PSY132 Final

According to the PSY132 text, racial and ethnic minority-group members typically suffer poorer health and have much higher mortality rates than majority-group members for similar conditions in the United States and across 125 other countries. Which of the following is/are *true*?

A physician's implicit prejudice can undermine a minority patient trust and satisfaction— particularly among doctors who say that they are not prejudiced.

__________ is associated with acquiring knowledge and getting accustomed to a new culture whereas __________ is associated with teaching and preserving values from one's own culture.

Acculturation; enculturation

The "one drop" rule stated that a person with any __________ blood was socially identified as __________.

African; Black

Which of the following is/are true of the slow-learning system? a) The slow-learning system generally operates independently of the fast-learning system. b) The slow-learning system is sensitive to repeated patterns, events and activities. c) The slow-learning system becomes activated automatically without intention. d) The slow-learning system maintains stably structured representations. e) All of the listed responses are true.

All of the listed responses are true.

Researchers who study attitudes have developed a number of ways to measure implicit biases. Among these is the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Which of the following statements is/are true of the IAT? a) The IAT uses physiological techniques to measure implicit attitudes. b) According to the IAT website, their tools present a method that demonstrates the conscious-unconscious divergences more convincingly than has been possible with previous methods. c) According to the text, a large body of research exists that demonstrates systematic biases against Latinos, Blacks (mainly by non-Blacks), gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) persons, overweight persons, women, and people with disabilities. d) One criticism of the IAT is that it may reflect the general cultural associations rather than personally held attitudes. e) All of the listed statements are true.

All of the listed statements are true.

Which of the following forms of identity can be a part of one's collective identity? 1. White identity 2. Sexual identity 3. Gender identity 4. All of the responses

All of the responses

Which of the following (about affirmative action) is/are TRUE? 1) Affirmative action programs are special efforts to ensure that the underrepresented groups protected by the civil rights laws are given the same opportunity to be recruited, hired, or admitted to positions as are groups not underrepresented in institutions. It is meant to give everyone a fair chance. If it does this, it upholds the ideal of equity. 2) Affirmative action is an attempt to remedy past injustices. Most recently it has been applied to persons with disabilities and persons who are sexual minorities. 3) Affirmative action programs have often been misinterpreted as biased against majority groups, Those with this view argue that the policy unfairly excludes qualified applicants, typically Whites, while accepting less qualified applicants, typically Blacks and Hispanics. This has been labeled reverse discrimination. 4) Arguments have been proposed for and against affirmative action and affirmative action efforts have been debated and discussed extensively. 5) All of the statements are accurate.

All of the statements are accurate.

Which of the following is/are important to understand and/or use when navigating power dynamics? a) When making a decision to follow the crowd or a leader be sure to ascertain where their power is coming from. b) When in a leadership role, practice self-awareness and understand from where you draw your power and influence. c) When tempted to hold onto information rather than share it, recognize that the power information grants is fleeting. Instead, share information and build expertise. d) Recognize that (over the long-term) coercive power is not sustainable. e) All of the statements may be useful and/or important when attempting to navigate power dynamics.

All of the statements may be useful and/or important when attempting to navigate power dynamics.

When you received negative judgment from someone, you can either interpret this judgment as accurate and accept it, or discount it because you believe the person has a biased opinion to avoid the potential negative impact on your self-worth. This scenario reflects which of the following principles?

Attributional ambiguity

Imagine the following situation: "An exam proctor told each White and Latino examinee before the exam that minorities tend to perform worse on this exam. As a result, White examinees performed significantly better than the Latino examinees." This result can possibly be explained by which of the following phenomenon? 1. Self-fulfilling prophecy 2. Confirmation bias 3. Stereotype threat 4. Both 1 and 3

Both 1 and 3

According to the PSY132 text, the size of this distinguishes the human brain from the brains of other animals.

Cerebral cortex

____________ - Hiring outcomes that fail to meet the 80% selection ratio criterion.

Disparate impact

According to the research data presented in the text, women and men without childrem earn less than women with children.

False

Intergroup anxiety only refers to the discomfort associated with anticipating or actually interacting with a member of another race.

False

According to Berry and colleagues (2006), which of the following acculturation orientations was associated with the best psychological outcome?

Integration

Which of the following statements concerning the amygdala is FALSE?

It is located within the hindbrain

An institution is an established entity in which the business, education, healthcare, or social goals of a society are sustained. Banks, schools, corporations, the health industry, higher education, and the like are included. Marriage is considered a social one.

Marriage

__________________ is/are your beliefs about what other people think about you.

Meta-perceptions

Based on what you read in the textbook about bias and phenotypicality which of the following is/are FALSE? a) People with darker skin, broader noses and fuller lips elicit less implicit bias in split-second "shoot/don't shoot" situations than low stereotypical (LS) Black targets. * b) People with darker skin, broader noses and fuller lips elicit more implicit bias in split-second "shoot/don't shoot" situations than low stereotypical (LS) Black targets c) Research results suggest that the perceived phenotypicality of Black targets can increase the accessibility of stereotypes linking Blacks with danger, which then intensifies racial bias. d) The physical appearance of a person (i.e., phenotype) can significantly impact the triggering of implicit biases. e) According to a research study, (after controlling for other relevant factors) a defendant whose face rated high in stereotypical Black appearance was more likely (57.5% vs. 24.4%) to be sentenced to death for killing a White victim.

People with darker skin, broader noses and fuller lips elicit less implicit bias in split-second "shoot/don't shoot" situations than low stereotypical (LS) Black targets.

An example of this phenomenon occurs in intergroup racial situations where people mistakenly believe that their interest in interacting with a member of another racial group is not reciprocated, leading both parties to avoid initiating intergroup contact.

Pluralistic ignorance

This term is defined as an unpleasant, troublesome, or trying situation from which it is difficult for one to free him/herself from. 1. Predicament 2. Prejudice 3. Discrimination 4. Stereotype threat

Predicament

This hypothesis argues that consistently attributing discrimination to widespread and recurring prejudice against one's group leads to feeling rejected but attributing discrimination to prejudice also tends to strengthen identification with one's group.

Rejection identification hypothesis

According to the text, a women who is White and heterosexual belongs to only 1 relatively disadvantaged group. On the other hand, a Black woman with a same-sex sexual orientation belongs to ________ (indicate the number) diversity groups that have traditionally held less power, prestige and access to privileges.

3

Recall what you have learned about the research surrounding the shooter bias. Indicate which of the following is FALSE concerning the behavior: a) Research has shown that when subjects are presented with targets representing black men and white men, the tendency to shoot the targets representing unarmed black men is greater than the tendency to shoot unarmed white men. b) Trained police officers as well as college students role-playing as police officers are more likely to mistakenly shoot the targets representing unarmed black suspects than those representing unarmed white suspects. c) It is possible that the shooter bias exists because people may be prone to shoot anyone who appears "different". However, it is also likely that pervasive negative cultural stereotypes (e.g., black men are more dangerous than white men) cause people to engage in snap decisions to use deadly force against black men more than white men. d) Research has shown that when research subjects are presented with targets representing black men and white men, there is an increased tendency to shoot the targets representing armed white men. e) Understanding the factors that contribute to shooter biases in the laboratory, may provide critical insight into designing interventions to help reduce and/or eliminate shooter bias behavior in gun-owners and law enforcement officers.

Research has shown that when research subjects are presented with targets representing black men and white men, there is an increased tendency to shoot the targets representing armed white men.

__________________ - When regular, sanctioned institutional practices produce outcomes and opportunities that favor some groups more than others. These practices represent the standard operations that define institutional policies and programs that govern hiring, production, promotion, and employee relations.

Standard-of-practice bias

Peter Piper recently met Pablo. Pablo doesn't display any of the qualities Peter was taught to believe about members of Pablo's group. Which of the following might lead to a weakening of Peter's stereotypes about Pablo's group?

Stereotype disconfirmation has occurred. Any of the listed first-hand experiences can weaken Peter's stereotypes about Pablo's group.

This term describes social identity as others perceive it as a "stain".

Stigma

In which of the following scenarios is the phenomenon known as moral licensing likely at work? a) In the past, Emma has struggled with body image issues. She no longer looks at her weight and thinks that she's a bad, lazy, self-indulgent person. Recently, she picked a reasonable weight loss goal and is on her way to accomplishing it. She has decided she is the type of person who wants to complete actions aligned with her goals. b) Juanita complained to her friend that they were wasting too much time on social media. So, instead of trying to quit cold-turkey, Juanita tells her friend she will begin to limit her social media activities to one hour per day. Now Juanita sets a timer when she logs onto social media and stops after an hour. c) Jackson approves of sustainability principles and decided to increase his charitable contributions to certain types of organizations. However, instead of simply contributing to organizations that his friends like...he decides to evaluate the organizations he funds in terms of whether their actions demonstrate positive movement toward the sustainability goals he values. d) The CEO of a technology company in Silicon Valley publicly expressed strong disagreement with some very sexist statements made by one of his competitors. Two weeks later he hired a man for his VEEP of Development although an equally qualified woman applied. e) None of the given examples have anything to do with moral licensing.

The CEO of a technology company in Silicon Valley publicly expressed strong disagreement with some very sexist statements made by one of his competitors. Two weeks later he hired a man for his VEEP of Development although an equally qualified woman applied.

According to the PSY132 text book, which is/are FALSE when it come to secondary transfer effects.

The positive feelings generated by the contact will extend to other out-groups that are seen as similar only if some of their members were involved in the encounter.

According to Jones, Dovidio, and Vietze, when you interact with other members of your own group, it is interpersonal. When you interact with members of another group, these interpersonal interactions become intergroup encounters.

True

Individual-mediated bias occurs when a person who is prejudiced against particular groups has key decision-making authority in an institution.

True

Structural discrimination is related to institutional bias but focuses more on the conditions that create inequities.

True

The extended contact hypothesis presents the idea that an in-group member's mere knowledge of another in-group member's close positive relationship with a person in an out-group can reduce intergroup bias. For example, White students who know another White person who has a Black, Asian, or Latino friend has more positive attitudes toward that racial or ethnic group than do Whites who do not know such a person.

True

This approach to sensitivity towards race-based discrimination proposes that racism is a chronically accessible explanation for negative outcomes and motivates targets to be vigilant and wary.

Universal context of racism (UCR)

Think about the way the text describes prejudice and indicate which of the following is/are FALSE: a) Prejudice is learned. b) People can learn to be non-prejudiced. c) Unlearning prejudice is easy. d) Suppressing personal biases and prejudices may cause implicit biases to become even more strongly activated (in other words, suppression creates a rebound effect). e) Ultimately, unwanted prejudiced thoughts can be inhibited by acknowledging them and immediately replacing them with egalitarian thoughts and motivations.

Unlearning prejudice is easy.

Understanding the perspective of the other person so that we can provide the appropriate emotional response to their situation is defined as _________________.

empathy

The contact hypothesis formalized by Gordon Allport in 1954, originally specified four conditions necessary for intergroup interaction to reduce bias:

equal status within the contact situation; intergroup cooperation; shared goals; and support of authorities, laws, or customs.

According to the text, this concept refers to whether groups are treated in a way that does *not* unfairly impose economic social or other barriers that would prevent them from reaching their full potential.

equity

Fairness is a complex moral concept correlated with______ but not the same as equality. It emerges early in human development.

equity

An _______________ is the act of mentally simulating an interaction with a member of another group.

imagined contact

Affirmative action has been offered as a way to address institutional bias . The logic here is that proactive remedies are needed to reduce institutional disparities. Groups lagging in key social indicators would be given an opportunity to be considered for admission or a job, for example, if their qualifications merited such consideration.

institutional bias

When considering the ways that our membership in different social identity groups come together to form our identity and roles in society, we use which term?

intersectionality

Institutional bias is a social outcome advantage, documented at the institutional level, that favors some groups over others. Discussions of institutional bias use the major racial groups recognized in the U.S. Census as the unit of analysis, such as male, female, Black, White, Hispanic, Asian, and age categories. Bias at the institutional level may result in disparities in social outcomes among these major diversity groups.

racial

This source of power is based on a person's interest in identifying with another person. The person's admiration of the other person and desire to be like the other person gives the other person social power.

referent influence

Ukrainian Conflict

relative deprivation theory

This is the degree of power that is acquired, expressed and maintained by a group, based on the proportion of high status social roles occupied by members of the group.

social group power

The possibility of institutional bias is examined using_____________.

social indicators

These stratification hierarchies keep things in order! Often, they order the privileges and status a person receives based on the actual or perceived contributions made to the well-being of society.

social role hierarchies