sessions

Cognitive Behavioral

helping to bring about a negative event

Cognitive dissonance appears to change attitudes by producing an uncomfortable state of arousal, caused by a person's feeling responsible for _____.

outward behavior

Cognitive dissonance occurs when our _____ doesn't match our attitudes.

attitude change

Cognitive dissonance provides a tool for producing _____.

obedience

Complying with a request from an authority figure is called ______.

less likely to be rejected by a social group

Conformity makes people ___________.

reciprocators who cooperate only after seeing others do so

Cooperators— defined as people who give freely of their time, money, and so forth, usually irrespective of the behavior of others— are very important to societies because most people are ____.

______: specializes in problems with adjustments

Counselor

Which of the following is true regarding the role of genes in schizophrenia? A. A single gene has been identified for schizophrenia that is present in most families that experience more than one case of the disorder. B. There is little support for a genetic basis for schizophrenia. C. Based on adoption studies, socioeconomic status is more determinative of schizophrenia than genetic factors. D. A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.

D. A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.

What is an obsession? A. A repetitive, ritualistic behavior associated with high anxiety B. A combination of flashbacks, dreams, hypervigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with a traumatic event C. An intense fear of new situations D. An intrusive, distressing thought

D. An intrusive, distressing thought

Five-year-old Lielle cannot sit still. She is almost always active and noisy and has difficulty maintaining sustained attention and following instructions in her kindergarten class. What condition might she have? A. Autism spectrum disorder B. Somatic symptom disorder C. Generalized anxiety disorder D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

What is the current edition of the DSM? A. DSM-II B. DSM-III C. DSM-IV-TR D. DSM-5

D. DSM-5

In the general population of the United States, women make up about two thirds of all cases of major depressive disorder. In contrast, rates of depression among the Amish are equal for men and women. How does the text interpret this result? A. Gender differences in depression are biological. B. Amish men do not drink alcohol and therefore are less depressed. C. Amish women do not work outside the home and therefore are less depressed. D. Gender differences in depression are more likely due to situational factors.

D. Gender differences in depression are more likely due to situational factors.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an example of a repetitive movement expressed by persons with ASD? A. Rocking B. Twirling C. Head banging D. Whistling

D. Whistling

Four-year-old Ryan does not like to make eye contact, does not engage in reciprocal games with his parents or other children, and does not express awareness of others' points of view. His deficits, which have been diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, may be due to ____. A. a lack of auditory filtering B. slow development of language skills C. visual and auditory sensitivity D. a failure to develop a normal theory of mind

D. a failure to develop a normal theory of mind

Recent research attention on the causes of autism focuses on gene expression during brain development, with specific attention to ____. A. a single gene B. gene expression in the parietal lobe C. those affected by vaccines D. a large number of genes

D. a large number of genes

Bipolar disorder is different from major depressive disorder because it involves ____. A. hallucinations B. stable serotonin levels C. a weaker genetic component D. a manic phase

D. a manic phase

A delusion is ____. A. a false perception B. a belief in the supernatural C. an instinctual reaction D. an unrealistic belief

D. an unrealistic belief

Mania, unlike many other disorders, actually ____. A. increases the ability to listen quietly to another B. reduces a sense of self-importance C. reduces risk-taking behavior D. increases productive, goal-directed behavior

D. increases productive, goal-directed behavior

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that ____. A. includes panic attacks and phobias B. disrupts daily life C. affects most of the general population D. is not correlated with particular objects or situations

D. is not correlated with particular objects or situations

Anxiety disorders typically feature anxiety that ____. A. is due entirely to genetic factors B. affects roughly 65% of the population C. temporarily increases one's level of performance D. is not proportional to a person's circumstances

D. is not proportional to a person's circumstances

A drawback to the purely statistical approach to abnormality is that ____. A. it provides mathematical certainty in describing abnormalities B. it can group many individuals into one analysis C. it can result in consistent definitions of psychological disorder from one person to the next D. it might result in very different definitions of psychological disorder from one culture to the next

D. it might result in very different definitions of psychological disorder from one culture to the next

Javier adores his new girlfriend, whom he finds very attractive and intelligent. However, no matter what he does, she criticizes him: his appearance, his opinions, his cooking, the gifts he buys for her, and all of his other actions. He is feeling more and more discouraged despite his best efforts to make her happy. This is likely a case of ____. A. generalized anxiety disorder B. rumination C. major depressive disorder D. learned helplessness

D. learned helplessness

A major depressive disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and ____. A. episodes of learned helplessness B. hedonistic thoughts C. persistent rumination D. possible thoughts of suicide

D. possible thoughts of suicide

Dr. Moran believes that depression is purely the result of chemical imbalances of the brain and that a simple prescription should address each of his patient's needs. This single-perspective thinking usually leads to ____. A. more effective treatments B. a more accurate understanding of causal factors C. better outcomes D. single-perspective treatments

D. single-perspective treatments

People with panic disorder have larger quantities of orexins than people without the disorder, which may lead to panic attacks. Orexins play an important role in ____. A. arousal and reward B. mobility, cognition, and reward C. learning and short-term memory D. wakefulness, vigilance, and appetite

D. wakefulness, vigilance, and appetite

Which of the following people would be least ideal for group therapy?

Dean, who attempted suicide last week

undergo _______ through surgically implanted electrodes for the relief of Parkinson's disease and depression

Deep brain stimulation

_______ attempts to address symptoms in the order of their importance: reducing suicidal thoughts, reducing behaviors that interfere with therapy, and finally reducing behaviors that interfere with the quality of life

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

social connections

Disruptions of _____ through divorce, bereavement, separation, or ridicule are known to be among the most stressful experiences people may face.

Which psychologist is using a biopsychosocial approach to psychotherapy?

Dr. Yan, who creates a unique therapeutic strategy for each of his clients

chose to associate with others

Early evolutionary pressures favored humans who ___________, and by doing so, sculpted much of the social behavior we observe today.

Eddie confesses and Tom remains silent.

Eddie and Tom have been arrested for a crime for which the police have limited evidence against them. They are being questioned about the crime in separate rooms. According to the prisoner's dilemma model, what would bring about the best result for Eddie?

_______ is used in some severe cases of depression that do not respond to other treatments -induction of seizures -memory loss

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

________ combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and individual values to provide the best outcome for a patient

Evidence-Based Practice

speak with consistency and confidence

For an individual or small group to influence a larger group, it is important to ____.

Among the first efforts to treat hysteria through non medical means was the use of hypnosis by ________

Franz Mesmer (mesmerize)

To avoid unfamiliar and possibly dangerous stimuli

From an evolutionary perspective, what might be a purpose of the "mere exposure" effect?

Silvie takes medication to treat her generalized anxiety disorder. Silvie's medication enhances the actions of which neurotransmitter?

GABA

altruism

Helping behavior that either fails to reward or harms the person who performs it is called ____.

_______ experimented with chlorpromazine (Thorazine), to reduce stress and shock in his surgical patients (successful)

Henri Laborit

It helps people to consider persuasive arguments carefully

How does the central route to persuasion work? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

commitment

In Sternberg's triangular model of love, _______ describes the intent to maintain the relationship over time.

intimacy

In Sternberg's triangular model, the closeness or bonding we experience with another person is known as _________.

equitable

In general, romantic relationships are more stable, enjoyable, and sexually intimate if they are _________, meaning the benefits outweigh the costs.

cooperate

In the "tit-for-tat" strategy, your first move is to ____.

stereotype threat

In the phenomenon known as ________, just being aware of a negative stereotype about a group to which we belong can hurt our performance.

the likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases

In the study of bystander intervention (that is, the likelihood of a person helping a stranger in need), we often see that ________. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

Treatment// ______: CBT, medication with antidepressant drugs, ECT, exercise

Major Depressive Disorder

What is rational emotive behavioral therapy?

More confrontational, the therapist is more openly critical of a client's thinking

Trudy takes Thorazine, a phenothiazine, as part of her treatment regimen for schizophrenia. Sometimes she does not pay close attention and accidentally takes two doses in one day. Her doctor warns her that this is very dangerous because it could produce symptoms consistent with ____.

Parkinson's disease

with whom they share some similarity

People are more likely to be persuaded by a message if it's delivered by someone _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

are similar in race, ethnicity, religion, values, education, and age

People tend to choose friends and romantic partners who ____.

anonymous

People who feel ______ are less likely to help others.

deindividuation

People who normally obey the law can commit uncharacteristic horrible acts, such as rioting and lynching, under the influence of __________.

Well-practiced activities

Performance of which activities are most likely to improve in front of an audience?

the way we view other people and our own behavior

Prejudice affects ________.

membership in a group

Prejudice involves judging an individual based on his or her _________.

stereotyping

Prejudicial feelings about members of a certain group can lead to unfair behavior, called ______, in areas such as housing, hiring practices, and educational opportunities.

______: Treats psychological disorders; prescribes medication

Psychiatrist

having a sexual relationship with another

Regarding infidelity in a relationship, men are most distressed by a partner ____.

becoming deeply emotionally involved with another

Regarding infidelity in a relationship, women are most distressed by a partner ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

reciprocators

Research on individual differences in levels of cooperation found that most people are ______.

social norms

Rules for behavior in social settings, usually unwritten or unspoken, are called _____.

Treatment// _______: Psychosocial rehabilitation, evaluation of expressed emotion, medication with antipsychotic drugs

Schizophrenia

These medications increase serotonin activity at the synapse by interfering with reuptake of the neurotransmitter:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

a social norm

Shaking hands with someone you've just met is an example of ________.

a basic

Social interaction is _____ human need. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

meningitis

Social isolation carries risks similar to all of these EXCEPT _____.

exclusive

Stereotypes are not "effective concepts" because they are _____.

perceived group membership

Stereotypes are simplified sets of traits that are associated with _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

_______ is a syndrome that results from the use of phenothiazines by some patients (tremors and involuntary movements)

Tardive dyskinesia

just-world belief

The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is known as the ______. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

the matching hypothesis

The concept that romantic partners usually share the same level of physical attractiveness is called __________.

a sense of individual responsibility

The effect of the number of observers on the likelihood a bystander will intervene is probably influenced by ________.

deindividuation

The immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity, is called ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

social loafing

The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group is called ______.

cognition

The three basic elements of attitudes are affect, behavior, and _____.

peripheral

The two routes leading to change in attitudes, according to the elaboration likelihood model, are the central route and the _____ route.

______ popularized the procedure of a frontal lobotomy

Walter Freeman

Intimacy, passion, and commitment

What are the three dimensions of close relationships in Sternberg's model?

Predicts our responses to persuasive messages

What does the elaboration likelihood model do?

Selfishness might be limited by punishment inflicted by other group members.

What is one possible evolutionary explanation for altruism?

Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms

What is the definition of conformity?

An increase in performance due to the presence of other people

What is the definition of social facilitation?

Door-in-the-face scenario

What is the term for the persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large, unreasonable request?

Anterior cingulate cortex

Which area of the brain is engaged during episodes of cognitive conflict? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

Members already share similar attitudes.

Which of the following is a quality of groups where groupthink may take place?

Wearing the same types of clothes as your coworkers

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

she was too lazy to do it right

Which of the following is an example of correspondence bias? Lin got a D on her paper because ______.

Conformity and the desire for affiliation

Which of the following leads individuals to take a more extreme position after a group discussion? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

This was a tough project, but the students who did poorly on it are careless.

Which of the following opinions shows correspondence bias? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

A dozen volunteers pick up trash along the highway.

Which of the following situations has the greatest potential for social loafing?

Subjective judgments of beauty are heavily influenced by symmetry.

Which of the following statements is true regarding physical attraction?

Negative emotional appeal

Which of these can influence someone affected by the peripheral route to persuasion?

she's an unfriendly person

Which of these is an example of dispositional attribution? Andrea didn't want to go on a date with me because _____.

he hasn't eaten since yesterday

Which of these is an example of situational attribution? Raul wanted to go with me to get something to eat because _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options

A child receives praise and a treat after singing in a play and decides that plays are good.

Which of these situations illustrates how classical conditioning affects attitude formation?

Psychological altruism

Which type of altruism is transmitted by a culture through learning?

To strengthen our chances of being socially included

Why do we tend to adopt the attitudes of those around us?

It makes it easier to navigate through our environment successfully.

Why is it important to people that they hold accurate attitudes?

Having a reputation for cooperating can motivate others to cooperate with that person.

Why might being a cooperator provide a survival advantage?

Discrimination

_____ is behavior based on prejudice and stereotyping.

Reciprocation

________ is the powerful feeling of obligation to give something back to people who have given something to us.

One large sample study of children with ADHD found that the children with the best outcomes were treated with __________.

a combination of medication and behavioral methods

Ginger worries constantly about contracting a deadly virus. Because of this, she washes her hands repeatedly throughout the day with scalding hot water. Assuming that Ginger has obsessive-compulsive disorder, what type of medical health professional is most likely to take a biological approach to treatment?

a psychiatrist with an MD

One of the earliest examples of cognitive therapy was developed by ____.

aaron beck

The Food and Drug Administration has approved which class of drugs for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder?

antipsychotics

Behavior modification, or _____, focuses on what can be observed and makes few assumptions about such unseen factors as an unconscious mind

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Types of Therapy//_______: Application of classical and operant learning principles in behavior modification; therapy based on observed behavior only

behavioral

Types of Therapy//__________: Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, brain stimulation, neurofeedback

biological treatments

Most therapists today use the _______ approach, which combines elements from different types of therapies to create an individualized treatment plan for each client.

biopsychosocial

Therapists using the _______ approach focus on what works for each particular client rather than following a single theoretical orientation.

biopsychosocial

Types of Therapy//_________: Combination of therapy elements designed to address biological, psychological, and social aspects

biphysical

Dr. Johnson is screening for more effective treatments for bipolar disorder. To see if these compounds work in a similar manner to the most commonly prescribed treatment, she treats rats with the derivatives for several weeks and then measures ____.

cerebral gray matter volume

Behavioral therapies use applications of ____.

classical and operant conditioning

Lately, Rena finds her herself eating nonstop, even when she isn't hungry. She feels increasingly frustrated that she cannot seem to control her appetite and seeks the help of a mental health professional. Rena's therapist challenges her to think about her past dieting failures, in which Rena would strictly limit her caloric intake. She asks whether Rena's "all or nothing" view of eating is rational: "Is it realistic to think that portion control should be either rigid or not worth regulating at all?" What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

cognitive

Types of Therapy//________: Combination of restructuring with behavior modification in cognitive behavioral therapy

cognitive

____ therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on intimate relationships.

couples

Antoine attends a conference on alternative treatments for psychological disorders. While at the conference, he is surprised to find out that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe cases of ____.

depression

Dr. Sebastian asks his client to say whatever comes to mind about his mother without attempting to censor the content. This technique is referred to as ____.

free association

Dr. Tran, a pediatric psychiatrist, cautions his colleagues against prescribing stimulants for long-term use to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder because of the risk of ____.

growth suppression

Types of Therapy//______: Nondirective therapy, unconditional positive regard, reflection, empathy

humanistic

Lately, Rena finds her herself eating nonstop, even when she isn't hungry. She feels increasingly frustrated that she cannot seem to control her appetite and seeks the help of a mental health professional. Rena and her therapist discuss how she feels when she goes on eating binges. Rena states that she is overwhelmed by guilt and that dieting just makes her crave food even more. Her therapist says it must be difficult for Rena because we live in a society where we are constantly judged by our appearance and where self-worth is often equated with willpower. What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

humanistic therapy

Dissociative Identity Disorder, or multiple-personality disorder can be treated with ________

hypnosis

Psychoanalysis falls under which class of psychological theory?

insight

One contemporary challenge in treatment is that now ____ make decisions about therapy treatment offered.

insurance company personnel

According to the cognitive therapeutic perspective, people run into psychological trouble when they adopt ____ ways of thinking.

irrational

What is a major benefit of group therapy?

it can help to decrease the sense of isolation that can accompany a mental health struggle

Seth and Sarah's 2-year-old son, Abe, was recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. They meet with a child psychologist, Dr. Silver, who recommends applied behavior analysis for Abe. Dr. Silver explains that applied behavior analysis is not a quick fix for autism spectrum disorder, but that Abe will likely show the greatest improvement in ____.

language acquisition

The use of stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was discovered by Charles Bradley, who initially used the drugs to treat a group of children hospitalized for _______.

learning and behavior problems

Dr. Estevez uses a behavioral approach when treating his clients. What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

learning can be used to increase adaptive behaviors and decrease maladaptive behaviors

What is an example of a significant challenge faced by family therapists?

maintaining confidentiality

Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success, particularly in the treatment of ____.

major depressive disorder

Emily is studying to be a priest in the Episcopal Church and would also like to work as a family counselor. What type of degree would be best for Emily to pursue?

master of divinity

The most commonly used medical therapy is ____.

medication

Which word best describes the role of the therapist in the humanistic approach to psychotherapy?

nondirective

The ________ is part of a circuit that processes feelings of reward, brain stimulation improves these sensations

nucleus accumbens

Behavior modification focuses on ____.

observable actions

Which type of psychotherapy provider obtains a standard MD (doctor of medicine) degree?

psychiatrist

Types of Therapy// _______: directive therapy, free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance and transference

psychoanalysis

____ generally involves a conversation between therapist and client combined with biological treatments.

psychotherapy

ECT results in the induction of ____.

seizures

Dr. Cohen uses a humanistic approach when treating his clients. What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior

Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. As part of the visit, Dr. Aimes checks Bart for signs of ____, a side effect of Thorazine.

tardive dyskinesia

If a psychotherapist recommends a form of treatment known as brief therapy, what can the client expect?

the therapy will probably last between three and five sessions

The most popular method for treating major depressive disorder today is ____.

the use of medication

What is the primary disadvantage of using computerized therapeutic tools, such as Wiley's TheraScribe, when treating clients?

they can seem highly impersonal

What is the rationale for using stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

they increase the activity of brain regions responsible for planned behavior

Dr. Zhang notices that his client Mariel becomes very defensive when asked to elaborate on her financial difficulties. Dr. Zhang infers that Mariel has likely been defensive with her parents and supervisors at work as well. What technique is Dr. Zhang using to make his inference?

transference