PSY T03 - Fri, Nov 20 - P1

Ambiguous Stimuli

"a stimulant in just about any sensorial mode in such a way that it could well be construed in one or more ways.

Adaptation Level

"the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm

Nightmares(REM sleep)

A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep. Frequently occurring nightmares (one a week or more) are associated with higher levels of psychological distress

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A behavioral problem characterized by short attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity.

Altered States of Consciousness

A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness.

Perceptual Habits

A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus.

Sensory Adaptation

A decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus.

hidden observer

A detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events.

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brain.

Inattentional Blindness

A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere.

inattentional blindness

A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere.

sleep-deprivation psychosis

A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss.

Meditation

A mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

perceptual constructions

A mental model of external events.

illusion

A misleading or misconstructed perception.Perceptual misconstruction is responsible for many illusions.For example, because we have seen thousands of rooms shaped roughly like a box, we habitually construct perceptions based on this assumption

Effects of Hypnosis - Amnesia

A person told not to remember something heard during hypnosis may claim not to remember.

Perceptual Expectancies

A readiness to perceive in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations.

Sensation

A sensory impression; also, the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs.

waking consciousness

A state of clear, organized alertness.

Mindfulness

A state of open, nonjudgmental awareness of current experience.

Night Terrors (NREM sleep)

A state of panic during NREM sleep.

psychoactive drug

A substance capable of altering attention, memory, judgment, time sense, self-control, mood, or perception.

depressant

A substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system.

Stimulants

A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system.

Nearness - Figure-ground organization

All other things equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility.

PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - activation-synthesis hypothesis

An attempt to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain that occur during sleep but are not carried out.

Perceptual Hypothesis

An initial guess regarding how to organize (perceive) a stimulus pattern. initial plan or guess about how to organize sensations

biological rhythm

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature.

PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - odynamic theories

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.

top-down processing

Applying higher-level knowledge to rapidly organize sensory information into a meaningful perception.

perceptual features - basic stimulus patterns

Basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors.The visual system, for example, has a set of feature detectors that are attuned to specific stimuli, such as lines, shapes, edges, spots, colors, and other patterns

Becoming More Objective - Be aware of the ways in which motives and emotions influence preceptions.

Becoming More Objective - Be aware of the ways in which motives and emotions influence preceptions.

Becoming More Objective - break perceptual habits and interrupt habituations

Becoming More Objective - break perceptual habits and interrupt habituations

Sleep deprivation

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep.

Similarity - Figure-ground organization

Birds of a feather flock together," and stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together

Braid

Braid used it to describe the hypnotic state. Today, we know that hypnosis is not sleep. Confusion about this point remains because some hypnotists give the suggestion, "Sleep, sleep." However, brain activity recorded during hypnosis is different from that observed when a person is asleep or pretending to be hypnotized

microsleeps

Brief shifts in brain-wave patterns to those of sleep.

Closure - Figure-ground organization

Closure refers to the tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent overall form

Sensory Coding

Codes the sense organs use to transmit information to the brain.

Data Reduction System

Considerable selection occurs because sensory receptors do not transduce of the energies they encounter. Example, Guitar transduces string vibrations into sound waves

Contiguity - Figure-ground organization

Contiguity often is responsible for the perception that one thing has caused another

Four Stages - Stage 3

Delta waves - Large, slow brain waves that occur in deeper sleep (Stages 3 and 4).They signal a move to deeper slow-wave sleep and a further loss of consciousness.

transducers

Devices that convert one kind of energy into another.

Insomnia

Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep.frequent nighttime awakenings, waking too early, or a combination of these problems. Insomnia can harm people's work, health, and relationships

Psychological dependence

Drug dependence that is based primarily on emotional or psychological needs.

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Food intake

Eating starchy foods increases the amount of tryptophan ( TRIP-tuh-fan: an amino acid) reaching the brain.to promote sleep, try eating a starchy snack, such as cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, pretzels, or dry cereal.

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Sleep restriction

Even if an entire night's sleep is missed, it is important not to sleep late in the morning, nap more than an hour, sleep during the evening, or go to bed early the following night. Instead, restricting sleep to normal bedtime hours avoids fragmenting sleep rhythms

Depth cues

Features of the environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space.

Effects of Hypnosis - Age regression

Given the proper suggestions, some hypnotized people appear to regress to childhood.

Selective Attention

Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.

Effects of Hypnosis - Pain relief.

Hypnosis can relieve pain

Effects of Hypnosis - Strength

Hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort

Effects of Hypnosis - Sensory changes

Hypnotic suggestions concerning sensations are among the most effective

dream symbols

Images in dreams that serve as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions, relationships, and so forth.

Sleepsex (sexsomnia)

Just imagine being startled wide awake by your bed partner, who is asleep, attempting to have sex with you

Measured by EEG - Delta Waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep.

Stages of Sleep

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes.

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Stimulus control

Linking a particular response with specific stimuli.

Four Stages - light sleep (Stage 1 sleep)

Marked by small, irregular brain waves and some alpha waves.

Consciousness

Mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as self-awareness of internal events, including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self.

Concentrative Meditation

Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought.

mindfulness meditation

Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment.

Mesmer

Mesmer believed he could cure disease with magnets. Mesmer's strange "treatments" are related to hypnosis because they relied on the power of suggestion, not magnetism

non-REM (NREM) sleep functions

NREM sleep is dream free about percent of the time and is deepest early in the night during the first few Stage 4 periods.Dreamless, slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion and may help us recover from bodily fatigue

non-REM (NREM) sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Sleep Apnea - Treatment

One of the most effective treatments is the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask to aid breathing during sleep

Susceptibility

One's capacity for becoming hypnotized.

Figure Ground Organization

Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground).

Figure-ground organization

Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground).

bottom-up processing

Organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features.

Somnambulists

People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep.

Continuation, or continuity - Figure-ground organization

Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity

monocular depth cues

Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require just one eye.

binocular depth cues

Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional space which require two eyes.

physical dependence

Physical addiction, as indicated by the presence of drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

withdrawal symptoms

Physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug.

PsychThe Meaning of Dreams - neurocognitive dream theory

Proposal that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.

repair/restorative theories of sleep

Propose that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.

dual-process hypothesis of sleep

Proposes that NREM sleep reduces the overall level of brain activation, allowing unimportant memories to be forgotten while REM sleep sharpens memory for important events from the previous day.

Lucid Dreaming

Questions concerning dreaming

Marijuana - Downers

Relaxant, euphoriant; in high doses, hallucinogen, Treatment of glaucoma and side effects of chemotherapy, Relaxation; increased euphoria, perceptions, sociability, Possible lung cancer, other health risks

Sleep Apnea

Repeated interruption of breathing during sleep. Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain stops sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing

GHB - Downers

Sedative-hypnotic, Experimental treatment of narcolepsy, alcoholism, Intoxication, euphoria, relaxation, Anxiety, confusion, insomnia, hallucinations, seizures

Barbiturates - Downers

Sedative-hypnotic, Sedation, relief of high blood pressure, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, Anxiety reduction, euphoria- Addiction with severe withdrawal symptoms, possible convulsions, toxic psychosis

Alcohol - Downers

Sedative-hypnotic, Solvent, antiseptic, sedative, Sense alteration, anxiety reduction, sociability, Cirrhosis, toxic psychosis, neurologic damage, addiction

sensory analysis

Separation of sensory information into important elements.

Becoming More Objective - Shift adaption level

Shift adation level and broaden frames of reference by seeking out new experiences

Short sleepers

Short sleepers, averaging five hours of sleep or fewer per night.

REM sleep function

Sleep marked by rapid eye movements and a return to Stage 1 EEG patterns. Daytime stress tends to increase REM sleep, which may rise dramatically when there is a death in the family, trouble at work, a marital conflict, or other emotionally charged events

Measured by EEG - Alpha Waves

Small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert

Effects of Hypnosis - Memory

Some evidence shows that hypnosis can enhance memory

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Paradoxical intention

Some insomniacs lower their arousal before sleep by using a physical or mental strategy for relaxing, such as progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, or blotting out worries with calming images

Caffeine - Uppers

Stimulant, Counteract depressant drugs, treatment of migraine headaches, Wakefulness, alertness, Insomnia, heart arrhythmias, high blood pressure

Nicotine - Uppers

Stimulant, Emetic, Alertness, calmness, sociability, Emphysema, lung cancer, mouth and throat cancer, cardiovascular damage, loss of appetite

Amphetamines - Uppers

Stimulant, Relief of mild depression, control of narcolepsy and hyperactivity, Alertness, activeness, relieve fatigue, Loss of appetite, delusions, hallucinations, toxic psychosis

Cocaine - Uppers

Stimulant, local anesthetic, Local anesthesia, Excitation, talkativeness, Depression, convulsions

MDMA (Ecstasy) - Uppers

Stimulant/hallucinogen, Excitation, euphoria, Personality change, hyperthermia, liver damage

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Stimulant avoidance

Stimulants, such as coffee and cigarettes, should be avoided

Behavioral remedies for insomnia - Exercise

Strenuous exercise during the day promotes sleep

psychophysics

Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations they evoke in a human observer.

Rapid eye movements (REMs)

Swift eye movements during sleep.

Depth Perception

The ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances.

Brightness Constancy

The apparent (or relative) brightness of objects remains the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light.

Four Stages - deep sleep (Stage 4 sleep)

The deepest form of normal sleep. Stage 4 brain waves are almost pure slow-wave delta, and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion. If a sleeper hears a loud noise during Stage 4, he or she will wake up in a state of confusion and may not remember the noise.

latent content

The hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream, as revealed by dream interpretation and analysis.

Perception

The mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns.

absolute threshold

The minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation.For example, very soft sounds (which could be heard if they were just a little louder) fall below the absolute threshold for human hearing

difference thresholds

The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer.

Relaxation Response

The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation.

Shapte Constancy

The perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image.

Size Constancy

The perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image.

Telepathy

The purported ability to communicate directly with another person's mind. When the other person is dead, the communications are called mediumship.

Psychokinesis

The purported ability to exert influence over inanimate objects (such as bending spoons) by willpower ("mind over matter"). (Psychokinesis cannot be classed as a type of ESP, but parapsychologists frequently study it.)

Clairvoyance

The purported ability to perceive events or gain information in ways that appear unaffected by distance or normal physical barriers.

Precognition

The purported ability to perceive or accurately predict future events. Precognition may take the form of prophetic dreams that foretell the future.

manifest content

The surface, "visible" content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them.

Becoming More Objective - Reduce self-consciousness

Transcend ego

Types and Causes of Insomnia

Worry, stress, and excitement can cause temporary insomnia and a self-defeating cycle. Drug-dependency insomnia (sleep loss caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills) also can occur

Retinal Disparity

a discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes). Retinal disparity is based on the fact that the eyes are about 2.5 inches apart

Becoming More Objective - Reality Testing

check the accuracy of your perceptions

Becoming More Objective - Pay attention

don't habituate pr drift through life in a haze

Restricted Sensory Input

extended periods of isolation, and many other possibilities

Extra Sensory Perception

he purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs.

Becoming More Objective - Staying the now

immersion in the present

Need for Sleep

innate biological rhythm (circadian rhythms) light detected by special photoreceptors in the eys is communicated via the visual system to the SCN of the hyphothalamus. SCN triggers the production of melotonin which is manufactured by the pineal gland in the brain

Ames Room

is a lopsided space that appears square when viewed from a certain angle

Convergence

is a second binocular depth cue. When you look at a distant object, the lines of vision from your eyes are parallel. You normally are not aware of it, but whenever you estimate a distance under 50 feet

Hallucinogens - Downers

is generally a mild stimulant, its main effect is to alter sensory impressions

Tranquilizers7 - Downers

lower anxiety and reduce tension, When used at too high a dosage or for too long, benzodiazepines are addictive

Sleepwalking

many waking behaviors can be engaged in while asleep, such as driving a car, cooking, playing a musical instrument, and eating

Sleeptalking

occurs mostly during NREM sleep. The link with deep sleep explains why sleeptalking makes little sense and why sleepwalkers are confused and remember little when awakened

Sensory Overload

occurs when one or more of the body's senses experiences over-stimulation from the environment. There are many environmental elements that impact an individual. Examples of these elements are urbanization, crowding, noise, mass media, technology, and the explosive growth of information.

Physiological dependence

refers to a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction.

Perceptual Grouping

refers to the process of determining which regions and parts of the visual scene belong together as parts of higher order perceptual units such as objects or patterns.

Perceptual Constancies

refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

Four Stages - Stage 2

sleep spindles - Distinctive bursts of brain-wave activity that indicate a person is asleep. Within a few minutes after spindles appear, most people will say they were asleep

Common region - Figure-ground organization

stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group

Monotonous Stimulation

unusual physical conditions - high fever, hyperventilation, dehydration, sleep loss, near-death experiences

Long sleepers

who doze nine hours or more

All Hypnosis is Self Hypnosis

ypnosis depends more on the efforts and abilities of the hypnotized person than the skills of the hypnotist. But make no mistake: People who are hypnotized are not merely faking their responses.