Psy of Motivation Chapter 4
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
So whereas intrinsic motivation is associated with the goals of autonomy, competence, and belonging, extrinsic motivation is associated with other goals, including seeking financial success, improving our image, boosting popularity, or conforming to others' behavior
Internalization
The process whereby individuals transform external social rules and requests into internal, personally endorsed values
Summary 4.3
-According to self-determination theory (SDT), autonomy, competence, and belonging are three core human motives. -People are more likely to choose a goal if it fulfills one of these three motives. -People are more satisfied with an event when it is driven by these motives. -Well-being is highest when people have a balanced fulfillment across all three motives. -One criticism of SDT is that motives that drive human behavior are no different from motives that drive animal behavior (e.g., need to reproduce). -Another criticism of SDT is that more than just these three motives drive human behavior.
Intrinsic motivation
-Defined as performing a behavior because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable >EX: you may enjoy writing short stories or playing a musical instrument or hiking in the mountains. If so, you do these things not because you expect to get anything out of it (e.g., money) but because you enjoy it.
Core Motives Should ...?
-Elicit Goal-Oriented Behaviors -Be Adaptive and Beneficial -Be Universal
PLOC: introjected regulation
-External rules have only been partially internalized, such that the person performs the task just to avoid guilt and anxiety or to experience an ego boost. >EX: Students driven by this motive attend class because they feel they ought to and want to avoid feeling guilty the next time they speak to their parents about their coursework. In this way, introjected regulation is kind of like swallowing external rules whole without fully digesting them
Summary 4.1
-Much of what humans want can be organized into a few core human motives. -Needs refer to internal sources of pressure that push an individual to adopt a particular goal. -Needs can be physiological (e.g., need to eat food) or psychological (e.g., need to feel accepted by others). -Physiological needs are necessary for biological survival. Psychological needs are not necessary for survival, but they are necessary for mental health and well-being.
What core motives meet all 3 criteria?
-Need for autonomy -Need for competence -The need to belong
Criticisms of SDT
-One source of criticism argues the motives that drive human behavior are essentially no different from the motives that drive animal behavior. -It limits the number of core motives to just these three. Other theorists have argued for the inclusion of additional motives, most notably the need for security and the need for self-esteem
Summary 4.4
-People can be motivated for internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) reasons. -Someone who is intrinsically motivated performs a behavior because of the enjoyment they receive from the task. -Someone who is extrinsically motivated performs a behavior because of the external rewards they expect to receive from the task performance (e.g., money, praise). -There are four types of extrinsic motivation: external regulation (motivated to achieve some other end), introjected regulation (motivated to avoid guilt), identified regulation (motivated to do something valued), and integrated regulation (motivated because it is a part of one's identity).
PLOC: identified regulation
-People have largely internalized the external rewards and rules as their own. -The desired behavior is now seen as something that is valued and personally important. >EX: Students driven by identified regulation may believe that hard work and academic commitment are important values that they should strive for, especially if they want to earn their degree and land a good job. Notice that we use the term "should," which means that these students still aren't going to class or reading the text because they enjoy it.
Extrinsic motivation
-Performing a behavior for some external reason -Thought to occur whenever we do something in order to gain a reward (e.g., money, good grades, praise, a trophy) or avoid a punishment (e.g., speeding ticket, criticism, social rejection). >EX: You go to work to get paid. You read your motivation text because you want to earn a good grade in class. You drive at the speed limit because you want to avoid a ticket. In these examples, the behavior is seen as a means to some other end.
Ryan and Connell (1989) PLOC (Perceived Locus of Causality) internalization continuum,
-Plots motivation on a continuum. -States that there are actually four different types of extrinsic motivation that range from "completely external" to "almost intrinsic but not quite"
Needs
-Refer to internal sources of pressure that push an individual to adopt a particular goal. -A specific type of motive, one that is essential and necessary for a person's well-being. -Just like a plant needs water and sun to survive and grow, so too do humans need certain things to live and flourish. -Failing to fulfill our basic needs could result in physical or mental illness, and in extreme cases, even death.
Homeostasis
-Refers to the body's system to regulate and maintain a stable internal environment -Responsible for our body's regulation of such conditions as water, food, sleep, and temperature. >For example, when our internal temperature gets too high, our body starts to sweat in order to cool us down and return our body to its normal temperature.
Psychological needs
-Refers to the evolved tendency to seek out certain psychosocial experiences -Not necessary for biological survival, but are for mental health, personal growth, and overall well-being >EX: although we sometimes eat out of hunger, we also eat food to make ourselves feel better, to celebrate a holiday or accomplishment, or to socialize with others
Physiological needs
-Some of the things that humans need to survive rely on basic biological requirements called -Just like animals, humans need to breathe air, eat food, drink water, sleep, and mate if they want to survive and produce offspring -Driven by a state of deficiency. >EX: if you haven't eaten in a while, your body develops a deficient in nutrients that ignites a need to seek out food -Nearly all physiological needs rely on this principle of homeostasis
Allport (1937) concept of functional autonomy of motives
-Stated that the initial motivation for a behavior may become separated from the actual behavior over time. >EX: a child may learn to ride her bike to make her parents proud, but over time she may come to internalize this sense of pride and eventually will ride her bike out of pure enjoyment
Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory
-States that the need for autonomy, competence, and belonging represent the "right reasons" for pursuing a goal because they are essential for human development and well-being
Maslow rejected what idea..? (Physiological vs. Psychological)
-The argument was made that a baby first seeks out its mother during nursing simply to fulfill its need for food. -Over time, the baby associates its mother with food and therefore learns that social interaction leads to hunger satisfaction. -He believed that a baby's desire for its mother was driven by more than just hunger. Instead, he argued it is driven by a need for affection and social connection.
Competency
-The basic desire for effectiveness, ability, or success EX: Heather's desire to return to paddle boarding after her injury or to cross the finish line at the Boston Marathon exemplifies this need for competence.
Belonging
-The basic desire to form and maintain lasting, positive interperonal relationships >EX: Heather's desire to build friendships with other amputees and to serve as an inspiration to others dealing with their own injuries exemplifies this need for belonging.
PLOC: integrated regulation
-The most internalized form of extrinsic motivation. -In this way, you can think of it as "intrinsic lite" in that it falls just short of becoming truly intrinsic motivation. -Occurs when external rewards and rules have become fully integrated into the self. -Through this process, the behavior becomes an aspect of people's identity and reflects a part of who they are. >EX: Students driven by integrated regulation define themselves as studious and consider their academic achievements to be a reflection of their own values and traits. So how is this different from intrinsic motivation? Although these students have fully internalized the desire to be a good student, they are still going to class and reading the text because doing so is consistent with their identity and not because they truly enjoy it.
Autonomy
-The part of the peripheral nervous system that maintains homeostasis >EX: Heather's desire for independence exemplifies this need for autonomy.
PLOC: external regulation
-The prototype for extrinsic motivation. -Performed solely to achieve an external reward or to satisfy an external requirement. >EX: students who are externally regulated will only attend lectures, read the text, or study for the exam if they think their grade depends on it. For this reason, they are likely to do the bare minimum that is required of them and nothing more.
Summary 4.2
-To be a core human motive, the motive must (1) elicit goal-oriented behaviors to satisfy the motive, (2) be adaptive and beneficial, and (3) be universal.
Motivation theories vs. self-determination theory (SDT)
-Unlike most motivation theories that focus on the quantity of motivation (i.e., how strongly you are pursuing this goal), self-determination theory (SDT) focuses on the quality of motivation (i.e., why you are pursing this goal). -According to SDT, quality matters as much as or even more than quantity. This means that people who achieve their goals for the right reasons will achieve better outcomes than people who achieve the same goals for the wrong reasons
Mediators
-Variables that reflect the process that connects two other variables of interest -In terms of the present topic, we are asking what mediators come between the variables of need fulfillment and positive outcomes.
Core human motives.
But everyone wants to experience some sort of connection with others. The point is, even though it appears that there are lots of different motives that guide people's behavior, much of what humans want can be placed into a few basic categories.
What are the suggestions in the literature that intrinsic motivation may mediate the relationship between need fulfillment and positive outcomes?
First, there is evidence that need fulfillment leads to intrinsic motivation. According to self-determination theory, any behavior that facilitates our sense of autonomy, competence, or belonging ignites intrinsic motivation Second, intrinsic motivation leads to positive outcomes, including greater task persistence, creativity, vitality, self-esteem, and well-being. For this reason, educational programs and health interventions designed to boost intrinsic motivation are quite successful at improving student learning and improving physical health in domains such as exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation
Physiological needs vs. Psychological needs
Physiological needs like food and water maintain life -Psychological needs like psychological fertilizer promote optimal performance, happiness, and health -This means that if our psychological needs go unfulfilled, we won't necessarily die, but we will experience psychological and even physical suffering
This continuum approach is beneficial because it helps solve what important conundrum...?
When humans are young, their behavior is largely driven by extrinsic factors (e.g., reward and punishment). But as adults, humans are more influenced by intrinsic motivation. So how exactly do humans learn to become more intrinsically motivated? (Answer: internalization)