PSY1010CH8MemorySummativeQuiz

echoic memory

*Kent's girlfriend is talking to Mimi, and Mimi asks her to repeat what she just said. Before she does so, Mimi responds with an answer of "Yes." This is likely caused by: echoic memory. iconic memory. declarative memory. implicit memory.

Priming

A component of memory retrieval that triggers an unconscious thread of associations that bring us to a concept; one idea triggering another, such as, a poster of a person pointing a handgun barrel in your face as an impetus for gun abolition.

Retrieval Cues

A component of memory retrieval, where information is stored as a web of conceptual, contextual, and emotional associations.

recall

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: recall. recognition. relearning. retrieval.

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of that emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event? Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity. The hypothalamus boosts activity in the brain's memory forming areas. Leslie has a phobia about being in elevators. Long-term potentiation causes her to relive the elevator experience over and over again

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these things

According to psychologists, memory refers to the: persistence of learning over time. storage of information. retrieval of information. According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these things

the misinformation effect

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates: implicit memory. proactive interference. the misinformation effect. the serial position effect.

iconic memory

As Diana is watching television, the electricity goes out. For a few tenths of a second she is still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of: echoic memory. iconic memory. implicit memory. declarative memory.

retrieval cues

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. retrieval cues proactive interference retroactive interference implicit memory

recall

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning.

source amnesia

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as: source amnesia. infantile amnesia. blocking. mood-congruent memory.

priming

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of: automatic processing. implicit memory. iconic memory. priming.

short-term memory

In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without: echoic memory. long-term memory. flashbulb memory. short-term memory.

priming

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as: priming. iconic memory. echoic memory. proactive inhibition.

Effortful; Explicit (declarative)

Information from studying, rehearsing, pondering, and, then, storing informaiton in long-term memory is what type of processing? This information forms what kinds of memories?

Encoding

Information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored. This is known as what process?

Storage

Information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved. This is known as what process?

Automatic; implicit (non-declarative)

Information that seems to go straight from sensory experience into long-term memory is known as what type of processing? This information forms what kinds of memories?

source amnesia

It is common to recognize a person but to have no idea where we met him. Or, people may HEAR something but later recall instead that they SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as: source amnesia. persistence. priming. transience.

Both

It would be good to take the exam in this same room, in the same mood you are in now. Context and/or State Dependent Memory?

retrieval failure

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to: regression. encoding failure. retrieval failure. sensory memory failure.

working memory

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important? working memory long-term memory flashbulb memory echoic memory

left-hippocampus

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. His damage is to the right-hippocampus left-hippocampus left thalamus right thalamus

Explicit; Frontal Lobes, Hippocampus

We retain facts, stories, and word meanings in what type of memory system, explicit or implicit? What areas of the brain?

recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning.

flashbulb

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident. This BEST illustrates _____ memory. echoic flashbulb implicit iconic

Implicit; Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia

We retain skills, procedures, and conditioned responses in what type of memory system, explicit or implicit? What areas of the brain?

long-term potentiation

Which is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory? priming semantic encoding proactive interference long-term potentiation

his conditioned fear of guns

Which item will Chris most likely store as an implicit memory? a mental image of his best friend the date of his birth his conditioned fear of guns his name

Distributed practice

Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime? Massed study Cramming Distributed practice Shallow processing

right-hippocampus

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He probably has damaged his: right-hippocampus. left-hippocampus. left thalamus. right thalamus.

memories are not located in a single, specific location in the brain

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their brain's cortex. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: memories are not located in a single, specific location in the brain. rats learn differently than humans do. rats' brains are more plastic than are human brains. long-term potentiation does not occur in rats.

iconic memory

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is describing: echoic memory. implicit memory. iconic memory. declarative memory.

William James

This psychologist referred to priming as the "wakening of associations." Sigmund Freud William James Albert Bandura Melanie Klein

William James

This psychologist said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing." Sigmund Freud William James Elizabeth Loftus Melanie Klein

Proactive Interference

This type of interference occurs when past information interferes with learning new information.

short-term

To make a long-distance call, Jim has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. He is likely to have trouble retaining the number he just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory. long-term implicit short-term explicit

permanent

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is _____. permanent fleeting brief implicit

retrieval

Which is NOT a measure of retention? recall recognition relearning retrieval

Deja Vu

A memory (from current sensory memory) that we misattribute as being from long-term memory. The feeling that we're in a situation that we've seen or have been in before.

the serial position effect

A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as: the serial position effect. the spacing effect. the semantic effect. the next-in-line effect.

recognition

A student has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning

Mood-Congruent Memory

A type of state-dependent memory where the tendency to selectively recall details is consistent with one's current mood.

repressing

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. retrieving processing focusing repressing

imagination inflation

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of: blocking. imagination inflation. transience. persistence.

Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about: space. time. frequency. Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater)

Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning? Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). There was no difference between the two groups.

proactive interference

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates: the spacing effect. proactive interference. source amnesia. retroactive interference

Flashbulb

Emotionally vivid memories that are not as accurate as they feel are ________ memories.

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____. data printed on a page; key strokes data on a flash drive; the computer screen data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive data stored on the hard drive; data printed on a page

overlearning

Even after we learn the material, _____ increases retention. unlearning overlearning underlearning sleeping

recall is to recognition

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding. recognition is to recall. recall is to recognition.

déjà vu

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked "Have I met you before?" She replied no and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of: automatic processing. implicit memory. iconic memory. déjà vu.

rehearsal

From sensory memory, individuals process information into short-term memory, where they encode it through _____. retrieval retention rehearsal repression

about seven bits of information (give or take two)

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory. visual images auditory stimuli about seven bits of information (give or take two) twelve bits of information

anterograde amnesia

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: repression. retroactive interference. anterograde amnesia. source amnesia.

he has a flashbulb memory for this event

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he has a flashbulb memory for this event. he is describing the spotlight effect. he will completely forget all of these memories over time.

five

Harry Bahrick and his family found that the longer the space between practice sessions, the better their retention of the foreign language word translations, up to _____ years later. three five seven nine

hierarchical organization

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of: the method of loci. the serial position effect. hierarchical organization. implicit memory.

deep processing

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of: the "peg-word" system. the spacing effect. deep processing. implicit memory.

additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention

Hermann Ebbinghaus's learning experiments using nonsense syllables show that: humans' recognition memory is relatively slow. individuals recall more than they can remember. overlearning decreases retention when practice is distributed over time. additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention.

encoding failure

If Tony asks his classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely caused by: bias. suggestibility. encoding failure. misattribution.

90

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize about _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. 30 50 70 90

semantic

In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques. visual acoustic semantic episodic

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order? short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because: it is easier for adults to learn a language. of the serial position effect. it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time. of the implicit memory effect.

Long-Term Potentiation

Long-term information storage potential, involving synaptic changes that include a reduction in the prompting needed to send a signal, and an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptor sites, resulting in signals being sent across the synapse more efficiently; the prevention of which, keeps new memories from consolidating into long-term memories.

one hour

Luca has been studying all week for his biology final exam. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within ______ before sleep will be well remembered. eight hours four hours two hours one hour

explicit; implicit

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words. explicit; detailed implicit; explicit explicit; implied explicit; implicit

three

Memories before age _____ are often unreliable. six five four three

amygdala

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: amygdala. hypothalamus. sensory cortex. motor cortex

short-term memory

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow the plot of her favorite television show. Millie is having difficulty with her: short-term memory. long-term memory. flashbulb memory. echoic memory.

gradual fading of the physical memory trace

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): decline in visual encoding. gradual fading of the physical memory trace. increase in automatic processing. decrease in source amnesia.

explicit memory and implicit memory

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in: short-term memory and long-term memory. proactive interference and retroactive interference. explicit memory and implicit memory. recognition and recall.

repression

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: source amnesia. proactive interference. automatic processing. repression.

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it was yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Susan's. There is no way to know, since stress and emotion do not influence memory.

Memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable

One of Maria's new patients claims to have been molested, and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. Which does Maria NOT know? Hypnotized subjects incorporate suggestions into their memories. Memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable. Incest and sexual abuse do happen. Memories recovered under medications are reliable.

encoding

One reason a person's memories fail is because of problems with information _____. encoding imagery long-term potentiation source amnesia

relearning

One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that a person once learned but has since forgotten. priming relearning proactive interference retroactive interference

90

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2500 slides of faces and places for only ten seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize about ____ percent of the slides they had seen before. 20 40 60 90

automatically process

People _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, they encode the place on a page where certain material appears. automatically process forget mirror use echoic memory to encode

automatic processing

People hear a familiar word in their native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of: flashbulb memory. automatic processing. iconic memory. the spacing effect.

mood-congruent memory

People suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as: retroactive interference. mood-congruent memory. state-dependent learning. serial position effect.

The serial position effect

People use retrieval cues to access target information. Which is NOT one of the best retrieval cues? Tastes, smells, or sights that were part of the original context when the memory was encoded. Result of associations formed when the memory was encoded. Experiences or words associated with the memory. The serial position effect.

explicit memory

People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as: declarative memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

real perceptions; real memories

Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to _____. real perceptions; real memories Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists source misattribution; source amnesia hypnosis; age regression

the context in which learning occurred

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: retrieval failure. the context in which learning occurred. retroactive interference. implicit memory.

the context in which learning occurred.

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: retrieval failure. the context in which learning occurred. retroactive interference. implicit memory.

helps people understand how memory works.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory: helps people understand how memory works. explains how consciousness works. is not useful to psychologists who study normal memory. makes it apparent that it is impossible to study memory.

state-dependent memory

Ralph came home quite drunk from the party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of: source amnesia. the misinformation effect. state-dependent memory. a repressed memory.

memory construction

Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul does not realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of: encoding failure. state-dependent memory. proactive interference. memory construction.

go directly to sleep

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do at this point is to: go directly to sleep. watch an exciting documentary on a different topic. stay awake for as long as possible. study for his French test.

Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory

Ray is trying to determine if his eight-year-old daughter is telling the truth about an incident that happened when she was four years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. However, her descriptions of the event are rather vague. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event? Because her memory of the event has persisted, it is likely a REAL memory. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a REAL memory. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory. Children cannot remember things that happened before age 5, so it is likely a FALSE memory.

Retrieval

Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded. This is known as what process?

reflect a person's biases and assumptions

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: are stored as exact copies of experience. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. even if long-term, usually decay within about five years.

imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event.

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experiences versus imagined memories is: imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event. real memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the event. real memories are more persistent. imagined memories are more persistent.

imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experiences versus imagined memories is: imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event. real memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the event. real memories are more persistent. imagined memories are more persistent.

Long-Term Potentiation

Retention of information, involving the process of how synapses change to help store memories.

the spacing effect

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the: the serial position effect. the spacing effect. the semantic effect. the next-in-line effect.

source amnesia (source misattribution)

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates: implicit memory. the spacing effect. source amnesia. mood-congruent memory

source misattribution (source amnesia)

Six-months after a patient committed suicide, a doctor's attorney is asking if the patient called him before committing the act. The doctor responds in the negative. Three months later, opposing counsel asks him similar questions and he gives the opposite response, confusing this patient with one of his current patients. This is an example of: the self-reference effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. source misattribution.

infantile amnesia

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as: source amnesia. regression. infantile amnesia. state-dependent memory.

70

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words. 90 70 50 30

flashbulb memories.

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as: flashbulb memories. sensory memories. long-term potentiation. mood congruent memories.

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the: hippocampus. cerebellum. hypothalamus. amygdala.

55

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were examined. 40 55 70 85

the automatic processing

Strange as it may seem, Ted has run into the same co-worker four times today in four different locations. Ted gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. Ted's ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to him is known as: the automatic processing. the next-in-line effect. the serial position effect. the sensory memory.

effortful processing

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories. implicit memory automatic processing effortful processing mood-congruent memory

Effortful (hello?)

Studying is known as what kind of encoding? Effortful or Automatic?

of the automatic processing of space

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: she is extremely bright. of the automatic processing of space. of the effortful processing of space. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men

rehearsal

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage. rehearsal automatic processing long-term potentiation the serial position effect

hippocampus

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage. amygdala medulla parietal lobe hippocampus

retrieval cues

The happier Judy feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be: retrieval cues. short-term memories. sensory memories. flashbulb memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new long-term declarative/explicit memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

The inability to retrieve memories of the past.

storage

The retention of encoded information over time is called: encoding. retrieval. rehearsal. storage.

memory construction

The surprising ease with which people form false memories BEST illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: implicit memory. automatic processing. long-term potentiation. memory construction.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect). This tendency is an example of what memory retrieval effect?

encoding, storage, retrieval

The three steps in memory information processing are: input, processing, output. input, storage, output. input, storage, retrieval. encoding, storage, retrieval

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer. George Sperling.

short-term

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy which will affect his _____ memory. long-term implicit short-term explicit

short-term memory

This activated memory holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory immediate memory

long-term memory

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory immediate memory

imagination inflation

This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas. imagination inflation false memories long-term potentiation source amnesia

long-term potentiation

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as: declarative memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

Sensory, Short-Term, Long-Term.

What are the three levels of memory formation, according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model. List them in the proper order.

Effortful processing.

What processing strategy is a way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve?

retrieval cues

When a person encodes a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as: iconic memories. sensory memories. retrieval cues. flashbulb memories.

serotonin

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses. serotonin dopamine GABA norepinephrine

Positive Transfer

When old information makes it easier to learn related new information.

the misinformation effect

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. long-term potentiation. source amnesia.

state-dependent memory

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as: proactive interference. retroactive interference. state-dependent memory. long-term potentiation.

source misattribution

When people recall an imagined event as something that they directly experienced, or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating: the self-reference effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. source misattribution.

imagination inflation

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment students are asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: linguistic determinism. source amnesia. imagination inflation. retroactive interference.

Working

When short-term memory holds information not just to rehearse it for storage, but to process it. This is known as what kind of memory?

mood-congruent memory

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates: repression. mood-congruent memory. retroactive interference. the misinformation effect

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? a steady, slow decline in retention over time a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? a steady, slow decline in retention over time a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter

Burke remembers exactly what he was doing when he heard about the attacks on the United States in September 2001

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory? Burke suddenly remembers to buy bread while standing in the grocery store checkout line. Burke recalls the name of a high school colleague while looking at the colleague's yearbook snapshot. Burke remembers to make an important phone call. Burke remembers exactly what he was doing when he heard about the attacks on the United States in September 2001.

retrieval failure

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: state-dependent memory. the serial position effect. the self-reference effect. retrieval failure.

the misinformation effect

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates: proactive interference. implicit memory. the serial position effect. the misinformation effect

Source Amnesia/Misattribution

You discuss a personal childhood memory with a family member only to find that the source of the memory came from a sibling's personal experience. This is referred to as what?

Context-Dependent Memory

You forget something and have to go back to the same place in which the memory originated and you remember. What kind of memory?

State-Dependent Memory

You forget what you did because you were in a state of drunkenness and have to get drunk again to recall what it was that you did. What kind of memory?

Working memory

_____ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory. Working memory Iconic memory Automatic processing Spacing effect

Implicit; explicit

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences. Explicit; declarative Implicit; explicit Implicit; procedural Explicit; procedural

Retroactive interference

_____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier. Proactive interference Retroactive interference A flashbulb memory Relearning

Proactive interference

_____ occurs when something people learned before interferes with their recall of something they learn later. Proactive interference Retroactive interference A flashbulb memory Relearning

Elizabeth Loftus

_____ revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived. Karl Lashley Carol Gilligan Elizabeth Loftus Thomas Landauer

Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov

_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning. Hermann Ebbinghaus; Anna Freud Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov; Hermann Ebbinghaus Ivan Pavlov; Anna Freud