Biology chapter 14

What is not required for DNA replication?

NADPH

What is the name of the subunit that acts as the sliding clamp which keeps the replicating enzyme complex attached to the template in eukaryotic cells?

PCNA

Which enzymes did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty use in order to identify the genetic material?

RNA digesting enzymes, protein digesting enzymes, DNA digesting enzymes

E. coli polymerases I, II, and III have 3' to 5' ______ activity, which provides them with a proofreading function, i.e. they can remove a mispaired base.

exonuclease

what 3 items are required for DNA replication?

Template, Polymerase, Nucleotides

The two main eukaryotic DNA polymerases that extend DNA are ______.

epsilon, delta

Radiation, UV light, x-rays, and chemicals in the environment can cause mutations in DNA and are therefore referred to as?

mutagens

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCCC-3'. The complementary sequence would be?

5'-GGGCAT-3'

What is a thymine dimer?

A site where two adjacent thymine bases become covalently cross-linked to each other

The model organism used by Meselson and Stahl was ______.

Escherichia coli

In what chromosomal entities are an individual's traits specified?

Genes

Consider a double stranded DNA molecule. In complementary base pairing, A pairs with _____ and C pairs with ______.

T, G

Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on ______.

x-ray diffraction analysis

The enzyme that relieves DNA supercoiling ahead of the replication fork is?

DNA gyrase

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substance's ability to transform bacterial cells?

DNA-digesting enzymes

The experiments used to distinguish between the three potential DNA replication mechanisms were performed by ______.

Meselson and Stahl

What type of repair mechanism is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly inserted into DNA during replication?

Mismatch repair

Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple origins of replication?

To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large chromosomes

The level of DNA structure that resembles a spiral staircase is the ______.

double helix

An ______ cuts DNA internally and an ______ cuts at the ends of DNA.

endonuclease, exonuclease

Bacterial DNA is typically replicated as_____?

a single replicon

Features of the Watson and Crick model include ______.

a sugar phosphate backbone, a double stranded structure, a helical structure

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous______.

base

The enzymes in the replisome are active on ______.

both the leading and the lagging strand

The interaction of two strands of DNA via hydrogen bonds results in a structure called the ______.

double helix

The enzyme _______ uses ATP to unwind the DNA template.

helicase

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is synthesized continuously while the _______ strand is synthesized as small fragments that are connected to each other to form a continuous strand.

leading, lagging

DNA primase function

makes a primer of RNA complementary to the DNA., makes a primer about 10 -20 nucleotides in length.

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the ______.

phosphodiester backbone

The enzyme ______ can repair UV damage by binding to a thymine dimer and cleaving it, therefore restoring two thymines. To repair DNA, the enzyme uses energy from ______ light

photolyase, visible

In the replisome, the ______ is composed of primase, helicase, and accessory proteins that prime the lagging strand.

primosome

The results of the Hershey and Chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because ______.

radioactive bacteriophage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

The DNA controlled by an origin is called a?

replicon

DNA replication that leads to the production of double helices with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with ______.

semiconservative replication

Griffith's experiments were important because they showed ______.

that the genetic material could be passed from one cell to another

The DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick involves ______.

two grooves (major and minor), a sugar phosphate backbone, a helical structure