PSY101 - Chapter 7 Study Guide

Declarative memory is subdivided into which two parts?

Semantic memory Episodic memory

A group of separate pieces of information stored as single unit in short-term memory is referred to as

a chunk

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties is known as ___.

amnesia

A physical memory trace within the brain that is related to a particular memory is

an engram

A person's ___ memories are the person's recollections of life experiences, and they incorporate his or her episodic memories.

autobiographical

One way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to

break the information into chunks

one way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to

break the information into chunks.

Our memories reflect _______, in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

constructive processes

When we retrieve information, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning. Accordingly, our memories reflect

constructive processes

____ is the loss of information in memory through nonuse.

decay

Memory for factual information, names, faces, dates, and the like is called ______ memory, whereas memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball, is called procedural memory.

declarative

The two parts of ______ memory, a type of explicit memory, are episodic and semantic.

declarative

In levels-of-processing theory, we would expect writing a comment about an example of a concept in psychology will help us remember it better than sitting in class and listening to the lecture. This is because further thinking leads to

deeper information processing

If you have been exposed to a piece of information but it did not register with you, it would be said that the information was not properly

encoded

The first process in recording information in a form usable to memory is referred to as

encoding.

Recency effect is when items presented at the _____ of a list is remembered.

end

When we recall doing our last psychology assignment, we are using ____ memory.

episodic

Intentionally remembering something involves

explicit memory

When people embrace "fake news" despite forgetting that the source of the erroneous information was unreliable, ______ memories are implicated.

false

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. This is probably a ____ memory.

flash-bulb, flash bulb, flashbulb

Bernadette recalled exactly where she was sitting and what she was wearing when Stefan proposed to her. This is an example of a(n)

flashbulb memory.

When it comes to autobiographical memories, people tend to

forget information about the past that is incompatible with the way they currently see themselves.

Automatically completing the steps of doing laundry involves

implicit memory.

Sensory memory is brief and not very precise.

False Despite the brief duration of sensory memory, its precision is high. Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed.

The memories held in short-term memory are

incomplete representations.

Rehearsal increases the

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory.

The relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time is called ____-_____ memory

long-term

When we cannot quite recall some information, but we once knew it, we are having a failure of

long-term memory retrieval

Recognition is much more difficult than recall.

False Recall is more difficult because it consists of a series of processes: a search through memory, retrieval of potentially relevant information, and then a decision regarding whether the information you have found is accurate.

False memories are beneficial in that they

may allow people to maintain a positive self-image.

____ is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

memory

______ memory is closely related to the prejudice and discrimination people exhibit toward members of minority groups.

Implicit

Engrams are

not yet determined; is the term for the physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory.

Spreading activation refers to the fact that

one memory may trigger related memories.

Information stored in long-term memory is ______ and ______.

permanent retrievable

Forgetting that occurs because previous learning conflicted with recalling newer information is called

proactive interference.

When given a fill in question with no choices provided, the form of retrieval is

recall

When given a fill in question with o choices provided, the form of retrieval is ____

recall

Apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious are called ______ memories.

repressed

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of

retrieval

Forgetting older information because of more recent information is called

retroactive interference.

After a skiing accident, during which 70-year-old Bill hit his head on a tree, he could not remember how he got on the mountain in the first place. This is an example of

retrograde amnesia.

Betty hit her head in a car accident. Since then, she can remember things after the accident, but cannot recall items from before the accident. This is an example of

retrograde amnesia.

A ____ is an organized body of information that helps us to understand a situation, but can also bias our interpretation of a situation.

schema

James remembered his last psychology quiz questions with clarity. He forgot, however, that the quiz was on only one chapter because most of the quizzes had been on more than one chapter. His expectations about psychology quizzes affected his memory. This is an example of the effect of

schemas organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled

Organized bodies of information in memory that bias the way that new information is stored are called

schemas.

Knowledge is stored in ____ networks, which are mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

semantic

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information is ______ networks.

semantic

____ memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts.

semantic

______ memories involve general knowledge and facts.

semantic

Incoming information from the environment is initially processed in

sensory memory.

In which memory store does information first have meaning?

short-term memory

Saving information for future use is called

storage

What are the three processes of memory?

storage, encoding, retrieval

Information must be encoded and ____ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

One of the problems with decay as a major reason for forgetting is

there does not seem to be a relationship between length of time since an event and how well we remember.

Levels-of-processing theory suggests that one way to remember something is to

think about it

Episodic memories relate to particular contexts.

true

Which memory holds information temporarily while actively rehearsing that information?

working

_______ disease results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities and typically begins as simple forgetfulness but progresses to profound memory loss.

Alzheimer's

_____ results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities.

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following refers to the recollections of life experiences that include the episodic memories we hold about ourselves?

Autobiographical memory

In one experiment, baseball fans recalled details of the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. This best reflects the effect of which of the following on memory?

Emotional meaning

Which of the following are the positive aspects of memory failure?

It is essential to remembering important information.

Which answer or answers are examples of procedural memory?

Knowing how to parallel park The ability to tie your shoes

Rehearsal does which of the following?

Lengthens the time information can be held in short-term memory Aids in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

What is the term used to describe the fact that Laura could only recall the first items listed on her grocery listed?

Primacy Effect

When people reach late adulthood, they are more likely to remember which of the following?

Periods of major life transition

Forgetting helps keep unwanted and unnecessary information from interfering with retrieving information that is wanted and necessary.

True The ability to forget inconsequential details about experiences, people, and objects helps us avoid being burdened and distracted by trivial stores of meaningless data. Forgetting helps keep unwanted and unnecessary information from interfering with retrieving information that is wanted and necessary

____ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.

Working