PSY T03 - Fri, Nov 20 - P1
Ambiguous Stimuli
"a stimulant in just about any sensorial mode in such a way that it could well be construed in one or more ways.
Adaptation Level
"the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm
Nightmares(REM sleep)
A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep. Frequently occurring nightmares (one a week or more) are associated with higher levels of psychological distress
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A behavioral problem characterized by short attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity.
Altered States of Consciousness
A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness.
Perceptual Habits
A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus.
Sensory Adaptation
A decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus.
hidden observer
A detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events.
electroencephalograph (EEG)
A device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brain.
Inattentional Blindness
A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere.
inattentional blindness
A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere.
sleep-deprivation psychosis
A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss.
Meditation
A mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.
perceptual constructions
A mental model of external events.
illusion
A misleading or misconstructed perception.Perceptual misconstruction is responsible for many illusions.For example, because we have seen thousands of rooms shaped roughly like a box, we habitually construct perceptions based on this assumption
Effects of Hypnosis - Amnesia
A person told not to remember something heard during hypnosis may claim not to remember.
Perceptual Expectancies
A readiness to perceive in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations.
Sensation
A sensory impression; also, the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs.
waking consciousness
A state of clear, organized alertness.
Mindfulness
A state of open, nonjudgmental awareness of current experience.
Night Terrors (NREM sleep)
A state of panic during NREM sleep.
psychoactive drug
A substance capable of altering attention, memory, judgment, time sense, self-control, mood, or perception.
depressant
A substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system.
Stimulants
A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system.
Nearness - Figure-ground organization
All other things equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together
Hypnosis
An altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility.
PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - activation-synthesis hypothesis
An attempt to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain that occur during sleep but are not carried out.
Perceptual Hypothesis
An initial guess regarding how to organize (perceive) a stimulus pattern. initial plan or guess about how to organize sensations
biological rhythm
Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature.
PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - odynamic theories
Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.
top-down processing
Applying higher-level knowledge to rapidly organize sensory information into a meaningful perception.
perceptual features - basic stimulus patterns
Basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors.The visual system, for example, has a set of feature detectors that are attuned to specific stimuli, such as lines, shapes, edges, spots, colors, and other patterns
Becoming More Objective - Be aware of the ways in which motives and emotions influence preceptions.
Becoming More Objective - Be aware of the ways in which motives and emotions influence preceptions.
Becoming More Objective - break perceptual habits and interrupt habituations
Becoming More Objective - break perceptual habits and interrupt habituations
Sleep deprivation
Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep.
Similarity - Figure-ground organization
Birds of a feather flock together," and stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together
Braid
Braid used it to describe the hypnotic state. Today, we know that hypnosis is not sleep. Confusion about this point remains because some hypnotists give the suggestion, "Sleep, sleep." However, brain activity recorded during hypnosis is different from that observed when a person is asleep or pretending to be hypnotized
microsleeps
Brief shifts in brain-wave patterns to those of sleep.
Closure - Figure-ground organization
Closure refers to the tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent overall form
Sensory Coding
Codes the sense organs use to transmit information to the brain.
Data Reduction System
Considerable selection occurs because sensory receptors do not transduce of the energies they encounter. Example, Guitar transduces string vibrations into sound waves
Contiguity - Figure-ground organization
Contiguity often is responsible for the perception that one thing has caused another
Four Stages - Stage 3
Delta waves - Large, slow brain waves that occur in deeper sleep (Stages 3 and 4).They signal a move to deeper slow-wave sleep and a further loss of consciousness.
transducers
Devices that convert one kind of energy into another.
Insomnia
Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep.frequent nighttime awakenings, waking too early, or a combination of these problems. Insomnia can harm people's work, health, and relationships
Psychological dependence
Drug dependence that is based primarily on emotional or psychological needs.
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Food intake
Eating starchy foods increases the amount of tryptophan ( TRIP-tuh-fan: an amino acid) reaching the brain.to promote sleep, try eating a starchy snack, such as cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, pretzels, or dry cereal.
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Sleep restriction
Even if an entire night's sleep is missed, it is important not to sleep late in the morning, nap more than an hour, sleep during the evening, or go to bed early the following night. Instead, restricting sleep to normal bedtime hours avoids fragmenting sleep rhythms
Depth cues
Features of the environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space.
Effects of Hypnosis - Age regression
Given the proper suggestions, some hypnotized people appear to regress to childhood.
Selective Attention
Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.
Effects of Hypnosis - Pain relief.
Hypnosis can relieve pain
Effects of Hypnosis - Strength
Hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort
Effects of Hypnosis - Sensory changes
Hypnotic suggestions concerning sensations are among the most effective
dream symbols
Images in dreams that serve as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions, relationships, and so forth.
Sleepsex (sexsomnia)
Just imagine being startled wide awake by your bed partner, who is asleep, attempting to have sex with you
Measured by EEG - Delta Waves
Large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep.
Stages of Sleep
Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes.
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Stimulus control
Linking a particular response with specific stimuli.
Four Stages - light sleep (Stage 1 sleep)
Marked by small, irregular brain waves and some alpha waves.
Consciousness
Mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as self-awareness of internal events, including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self.
Concentrative Meditation
Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought.
mindfulness meditation
Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment.
Mesmer
Mesmer believed he could cure disease with magnets. Mesmer's strange "treatments" are related to hypnosis because they relied on the power of suggestion, not magnetism
non-REM (NREM) sleep functions
NREM sleep is dream free about percent of the time and is deepest early in the night during the first few Stage 4 periods.Dreamless, slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion and may help us recover from bodily fatigue
non-REM (NREM) sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Sleep Apnea - Treatment
One of the most effective treatments is the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask to aid breathing during sleep
Susceptibility
One's capacity for becoming hypnotized.
Figure Ground Organization
Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground).
Figure-ground organization
Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground).
bottom-up processing
Organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features.
Somnambulists
People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep.
Continuation, or continuity - Figure-ground organization
Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity
monocular depth cues
Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require just one eye.
binocular depth cues
Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require two eyes.
physical dependence
Physical addiction, as indicated by the presence of drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
withdrawal symptoms
Physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug.
PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - neurocognitive dream theory
Proposal that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
repair/restorative theories of sleep
Propose that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.
dual-process hypothesis of sleep
Proposes that NREM sleep reduces the overall level of brain activation, allowing unimportant memories to be forgotten while REM sleep sharpens memory for important events from the previous day.
Lucid Dreaming
Questions concerning dreaming
Marijuana - Downers
Relaxant, euphoriant; in high doses, hallucinogen, Treatment of glaucoma and side effects of chemotherapy, Relaxation; increased euphoria, perceptions, sociability, Possible lung cancer, other health risks
Sleep Apnea
Repeated interruption of breathing during sleep. Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain stops sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing
GHB - Downers
Sedative-hypnotic, Experimental treatment of narcolepsy, alcoholism, Intoxication, euphoria, relaxation, Anxiety, confusion, insomnia, hallucinations, seizures
Barbiturates - Downers
Sedative-hypnotic, Sedation, relief of high blood pressure, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, Anxiety reduction, euphoria- Addiction with severe withdrawal symptoms, possible convulsions, toxic psychosis
Alcohol - Downers
Sedative-hypnotic, Solvent, antiseptic, sedative, Sense alteration, anxiety reduction, sociability, Cirrhosis, toxic psychosis, neurologic damage, addiction
sensory analysis
Separation of sensory information into important elements.
Becoming More Objective - Shift adaption level
Shift adation level and broaden frames of reference by seeking out new experiences
Short sleepers
Short sleepers, averaging five hours of sleep or fewer per night.
REM sleep function
Sleep marked by rapid eye movements and a return to Stage 1 EEG patterns. Daytime stress tends to increase REM sleep, which may rise dramatically when there is a death in the family, trouble at work, a marital conflict, or other emotionally charged events
Measured by EEG - Alpha Waves
Small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert
Effects of Hypnosis - Memory
Some evidence shows that hypnosis can enhance memory
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Paradoxical intention
Some insomniacs lower their arousal before sleep by using a physical or mental strategy for relaxing, such as progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, or blotting out worries with calming images
Caffeine - Uppers
Stimulant, Counteract depressant drugs, treatment of migraine headaches, Wakefulness, alertness, Insomnia, heart arrhythmias, high blood pressure
Nicotine - Uppers
Stimulant, Emetic, Alertness, calmness, sociability, Emphysema, lung cancer, mouth and throat cancer, cardiovascular damage, loss of appetite
Amphetamines - Uppers
Stimulant, Relief of mild depression, control of narcolepsy and hyperactivity, Alertness, activeness, relieve fatigue, Loss of appetite, delusions, hallucinations, toxic psychosis
Cocaine - Uppers
Stimulant, local anesthetic, Local anesthesia, Excitation, talkativeness, Depression, convulsions
MDMA (Ecstasy) - Uppers
Stimulant/hallucinogen, Excitation, euphoria, Personality change, hyperthermia, liver damage
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Stimulant avoidance
Stimulants, such as coffee and cigarettes, should be avoided
Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Exercise
Strenuous exercise during the day promotes sleep
psychophysics
Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations they evoke in a human observer.
Rapid eye movements (REMs)
Swift eye movements during sleep.
Depth Perception
The ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances.
Brightness Constancy
The apparent (or relative) brightness of objects remains the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light.
Four Stages - deep sleep (Stage 4 sleep)
The deepest form of normal sleep. Stage 4 brain waves are almost pure slow-wave delta, and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion. If a sleeper hears a loud noise during Stage 4, he or she will wake up in a state of confusion and may not remember the noise.
latent content
The hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream, as revealed by dream interpretation and analysis.
Perception
The mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns.
absolute threshold
The minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation.For example, very soft sounds (which could be heard if they were just a little louder) fall below the absolute threshold for human hearing
difference thresholds
The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer.
Relaxation Response
The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation.
Shapte Constancy
The perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image.
Size Constancy
The perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image.
Telepathy
The purported ability to communicate directly with another person's mind. When the other person is dead, the communications are called mediumship.
Psychokinesis
The purported ability to exert influence over inanimate objects (such as bending spoons) by willpower ("mind over matter"). (Psychokinesis cannot be classed as a type of ESP, but parapsychologists frequently study it.)
Clairvoyance
The purported ability to perceive events or gain information in ways that appear unaffected by distance or normal physical barriers.
Precognition
The purported ability to perceive or accurately predict future events. Precognition may take the form of prophetic dreams that foretell the future.
manifest content
The surface, "visible" content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them.
Becoming More Objective - Reduce self-consciousness
Transcend ego
Types and Causes of Insomnia
Worry, stress, and excitement can cause temporary insomnia and a self-defeating cycle. Drug-dependency insomnia (sleep loss caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills) also can occur
Retinal Disparity
a discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes). Retinal disparity is based on the fact that the eyes are about 2.5 inches apart
Becoming More Objective - Reality Testing
check the accuracy of your perceptions
Becoming More Objective - Pay attention
don't habituate pr drift through life in a haze
Restricted Sensory Input
extended periods of isolation, and many other possibilities
Extra Sensory Perception
he purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs.
Becoming More Objective - Staying the now
immersion in the present
Need for Sleep
innate biological rhythm (circadian rhythms) light detected by special photoreceptors in the eys is communicated via the visual system to the SCN of the hyphothalamus. SCN triggers the production of melotonin which is manufactured by the pineal gland in the brain
Ames Room
is a lopsided space that appears square when viewed from a certain angle
Convergence
is a second binocular depth cue. When you look at a distant object, the lines of vision from your eyes are parallel. You normally are not aware of it, but whenever you estimate a distance under 50 feet
Hallucinogens - Downers
is generally a mild stimulant, its main effect is to alter sensory impressions
Tranquilizers7 - Downers
lower anxiety and reduce tension, When used at too high a dosage or for too long, benzodiazepines are addictive
Sleepwalking
many waking behaviors can be engaged in while asleep, such as driving a car, cooking, playing a musical instrument, and eating
Sleeptalking
occurs mostly during NREM sleep. The link with deep sleep explains why sleeptalking makes little sense and why sleepwalkers are confused and remember little when awakened
Sensory Overload
occurs when one or more of the body's senses experiences over-stimulation from the environment. There are many environmental elements that impact an individual. Examples of these elements are urbanization, crowding, noise, mass media, technology, and the explosive growth of information.
Physiological dependence
refers to a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction.
Perceptual Grouping
refers to the process of determining which regions and parts of the visual scene belong together as parts of higher order perceptual units such as objects or patterns.
Perceptual Constancies
refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.
Four Stages - Stage 2
sleep spindles - Distinctive bursts of brain-wave activity that indicate a person is asleep. Within a few minutes after spindles appear, most people will say they were asleep
Common region - Figure-ground organization
stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group
Monotonous Stimulation
unusual physical conditions - high fever, hyperventilation, dehydration, sleep loss, near-death experiences
Long sleepers
who doze nine hours or more
All Hypnosis is Self Hypnosis
ypnosis depends more on the efforts and abilities of the hypnotized person than the skills of the hypnotist. But make no mistake: People who are hypnotized are not merely faking their responses.
