PSY EXAM 4 Questions
After a couple of days of a prisoner-guard setup scenario, the setup guards actually BEAT the setup prisoners. this exemplifies: A) deindividuation B) social contagion C) fundamental attribution error D) groupthink
A) Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities
Ashley often wondered if she was as pretty as Jess, who was a model at the age of 6. She is engaging in what kind of act: A) upward social comparison B) downward social comparison C) social contagion D)social facillitation
A) Upward social comparison - we compare ourselves with people who seem SUPERIOR to us in some way.
Which therapy emphasizes "insight"? A) Psychodynamic therapy B) Cognitive -behavioral therapies C) Humanistic therapy
A) critiscims for psychodynamic therapy: 1) overreliance on insight 2) overreliance on repressed memories 3) methodological flaws (Freuds patients were all similar backgrounds)
A liberal college student shown a picture of another liberal college student and then a christian conservative; he was more empathetic towards the liberal who was most like himself. This exemplifies: A) In-group bias B) Racism C) Out-group homogenity D) All of the above
A) In-group bias is a type of Adaptive conservatism - our tendency to forge alliances with people similar to us. In group bias specifically refers to our: Tendency to favor individuals WITHIN our group over those form outside our group
Motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses like in the case of memories of childhood abuse, is called _________ A) repression B) denial C) projection D) displacement E) regression
A) Repression = motivated forgetting/ repressing bad memories
Initially, you didn't like Justin Beiber when he first became famous.. but after everyone obssesed over him and you heard his songs more frequently you begin to like him more. This is the A) the self fullfilling prophecy B) the mere-exposure effect C) Ultimate Attribution error D) Self-perception theory
B)
The child was diagnosed with Bipolar disorder, but he also met the characteristics of ADHD. what is this phenomenon called? A) duel intelligence B) comorbidity C) pressure selection D) none of the above
B)
A treatment based on classical conditioning that pairs undesirable behaviors with stimuli that are unpleasant is called: A) Person-centered therapy B) Aversion therapy C) Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT) D) Therapeutic relationship therapy
B) aversion therapy is rare bc its terrible (might shock people etc.)
What neurotransmitter is highly linked with Schizophrenia? A) cortisol B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) oxytocin
B) dopamine = makes schizophrenics go into 'dope' positions (catatonic)
Which cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing both how we think and how we act, encouraging clients to actively dispute their irrational beliefs and adopt more effective responses? A) DBT B) CBT C) REBT D) ACT
C) rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
According to Freud: Why is it that someone would want to survive and reproduce yet also be aggressive, harmful, or even commit suicide? A) Id B) Ego C) the conflict between 2 drives, the Eros vs the Thanatos D) external conflict
C) Two instincts: Freud said that we have 2 drives within us (called them instincts); they both oppose each other 1) "Eros" - LIFE instinct ◊ Libido; directs us to survival and reproduction 2) "Thanatos" - DEATH instinct ◊ Drives us towards aggression, harm, or suicide --> drive to turn back into our inorganic state □ All humans posses both instincts which are in conflict or fight to determine behavior. ® Masochism ® Aggression - it is merely a release of this energy (thantos) ◊ Analogy: Freud says that it is like a boiler, you have to eventually release this stream - bc eventually it will explode. One way to release it is acting aggressively. ◊ What happens when you release this energy? You feel better. Ex: yelling at people, punching someone. Or you could use other more appropriate venues such as jogging, excersing etc.
According to this model, participants in the $1 condition looked at their behavior and said to themselves "I told the other participant that I liked the task, and I got paid only one lousy buck to do so. So i guess I must have really liked the task." A) Impression-management Theory B) Anxiety-reducing model C) Self-perception Theory D) Foot-in- the- door model
C) Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors...we sit back and think to ourselves about our actions - we self perceive WHY we may have done something - this model also tries to explain cognitive dissonance effects Ex: You reflect back to the last time you went to a restaraunt and ask yourself if the service was good... you remember tipping the waitress fairly, so you conclude that the service must have been good bc you tipped her well.
You are usually such an incredible hard working student, but for some reason, when you meet with your group project to go over and plan a presentation - it seems that none of you really put in your most diligent work. What is this called? A) pluralistic ignorance B) diffusion of responsibility C) social contagion D) social loafing
D) the group setting makes you guys loaf around more than usual Cons to "group brainstorming" - produce a smaller amount of highly creative ideas - people may be less creative when worried about being judged by others
Focusing on abstract thoughts rather than dealing with emotions and anxiety such as citing the Bible against polygamy when your spouse cheats on you is an example of what defense mechanism: A) rationalization B) reaction-formation C) projection D) displacement E) Intellectualization
E)
What neurotransmitter is highly linked with Depression? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) oxytocin E) two of the above
E) Depression = Serotonin & Norepinephrine think: Nora & Sera are depressed
T/F: Cathartic behaviors like screaming and hitting pillows are effective ways of reducing stress over the long term
False
What is it called when there is an inconsistency between our innate dispositions (organism) and our personalities (self)?
"Incongruence"
T/F: Whereas prejudice refers to negative ATTITUDES toward others, discrimination refers to negative BEHAVIORS toward others
True
T/F: The idea that as a small majority grows, conformity increases up to a point.
True - if everyone in the room picks answer "B" you are likely to as well
T/F: an Ambient Stressor is chronic and persistent, but low in perceptual and motivational saliency; they are non urgent.
True -Ex: Air pollution, noise pollution, crowds, chronic pain, traffic
Systematic desensitization is based on the principal of ______ which says that people can't experience 2 conflicting responses at the same time.
reciprocal inhibition
Match each description of Schizophrenia with its type: 1. Characterized by frequent constant incoherent speech and affect. 2. These people show bizarre behavior either the posturing, or the rigidity, or the excitement. 3. These people may have delusions of grandeour, hallucinations, or both 4. Hallucinations, delusions, uncharacterized speech? It isnt categorized as any of the rest. 5. People that had schizophrenia in the past and its under control, or they don't bother them anymore (like you still have voices but they don't bother you anymore) A) Disorganized Schizophrenia B) Residual Schizophrenia C) Undifferentiated Schizophrenia D) Paranoid Schizophrenia E) Catatonic Schizophrenia
1. A 2. E 3. D 4. C 5. B
Match each of the 3 main components "psyches" of Freud's Psychodynamic Approach of personality 1. Psyche's executive "principal decision maker" 2. Houses our most primitive impulses, including impulses for sex and aggression. 3. Our sense of morality A) Id B) Ego C) Superego
1. B - ego operates off of the "reality principle" = postpones gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet. 2. A - Id operates off of the "pleasure principle" = strives for immediate gratification 3. C - superego contains a sense of right and wrong
Justifying stealing from Wal mart bc it mistreats its employees is an example of what defense mechanism: A) rationalization B) reaction-formation C) projection D) displacement E) regression
A)
Which of the following is a cognitive bias in which we attribute behaviors of an outgroup to external causes when they are positive, and internal causes when they are negative? A) Ultimate Attribution error B) Fundamental Attribution error C) the actor-observer effect D) Self-perception theory
A)
Someone who has despised Hilary Clinton for years decides to vote for her in the election as everyone else seems to think it is the most logical behavior. This person has: A) high self-monitoring B) low self- monitoring C) irrational tendencies D) cognitive dissonance
A) self monitoring = Personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's BEHAVIOR reflects their true feelings and attitudes. - Low self-monitors tend to be straight shooters, whereas high self-monitors tend to be social chameleons.
Right before selling her car, Mrs. Tracy paid to put brand new tires on it. Her husband told her "you probably could have sold the car for the same price without paying $400 for brand new tires." Mrs. Tracy was conflicted for a moment and then said, "I would never sell a car without replacing the tires, I would never want to put anyone in danger of getting in a car accident due to old tires!" What did Tracy exemplify? A) Post-decision dissonance reduction B) Self-perception theory C) Pro-social behavior D) Altruistic kindness towards others
A) Tracy immediately felt dumb for replacing the tires, and no one likes to think that we made a dumb mistake, so she reduced the dissonance of her mistake by justifying it with moral reasons for why she replaced the tires.
After failing an exam, Anna was briefly upset but then devised a plan to work exceedingly hard to study for the next one. What type of coping is she engaging in? A) problem-focused coping B) emotion- focused coping
A) tackling our challenges head on
As national debt rose exceedingly in the time that more immigrants from Cuba were coming to the country, hatred for Cuban immigrants increased - suggesting that Americans blamed Cubans for our surge in national debt. What does this exemplify? A) Scapegoat hypothesis B) Just-world hypothesis C) Conformity D) Individual differences
A) Cuban immigrants in this case are made the "scapegoat" Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame others groups for our misfortunes
Franz Alexander argued that stomach ulcers are linked to "infantile cravings to be fed and feelings of dependency" this falls under what theory of stress related illness? A) psychosomatic B) psychophysiological C) biopsychosocial perspective D) none of the above
A) psychoSOMATIC = think: psychosoMENTAL - our wellness lies in our mental state in the past some people believed that our mental states are the root cause of many physical ailments. Certain illnesses were once called "psychosomatic" because psychologists believed that deep-seated conflicts and emotional reactions were the culprits.
After reading that your horoscope says you are "having some tough calls in your life, but overall are happy" and you decide that this relates SPOT ON to you. what effect is this? A) Astrology assumption B) P.T. Barnum effect C) Horoscope theory D) natural reasoning
B) P.T. Barnum effect - refers to people's tendency to believe that descriptions that could apply to literally anyone - apply to themselves
Matt feels that abortion is wrong as it devastatingly takes away the chance for human life, and that people should take responsibility for their actions. He is exemplifying a(n): A) belief B) attitude C) view D) argument
B) attitude - belief with an emotional component
If test developers begin with an understanding of a personality trait, say extroversion, and THEN write questions to test for it, what type of test is this? A) Empirical method of test construction B) Rational/Theoretical method of test construction
B) Ex: Myers Briggs Test Note: empirical uses data to construct tests
A married person feeling repulsion toward someone he or she is sexually attracted to, and A man who is unsure of his sexual identity acts extremely homophobic, although he might harbor unconscious homosexual impulses. He harbors unacceptable gay impulses and TRANSFORMS them into a conscious dislike of homosexuals. This exemplifies which defense mechanism: A) repression B) reaction-formation C) projection D) displacement E) regression
B) reaction- formation = acting in complete OPPOSITE to ones impulses
Asking people to perceive their negative thoughts as nothing more than thoughts is done in what type of therapy: A) Person-centered therapy B) Gestalt therapy C) Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT) D) Therapeutic relationship therapy
C type of "third wave" therapy thoughts like "im worthless" are merely thoughts, not facts
A statistical technique that trait theorists of personality use that groups items together based on correlations. A) merit-based analysis B) fact driven hypothesis C) factor analysis D) incongruence hypothesis
C)
Which hormone is thought to be involved in the "tend and befriend" response? A) ADH B) Thyroid stimulating hormone C) Oxytocin D) Cortisol E) Norepinephrine
C)
Kelly is overweight and her doctor has prescribed her an intense workout regimin and diet, however, she doesn't feel like making such large, new changes in her life. She is struggling with overcoming: A) rumination B) pessimism C) personal inertia D) personal power
C) personal inertia = our reluctance to try something new
__________ can lead to urban legends such as the story that Walt Disney's body is frozen so that he can come back to life one day. A) upward social comparison B) downward social comparison C) social contagion D)social facillitation
C) social contagion can lead to "collective delusions" and to the spread of mass hysteria and urban legends
Sam passes an old lady who appears to have fallen onto the ground outside of a building, he looks around and notices that no one else seems to perceive this as an emergency situation , although he has just learned about the bystander effect in his psych class so he immediately rushes to her side. This is called: A) social contagion B) pluralistic ignorance C) enlightenment effect D) social loafing
C) enlightenment effect
What type of treatment aims to strengthen social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions? A) Gestalt therapy B) Psychodynamic therapy C) Humanistic therapy D) Interpersonal therapy
D)
Writing in a diary to open up about bad stressful experiences improves immune function. What kind of control is being gained over stress? A) Behavioral control B) Cognitive control C) Decisional control D) Informational control E) Emotional control
E)
A child begins to suck his thumb again or wet the bed under extreme stress in order to relieve this stress. This exemplifies which defense mechanism: A) repression B) denial C) projection D) displacement E) regression
E) regression to an earlier time/ age when things were simpler
All of the following can lead to prejudice attitudes except: A) Scapegoat hypothesis B) Just-world hypothesis C) Conformity D) Individual differences E) Self-Perception theory
E) self-perception theory is a theory of attitude change that says we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
T/F: Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the relationship between the immune system and the environment
False Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
The Big 5 Model of personality was developed using a ____________ approach, an approach that suggests that the key elements of personality are embedded in our language.
LEXICAL = Language
T/F: Cognitive Dissonance theory has to do with resolving inconsistency.
True Ex from class: You think of yourself as the "date king" but you've only had 3 dates? How do you resolve this dissonance? 1) Change your attitude to match your behavior - "Okay, I'm not the date king" 2) Change your behavior to match your attitude - "Okay next semester I WILL be date king" 3) Modify the criterian - What it means to be the date king "3 dates is a lot so I am the date king" 4) Reduce the importance of the elements - Change the definition "I'm in college and passing classes is clearly the most importnt thing so I'm now "study king"
When taking a participant has no idea why they are being asked a question, this indicates what?
low face validity - the ability to know what the respondents are measuring
T/F: Altruism means helping people for no unselfish reason
true People who are more likely to help: - extroverted people - people not in a rush - people who are less traditional - when a person can't escape a situation - when the person in need of help has a cane - people who have learned about the bystander effect - "enlightenment effect"
What's the difference between the Statistical Approach, the Personal Distress Approach, the Ability to Cope Approach, and the Legal Approach to determining if a person is psychopathological?
1) Statistical approach - people deviate from statistics 2) Personal Distress approach - people who are mentally ill may experience no distress Ex: serial killers 3) Ability to Cope Approach - an ability to carry out personal fairs or not 4) Legal Approach - the ability to know the difference between right and wrong
According to the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (of attitude change) Cognition A = "I am an honest person" Cognition B = "I cheated on my psychology exam" What are our options for reducing the anxiety resulting from these 2 separate beliefs?
1) change cognition A = "I'm not an honest person after all." 2) change cognition B = "I didn't really cheat, I just happened to see someone's answers." 3) introduce a NEW cognition C that reconciles A & B = "I had to cheat because the test was unfair."
1. ______________: P+O, P+X, O+X: Jim likes Jane, Jim likes skiing, Jane likes skiing. 2. ______________: P+O, P-X, O+X: Jim likes Jane, Jim does not like skiing, Jane likes skiing.
1. Balanced 2: Unbalanced Balance theory/ consistency theory - people are motivated to achieve balance P= Person --> Jim O= Other Person ---> Jane X = Something in between them ---> skiing -this theory of attitude change was mostly thrown out when Cognitive Dissonance Theory came about
Match each of the following with their examples: 1. Asking your mom for a (ridiculous) 3 am curfew actually hoping to get her to agree to 1 am. 2. Asking your boyfriend for a sip of his smoothie before asking to just drink the entire thing. 3. Selling a scooter to a confused and gullible student by stating that it only costs $700 but not mentioning up front the additional $500 that are required for tax, title, and licensing. 4. Asking your roommate if you can borrow her computer to take a quiz but reassuring her that she doesn't have to let you. A) Foot-in-the-door technique B) Low ball technique C) Door-in- the face technique D) But you are free technique
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D
Match the 3 types of validity with their descriptions 1. Reflects the extent to which the items seem valid when you read the items; Ex: if it's a measure of self esteem it should be asking questions that are obviously geared at self esteem. 2. Are these constructs actually measuring the underlying things that you say they measure? Ex: If this is really a measure of self esteem is it REALLY measuring self esteem? 3. If this is measuring extroversion than it should PREDICT extroverted behaviors; same with depression A) Predictive validity B) Construct validity C) Face validity
1. C 2. B 3. A
If a child is diagnosed with a mental disorder via a Categorical model, what does this mean?
he either has the disease or doesn't
If a child is diagnosed with a mental disorder via a Dimensional model, what does this mean?
he has a disease to a varying degree
Match each with its correct description for WHY people help each other: 1. People help each other only to the extent that helping perpetuates their genes; Ex: A family member is most likely to donate blood to you. 2. You help someone who helps you. Ex: Your roommate buys you a birthday gift, you buy her a birthday gift. 3. You help those people that cannot help themselves; people in need. Ex: you give a homeless person a sweater because it is the middle of winter and they are shaking. A) Reciprocity norm B) Social responsibility norm C) Sociobiology
1. C 2. A - we reciprocate what others do for us 3. B - it is our social responsibility to help those in need
In Psychoanalytic theory/ treatment of personality, a patient would walk into the therapists office and the therapist would: (Match each to its description) 1. help the patient to determine what their life events mean/ therapist assumes all events have a cause. 2. help find symbolism and meanings in things, "you dreamed of a door opening which means you are scared for your future" 3. help come up with meanings and interpretations of our actions "you drunkenly yelled at your friend because you subconsciously hate her" A. Unconscious motivation B. Symbolism C. Psychic determinism
1. C 2. B 3. A
Which model of attitude change is based on the idea that people don't want to appear as hypocrites? A) Impression-management Theory B) Anxiety-reducing model C) Self-perception Theory D) Foot-in- the- door model
A) According to this model, participants in the $1 condition didn't want to look like hypocrites. So they told the experimenter they enjoyed the task even though they didn't.
What is the difference between Trent and Chandler in this scenario: Trent: "We all know black people are ghetto, that's just common sense" Chandler= "I believe that I think all races are equal" A) Trent shows Explicit Prejudice while chandler may have Implicit Prejudice B) Both the boys exemplify Explicit Prejudice C) These boys differ in cognitive dissonance
A) Trent shows Explicit Prejudice - which is an unfounded negative belief of which we're AWARE regarding the characteristics of an out-group. - he knows that he is racist towards black people Chandler may or may not have Implicit prejudice which is an: Unfounded negative belief of which we're UNAWARE regarding the characteristics of an out-group Ex: test that makes our implicit prejudice known measures our reaction times with associating negative terms with other races
What is a phobia of places and situations where escape is difficult or embarrasing?
AGORAphobia
If an old alcoholic slips up and drinks again, and feels so guilty about it that they decide to keep drinking again this is called?
Abstinence Violation effect - when you violate something you are abstaining from
Lithium treats what disorder?
Bipolar - reduces the norepi available
Milgram's experiments exemplified the power of human obedience/ conformity by showing: (more than 1 answer may be correct) A) The greater the physiological distance between the teacher (participant) and the experimenter, the MORE the obedience. B) The greater the physiological distance between the teacher (participant) and the experimenter, the LESS the obedience. C) The greater physiological distance bt the teacher (participant) and the learner (person getting shocks), the MORE the obedience D) The greater physiological distance bt the teacher (participant) and the learner (person getting shocks), the LESS the obedience.
B - As the experimenter became more psychologically distant, as when he gave instructions by telephone, compliance plummeted. C = When Milgram increased the psychological distance between teacher and learner by having the teacher direct someone else to administer the shocks, there was virtually complete compliance.
"The causes of our behavior lie OUTSIDE rather inside of us." "Our thoughts play no causal role in our behavior." These statements most align with: A) Freudian views / Psychoanalysts B) Radical Behaviorists / Skinnerians C) Social Learning /cognitive theory
B)
Which of the following therapies aims to integrate different or even contradictory aspects of the client's personality into a unified sense of self? A) Person-centered therapy B) Gestalt therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Therapeutic relationship therapy
B)
According to the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS), a soldier who is constantly under tremendous stress is in what phase? A) Fight or flight B) Exhaustion C) Alarm D) Resistance
B) Exhaustion If we lack good coping skills, our resistance may ultimately break down, causing levels of activation to bottom out. The results can range from damage to an organ system to depression and anxiety to a breakdown in the immune system.
Smokers refusing to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health exemplifies which defense mechanism: A) repression B) denial C) projection D) displacement E) regression
B) defense mechanism = UNCONSCIOUS things we do to minimize anxiety; we don't even know that we're doing it
"I'm so glad that I bought the brown Louis Vuitton bag instead of the white one, the white one is overrated and not as timeless anyways." This statement exemplifies: A) Object dissonance B) Post-decision dissonance C) Impression-management D) Self-monitoring
B) Ex: Our positive feelings toward a product we were thinking of buying decrease immediately after we decide to buy a slightly different product. By decreasing our liking of what we didn't select, we reduce our cognitive dissonance.
The evolution of a highly developed cerebral cortex in humans provides a criticism for which theory: A) Freudian views / Psychoanalysts B) Radical Behaviorists / Skinnerians C) Social Learning /cognitive theory D) Humanistic models
B) Skinner and other radical behaviorists say that thoughts/ thinking do not play a role in our behavior
A national breakout of terminal illness breaks out in all Amish populations, and people that believe that the world is a fair place are likely to believe that these victims deserve this disease. This is an example of: A) Scapegoat hypothesis B) Just-world hypothesis C) Conformity D) Individual differences
B) Just-world hypothesis = Claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason. aka "blaming the victim"
What is it called if a person has a mental disorder in which a person experiences physiological symptoms with purely psychological origins? A) spongiform B) Somatoform disorder C) Scapegoat hypothesis D) Phallic stage
B) SomataFORM - you form physiology problems Ex: Anxiety = somataform
Illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition can be categorized as: A) psychosomatic B) psychophysiological C) biopsychosocial perspective D) none of the above
B) psychoPhysiological - stress aggravates our body's physiology Ex: Changes in stress levels appear to be an influential predictor of headaches
After a breakup, we try to soothe our feelings by reminding ourselves that we were unhappy months before anyways and that this allows us to go out there and meet all the other hotties in the world. What kind of coping is this? A) problem-focused coping B) emotion- focused coping
B) reducing painful emotions by putting a positive "spin" on our feelings
Which of the following is not part of the Combined View of the components of Psyhcopathology? A) Atypical B) Unrealistic C) Disturbing D) Unjustifiable E) Maladaptive
B) think: ADUM the rest are 4 components of psychopathology 1) Atypical - The behavior is out of the ordinary, infrequent. 2) Disturbing - Other people regard the behavior as disturbing. 3) Unjustifiable - Others find the behavior irrational 4) Maladaptive - The behavior is disabling or puts the person at risk to harm or suffering.
Suzy fails her exam but comes to the conclusion that her grades are not a defining factor of who she is as a person, and that ultimately, in 10 years she will look back and a grade on an exam will not matter. Suzy engages in these thoughts to help her to think differently about her initial negative emotions after getting her grade back. What kind of control is she gaining over her stress? A) Behavioral control B) Cognitive control C) Decisional control D) Informational control E) Emotional control
B) cognitive control - involves our ability to THINK differently about bad emotions from stress (this is an emotions- based approach to dealing with stress)
Behavior-genetic studies have shown that the effects of shared environment on adult personality are weak. This is a criticism against: A) Freudian views / Psychoanalysts B) Radical Behaviorists / Skinnerians C) Social Learning /cognitive theory
C) Social Learning/Cognitive Theory poses that observational learning is a crucial form of learning. If we learn largely by modeling the behaviors of our parents and other relatives, than we should become like them. Yet, this is not always the case.
While shopping at the mall, you are convinced by a nice lady who looks very much like yourself, to purchase a new moisturizer. When a male had earlier asked you to try a sample of his moisturizer you immediately politely declined. This exemplifies: A) Racism B) Stereotyping C) Implicit egotism effect D) Ultimate Attribution Theory
C) Implicit egotism effect - the finding that we're more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble US!!! bc we have a implictly big ego implicit = unaware egotism = we like ourselves = liking people subconsciously bc they are like ourselves "she had the same hair color and name as me so naturally we became good friends!" doing something based on your own ego
You might hate someone, but your ~moral~ superego tells you that hatred is wrong. You can "solve" this problem by believing that they hate you. This exemplifies which defense mechanism: A) repression B) denial C) projection D) displacement E) regression
C) Projection = Blaming one's own improper feelings on others rather than oneself Ex: people with paranoia are projecting their unconscious hostility onto others. deep down they want to harm others, but bc they can't accept these impulses, they perceive others as wanting to harm them. Ex: Accusing your spouse of cheating on you bc you have had thoughts of cheating on them.
Replacing socially unacceptable urges with socially acceptable actions such as channeling your aggressive impulses into playing tennis. This is an example of what defense mechanism: A) rationalization B) reaction-formation C) sublimation D) displacement E) Intellectualization
C) REPLACE = "SUB"limation/substitution -Ex: a man who set buildings on fire in his childhood went on to become chief of his local fire department.
When we often wonder why Ashley continuously shows people pictures of herself from high school, its clearly unnecessary so she must be a selfish conceited person. What phenomenon is this? A) social disruption B) social contagion C) fundamental attribution error D) conformity
C) Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior. - we attribute too little of their behavior to what's going on around them. - we attribute too much of people's behavior to who they are. In this example, maybe Ashley shows people these photos of herself because she has a low self esteem and felt that she was much better looking in her older pictures; not that she was just trying to be blatantly annoying
Which is NOT one of the preconditions for helping people? A) Interpreting the situation as an emergency B) Noticing the situation C) Allowing others to step in D) Knowing the appropriate form of assistance E) Assume responsibility
C) think: Helping people --> NIAK - Notice - Interpret (as emergency) - Assume responsibility - Know how to assist
Clearly somewhat lacking cultural understanding, the guy said " All black people act ghetto" This best exemplifies: A) In-group bias B) Racism C) Out-group homogenity D) All of the above
C) Also a component of the evolutionary idea of Adaptive conservatism, Out-group homogenity is our: Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar - makes it easy for us to dismiss members of other groups, such as different races bc we can simply tell ourselves that they all share at least one undesirable trait
"Unlike other members of the black community, Oprah was successful bc she was fortunate enough to be raised by supportive parents." and "All Europeans are unsuccessful because they are lazy and barely work 6 hours a day." Are examples of: A) Racism B) Hatred C) Ultimate Attribution theory D) Adaptive Conservatism
C) Assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions - just like the fundamental attribution error, the ultimate attribution error leads us to underestimate the impact of situational factors on people's behavior. For example, Caucasian students are more likely to interpret a shove as intentionally aggressive when a black kid does it vs another white kid.
Survey asks participants, "do you enjoy watching TV?" and in order to answer this question you reflect on your recent actions, "well, I did watch Netflix for 10 hours yesterday.. so yeah, I suppose I DO like watching TV" What is going on here? A) Balance theory/ consistency theory B) Cognitive Dissonance theory C) Self-perception theory D) Impression-management theory
C) Self-Perception Theory = People examine their behavior to determine their attitudes
Looking at other passengers on turbulent airplane to see if they are freaking out or not in order to decide how you should react is an example of: A) upward social comparison B) downward social comparison C) social contagion D)social facillitation
C) social contagion - We often look to others when a situation is unclear and we are not sure what to do.
What are the most used class of Antipsychotic drugs used today vs in the old days?
Clozapine vs Phenothiazines
What are the 3 types of Antidepressents?
Cyclics - Elavil and tofanil (elevate the mood) MAOis Fluoxetine (prozac) = increase serotonin available
Belief that one's outcomes will be positive rather than negative is defined as: A) Social support B) Emotional control C) resilience D) Dispositional optimism
D § Defined - Belief that one's outcomes will be positive rather than negative. □ "its seeing that silver lining on every cloud, thinking that your future will be bright" Some people are very positive about the future, others are very negative Why Optimism Matters - Results in exerting greater effort toward attaining desired outcomes.
Which approach to personality can be attributed with building peoples self esteem and creating an environment of unconditional positive regard? A) Psychodynamic approach B) Behavioral approach C) Social Learning approach D) Humanistic approach
D)
Sarah was involved in a terrible attack where she was hit multiple times and mugged. She is so frightened by the situation even months later, it is constantly nagging on her mind so she seeks help. See visits 2 therapists, one of which was not helpful and actually made her feel worse. Dr. Mal = Told Sarah to ask herself questions like "what happened?" and "How did I feel when this happened?" and to relive the situation Dr. Ben = Told Sarah to take a fly on the wall approach and NOT to think "what happened to me?" but rather, "What happened in this situation?" A) Dr. Mal exemplifies a Self-Distancing perspective B) Dr. Mal offered Sarah the best advice C) Dr. Ben offered Sarah the worst advice D) Dr. Ben exemplifies a Self-Distancing perspective
D) Dr. Mal = Self-Immersed Perspective - Replaying the bad event through one's own eyes - Basically makes people feel miserable all over again Dr. Ben = Self-Distancing Perspective - Focusing on the broader context - Research suggests that rather than reliving it --> kind of just stepping back and thinking about what happened is healthier
Maya usually gets the beach bum smoothie at tropical smoothie, but when she was with her friends, they all ordered the low-cal skinny green smoothie so she decided to order it to, this is an example of: A) social disruption B) social contagion C) fundamental attribution error D) conformity
D) conformity - Tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure Note: conformity is most likely to occur if the group is 1) unanimous (aka they ALL want the low-call skinny green smoothie) & 2) the size of the majority matters as well.
Someone who is frustrated by his or her boss at work may go home and punch a wall. This exemplifies which defense mechanism: A) repression B) denial C) projection D) displacement E) regression
D) displacement = DISPLACING / satisfying an impulse "Directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target."
While working out at the gym, guys tend to try to lift even more weight than normal if other people around them. What is this called: A) upward social comparison B) downward social comparison C) social contagion D)social facillitation
D) social facilitation - where the mere presence of others "facilitates" us ; occurs when we tend to perform better when others are around
A crazy doctor engages in the practice of ____________ and gives her patience a small dose of gonorrhea bacteria in hopes of activating the body's own natural defenses. A) energy medicine B) acupuncture C)biofeedback D) homeopathic medicine
D) - principle behind homeopathy is that "like cures like,." - this is an example of a representativness heuristic, a mental shortcut where we judge the similarity of 2 things by guaging the extent to which they resemble each other. - homeopaths belief that the "memory" of the substance is enough to stimulate the body's defense. it is an extrordinary claim that makes no sense from a science perspective.
Reminding yourself that flying is statistically much safer than driving, and reminding yourself to breathe slowly which eventually helps you to become more relaxed. What stage of the stress is this person in according to the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)? A) Fight or flight B) Exhaustion C) Alarm D) Resistance
D) After the alarm stage (fight or flight) ----> Resistance occurs: we adapt to the stressor and find ways to cope with it.
The decision-making that led to the midair explosion of the space shuttle Challenger, in 1986. A) deindividuation B) social contagion C) fundamental attribution error D) groupthink
D) group think = emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking; Groupthink is what guided the decision to ignore the warnings and still take off
T/F: Radical behaviorists (Skinnerians) believe that there is an unconscious - which is a vast storehouse of inaccessible thoughts, memories, and impulses.
False - these are Freud's beliefs (the unconscious) - according to radical behaviorists, there is no such storehouse bc the unconscious things that play a role in causing us to do things (like hum a song) lie OUTSIDE us (external) not inside us.
T/F: Attitudes are always good predictors of behavior
False - this is a misconception. For example, most people believe that how we feel about a political candidate predicts with a high level of certainty whether we'll vote toward or against the candidate. It actually does not though. - the average correlation bt attitudes and behavior is only about 0.38 - thus although attitudes forecast behavior at better-than-chance levels, they are far from powerful predictors.
Which of the following cannot lead to Psychopathology: A) Biological / genetics / mutations B) Physical trauma - concussions C) Toxic substances such as drugs (external) and body producing its own toxins (internal) D) Infections - syphilis E) Vitamin deficiencies F) Neurotransmitter defects G) All can cause mental illness
G)
What are the main differences between Nomothetic approach and Idiographic approach to researching personality?
Nomothetic - Nomothetic research is about attempting to establish general laws and generalisations. The focus of the nomothetic approach is to obtain objective knowledge through scientific methods. Hence quantitive methods of investigation are used, to try and produce statistically significant results. Idiographic - The idiographic approach, unlike the nomothetic approach, focuses on the individual. It suggests that everyone is unique and therefore everyone should be studied in an individual way. Due to this, no general laws are possible. The methods of investigation, by this approach tend to collect quantitive data, investigating the individual. Case studies are the most common method, but other research methods include: unstructured interviews, self-reports, autobiographies and personal documents.
You watch a homeless man spill the contents of his life, only a few items, out into the road accidentally and he looks entirely helpless and too fragile to retrieve his items. You think about helping him but then notice than no one around you seems to think that he is in need of help, a phenomenon called _______________. You also begin to wonder, "there are so many people walking by, why is it my job to help him?" this is called ____________.
Pluralistic Ignorance - Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do. Diffusion of Responsibility - Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others these 2 together make explain why the "bystander effect/bystander nonintervention" occur
Sally feels that when she makes a good grade on a test, this can be attributed to fate or luck. Allie feels that when she makes a good grade, this is because she worked hard to get it. What do each display?
Sally = external locus of control (external forces have control over your life) Allie= Internal locus of control (internal forces have control over your life)
T/F: Prejudice can be described as "judging a book by its cover"
True - Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation PRIOR to evaluating the evidence / prior to reading the book
T/F: Adversity (aka challenges) seem to have an inverted U effect.
True, you need some adversity in your life but not too much. Having a little bit of adversity: - May create a sense of mastery over past adversity. - May foster perceived control and belief in ability to cope successfully in the future.
3 Minor Tranquilizers (aka Anti-anxiety) drugs?
VLM Valium Librium Miltown
Standing on top of a mountain and feeling highly connected to the world is an example of what?
a "peak experience"
The statements below exemplify what locus of control (internal / external) ? A) "Many people live miserable lives because of their parents" and B) "One can climb the professional ladder by being around at the right time"
both A & B exemplify statements by people with an External locus of control - they believe that life events are largely a product of chance and fate Example of a statement by someone with an internal locus of control is "If I study hard enough, I can pass any exam."
