PSY171 Exam 3
An example of the Mediator Model
A hostile, cold parent (parenting style) will use physical punishment (parenting practices), thereby resulting in problem behavior (child outcomes)
describe parent-child relationships in adolescence and the theory behind it
1) there are more frequent "squabbles" but they don't usually get very severe, and these squabbles are over everyday issues like doing chores. 2) social domain theory: parents view issues as social-conventional in that they have the responsibility to monitory and regulate their teen, where as teens view issues as personal rights and feel like they should be able to decide for themselves and be autonomous
implicit theories of motivation
1. Dweck: people hold basic assumptions about the stability of certain traits -- these assumptions affect people's motivation. People with an *incremental view* believe that ability is changeable. people with an *entity view* believe that ability is fixed 2. important implications for how people respond to failure (learned helplessness) 3. implications for parental feedback
why are some kids chronic victims?
1. aggressive: put themselves into situations that cause others to bully them 2. emotions: anger, emotionally reactive, perhaps children like to watch other children blow up 3. provocation?
what were Baumrind's three parenting styles?
1. authoritarian parenting (v restrictive, many rules, forceful tactics, insensitive) 2. authoritative parenting (controlling but flexible, accepting, responsive, rational, democratic) 3. permissive parenting (accepting but lax, few demands, does not closely monitor kids)
ethnic or cultural differences in parenting styles (prevalence of authoritative and authoritarian parenting in different cultures)
1. authoritative parenting is less prevalent in minority families than european-american families 2. authoritarian parenting is more prevalent among ethnic minorities than among white families 3. asian families are more authoritarian than all other families
short term effects of divorce on parenting
1. both parents become less effective, especially in the first year. 2. they allow behaviors they wouldn't allow before, like immaturity, fewer responsibilities, etc. 3. mothers show less affection than before, especially with sons. 4. fathers become much more permissive and indulgent -- it's more difficult for mothers when children return to her 5. economic changes -- usually kids end up with mom, who normally has lower earning potential
advantages of friendships
1. buffer effect: one supportive friend can drastically reduce the negative effects of victimization, problematic family environments, rejection 2. teaching social problem-solving 3. prepare for adult romantic relationships: reaches intimacy, self-disclosure, caring and compassionate attitudes
factors that are involved in effective schooling
1. composition of student body: higher concentration of higher ses students 2. scholastic atmosphere: academic emphasis (assigned hw), classroom management (clear expectations, feedback, few distractions), discipline (firm in enforcing rules), teamwork (faculty work as a team) 3. authoritative teachers
what theories have been put forth to explain why adopted children are more likely to show learning and emotional difficulties than other children?
1. environmental incompatibilities (rearing environments may not be as closely compatible with an adoptee's own genetic predispositions 2. many have been neglected or abused before being adopted
sociability in infancy
1. first months of life: babies are interested in other babies 2. middle of first year: first interactions with other babies, babbling, smiling, offering toys, gesturing 3. 12-18 mo: peers are responsive toys 4. 18 mo: coordinated interactions with age mates 5. 20-24 mo: play has strong verbal component
3 stages of divorse
1. initial stage: right after parents inform the child, we see an increase in aggression and unhappiness 2. the transition stage: 1-3 years after separation, there is a restructuring of new family patterns 3. the restabilization stage: 5 years after separation, new family system is completely instituted
four characteristics of peer groups (middle childhood)
1. interact on regular basis 2. define sense of belonging 3. formulate norms for appearance and behavior 4. develop structure and organization
4 explanation for link between marital conflict and child problems
1. modeling 2. cognitive-contextual influences 3. emotional security theory 4. spillover hypothesis
how have families change in the last half of the 20th century
1. more single adults 2. postponed marriages 3. decreased childbearing 4. more women are employed 5. more divorce 6. more single-parent families 7. more children living in poverty 8. more remarriage 9 more multigeneration families
4 categories of play (sociability in preschool)
1. nonsocial activity 2. parallel play 3. associative play 4. cooperative play
three types of pathological triangles
1. parent-child coalition -- parent and child gang up on the other parent 2. triangulation -- child is used as the intermediate for communication between mom and dad 3. detouring (attacking or supportive) -- parents form a coalition vs/for the child
characteristics of abusers
1. parents with alcohol or drug problems 2. parents that were maltreated as children, or battered women 3. abusive moms are usually young, poverty-stricken, poorly educated, have little help raising the children 4. emotionally insecure -- they interpret child's irritability or independence as disrespectful or rejecting 5. favor authoritarian control and rely on punitive techniques
why are children accepted, neglected, or rejected by peers?
1. parents: warm and sensitive parents tend to raise accepted children, hostile or uninvolved parents tend to raise disliked children 2. temperament: irritable children at risk for problematic peer relations, inhibited children at risk to be neglected or rejected by peers 3. cognitive skills: popular children have good role-taking skills and perform better academically 4. attractiveness: beautiful is good stereotype. body build: soft, rounded body type is associated with negative adjectives, tend to be least popular. athletic and muscular body type is associated with positive adjectives, most popular
what type of child-rearing practices foster achievement motivation? how do parent expectancies influence child achievement?
1. person praise -- praising someone based on high ability rather than effort, may be harmful because these kids become more interested in performance goals than in new learning when faced with challenges 2. process praise: feedback that praises the effort they have expended and formulating effective problem solving strategies, these kids will become more interested in learning goals
4 types of child abuse
1. physical 2. psychological/emotional 3. neglect 4. sexual abuse
sociometric categories
1. popular: rated by many children as someone they would most like to spend time with 2. regjected: rated by many children as someone they would least like to spend time with 3. neglected: not mentioned by many children at all on survey 4. controversial: some children would like to spend time with them, some children would not like to spend time with them
characteristics of an only child
1. relatively high self-estee, and achievement motivation 2. more obedient and slightly more intellectually competent than children with siblings 3. likely to establish very good relations with peers
two theories of sibling relationships
1. social learning theory: you learn from your sibling because you want to be like your sibling 2. sibling de-identification: you want to be completely opposite of your sibling because you want to stand out from your sibling
4 main functions of families
1. socialization 2. reproduction 3. promotes personal growth 4. perpetuates social order
why are there ethnic differences in parenting and outcomes of parenting?
1. socioeconomic status: minorities are more often low SES. when you are in low SES, you more likely have a job that requires obedience to an authority. low SES is also associated with increased stress, which leads to less sensitivity to children 2. different meaning of styles in different cultures: parenting styles reflect particular cultural orientation. for instance, Chinese families have Confucian values, so often the parenting style is child-centered (warmth) but strict because its believed that strictness is for benefit of child, not for respect of parent.
how do we determine who is popular?
1. sociometric procedures 2. teacher ratings 3. peer rating scale 4. self report
social class differences in child rearing: compared to middle class parents, economically disadvantaged and working-class parents tend to:
1. stress obedience and respect for authority 2. be more restrictive and authoritarian, use more power assertive discipline 3. reason with their children less frequently 4. show less warmth and affection
evidence that supports atkinson's achievement theory
1. when a course is relevant to one's major, people tend to do better. 2. children with low IQs and high expectancies often attain better grades than those with high IQs and low expectancies
provocation
1. when asked, most bullies claim they were provoked, but most victims claim they did not provoke the attack 2. in an exp, provoked children using a rigged computer game, even when provoked, none of the children attacked the confederate, evidence that provocation is not essential for vicitimization
at what age do children realize that tv is not real?????
8 years old. younger than 7, they think characters retain their roles in real-life. however, at 8 years old, they still think tv is an accurate portrayal of everyday events. comprehension of tv increases dramatically from middle-childhood through adolescence
key constructs in family systems theory
1. wholeness: families are not just a group of individuals 2. interdependence: anything that affects one person will, to some degree, affect the others in the family system 3. patterns: recognizable patterns that help guide behavior 4. equifinality: families have similar goals, but reach them in different ways 5. adaptation: need to adjust family patterns to deal with challenges 6. homeostasis: maintain stability over time
video games exp
3 conditions: 1. active violent: play violent video game 2. passive violent: watch violent video game being played 3. active nonviolent: play nonviolent video game boys: active violent were more aggressive afterwards than passive violent, but girls no diff
conformity findings
3rd grade: side with parents against peers 6th grade: peer influence increases with nochange in parent-child conflict 9th: opposition between parents and peers is strongest 11-12th: peer conformity decreases, some opposiition between parent and peer conformity but not much
long-term effects of divorse on parenting
6 years after the divorce: 1. girls are doing okay in mother's custody because mother gives daughter more status and equality, and the girl becomes the mother's confidante. the boys are not doing as well in mother's custody because mother uses more coercive parenting techniques with sons 2. behavioral problems occur mostly due to financial strain -- boys show aggressive and compulsive behaviors because they're externalizing, and girls have problems with self-esteem and maintaining quality relationships. there also becomes a risk for dropping out of school. these kids are also more likely to divorce as adults
low acceptance, high control parenting style
Authoritarian: restrictive pattern of parenting; set rules, expect obedience, rely on power to elicit compliance
high acceptance, high control parenting style
Authoritative: flexible, democratic style of parenting, warm accepting parents provide guidance and control
what is a specific issue for parenting adolescents?
Autonomy is an important developmental task for adolescents. this is the capacity to make one's own decisions independently, ability to serve as one's own source of emotional strength, and ability to manage one's life tasks without depending on others.
what is attribution retraining?
therapeutic intervention in which helpless children are persuaded to attribute failures to their lack of effort rather than a lack of ability
Does it matter if parents are consistent in parenting style?
Having at least one authoritative parent helps in developmental outcomes, but it's best to have two authoritative parents. However, it's better to have one authoritative parent than to have two non-authoritative parents.
how do teens see their parents' parenting styles?
they only see parents as authoritarian or permissive, never authoritative
high acceptance, low control parenting style
Permissive: accepting but lax parenting; few demands and rarely attempt to control child's behavior
what is no-nonsense parenting?
a mixture of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles that is associated with favorable outcomes in african american families
low acceptance, low control parenting style
Uninvolved: extremely lax and undemanding style; reject the child or are too busy to bother raising them
apptitude-treatment interaction
a phenomenon whereby characteristics of the student and of the school environment interact to affect student outcomes, such that any given educational practice may be effective with some students but not with others
what is mastery orientation
a tendency to persist at challenging tasks because of a belief that one has the ability to succeed and/or that earlier failures can be overcome by trying harder
what is achievement motivation?
a willingness to strive to success at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment
examples of attribution
ability: I'm terrible at psychology task difficulty: that test was too hard. effort: I didn't study enough luck: the test had tons more questions from the one day I missed class -- what bad luck!
characteristics of those abused
abusive parents tend to select one child in the family as target. at risk children tend to be: 1. emotionally unresponsive 2. hyperactive 3. irritable 4. temperamentally impulsive 5. ill children
what are some benefits of internet exposure? concerns?
academic achievement -- helps with hw, social benefits -- makes them feel closer to friends, health benefits -- seeking health information concerns: video games, social inequalities (leaves some kids behind without access), pornography, cults
authoritative parenting leads to which outcomes for only white and hispanics?
academic achievement and social competence. authoritative parenting does NOT help or hurt Asian or African Americans in these areas.
Maccoby and Martin's 2 aspects of parenting
acceptance/responsiveness vs. demandingness/control. combine these two dimensions to create 4 parenting styles
what are the developmental functions of dating relationships?
achieve autonomy from parents and peers, distance themselves from incestuous relationships,
what is achievement?
achievement refers to the successful attainment of a significant accomplishment
what is acculturation stress
anxiety or uneasiness that new residents may feel upon attempting to assimilate a new culture and its traditions
when does sibling rivalry typically begin?
as soon as younger sibling is born. it lessens if parents maintain close relationship to first-born child (first born feels like new one is getting more attention)
correlational studies of social learning theory of tv violence
assess relationship between children's tv viewing habits and present/future aggressive behavior -- theres a positive relationships between watching tv violence and aggression. however there may be a directionality problem (which one is the cause and which is the effect??). longitudinal data suggests that watching violent tv when young influences aggression many years later
authoritative parenting leads to which outcomes for all ethnic groups?
authoritative parenting is better for ALL ethnic groups for psychological problems, psychological distress, and behavior problems
which parenting style is consistently associated with positive developmental outcomes and why?
authoritative parenting. 1. they communicate sense of caring concern which may motivate children to comply with directives. 2. they exercise control in a rational way by explaining their own viewpoint but also considering child's viewpoint. 3. and they set realistic standards and allow autonomy
what is behavioral control? what is psychological control?
behavioral: attempts to regulate a child's or an adolescent's conduct through firm discipline and monitoring of his or her conduct psychological: attempts to regulate a child's or an adolescent's conduct by such psychological tactics as withholding affection and or inducing shame or guilt
mean world belief
belief, fostered by tv violence, that the world is a more dangerous and frightening place than is actually the case
what age shows the highest rates of abuse?
birth-3 years :(
family boundaries
boundaries define the family system. they establish limits and differentiate between members and non-members as well as define subsystems in the family. boundaries prevent conflict spillover and regulate intimacy and closeness.
peer victimization
bullying. one child attempts to physically or psychologically harm another child who is either weaker or perceived as weaker, potentially without provocation. results in one child becoming the vicitim
behavioral attributes of popular children
calm, outgoing, friendly, initiate interactions, amicably resolve disputes
what are some costs of friendships?
can lead to co-rumination in which friends become obsessed with their personally problems and excessively discuss them -- associated with anxiety and depression, also low-quality friendships tend to be highly conflictual... deviancy training -- interactions among deviant peers that perpetuate and intensify a child's behavior problems and antisocial conduct
media practice model
child and media influence each other
uses and gratifications approach
child influences media
cross cultural comparisons of academic achievement
children in taiwan, china, and japan outperform us children in math, reading and other subjects -- though american children are not less intelligent because they enter school performing just as well on IQ tests as Asian children 1. classroom involvement: asian cultures spend more time in class and more "on task" 2. parental involvement: asian parents hold higher achievement expectancies, more teacher-parent communication in Asian cultures 3. student involvement: asian students are assigned and complete more homework and spend less time working dating and socializing 4. strong emphasis on effort: americans believe academic success reflects on intelligence
what are cross pressures?
conflicts stemming from differences in the values and practices advocated by parents and those advocated by peers
what is parenting style?
constellation of attitudes towards the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional clinate in which the parent's behaviors are expressed. emotional climate is produced by parent.
what has research found regarding developmental outcomes of self-care or latchkey children? is it harmful for children to take care of themselves?
contradictory. some say there are bad effects, some say there are no effects.
Mediator Model
developed by Darling and Steinberg. Parenting style influences parenting practices thereby influencing child outcomes
Conger's Family Distress Model
economic distress affects family dynamics and developmental outcomes
consequences of sexually abused children
emotionally disregulated, engage in sexualized behaviors, display PTSD
lab experiments for social learning theory of tv violence
expose participants to violent film and then immediately encounter situation where they can behave aggressively. most experiments (all before 1972) find watching violence increases violence. criticisms are that this is a highly artificial environment where participant is told to give undivided attention to violent clips, and the participant is given a golden opportunity for violence
neglect
failure to provide for children's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs. 4 types of neglect: 1. physical (abandonment, expulsion from home) 2. educational (allowing chronic truancy or failure to enroll children in school) 3. emotional (inattention to children's needs for affection 4. medical (refusal or delay in seeking medical care)
family systems theory
families operate in a way that helps meet goals, make decisions, and resolve conflicts between family members. in this theory, the assumption is that there are several subsystems that are part of a larger family system, such as the spousal subsystem, parent-child subsystem, sibling subsystem, etc.
sexual abuse
forcing, tricking, or coercing sexual behavior between a child and an older person, can also include noncontact behaviors such as voyeurism or pornography
4 dimension of conflict in the family system
frequency, intensity, content, and resolution
what gender is more likely to be abused?
girls are more likely than boys to be abused
high need for achievement predicts
grade point average
physical abuse
infliction or endangerment of physical injury, though not always intentional -- often are attempts at controlling the child that go overboard
benefits and drawbacks of engaging in mixed-age interactions
helps acquire social competencies, acquiring new skills, learning how to seek assistance, though it tends to be unbalanced in that typically the older child has more power
Maccoby and martin's 4 parenting styles
high acceptance/high control: authoritative low acceptance/high control: authoritarian high acceptance/low control: permissive low acceptance/low control: uninvolved
social domain theory
how your own social domain (like being the parent you have your own domain and the child has their own domain of being the child) shapes one's moral, society, and psychological concepts, and how this changes throughout the lifespan?
social impact
impact = liking score + disliking score
Weiner's attribution theory
important to take into account person's past experience -- people attribute success or failure to one of four causes: 1. ability or lack thereof (stable, internal) 2. amount of effort (unstable, internal) 3. difficulty of task (stable, external) 4. influence of luck (unstable, external) locus of control: internal: people are personally responsible for their own ability and effort external: on the other hand, task difficulty and luck are not controlled by the person
history of child rights
in 1874, animals had protection rights but children did not. the society for prevention of cruelty to children (SPCC) was created. public responsibility began in 1930s with Social Security Act
antisocial conformity to peers
increases from 3rd-9th grades then declines, peaks overall in 9th grade conformity to antisocial behavior is related to their evaluations of those behaviors
high school reunion effect
ingredients for successful adolescents are not ingredients for successful adults
battered child syndrome
injuries sustained by a child as a result of physical abuse, usually inflicted by an adult caregiver. examining data from 71 hospitals they were able to define this syndrome, leading to all states requiring that suspected child abuse must be reported (1976).
general consequences of abuse
intellectual deficits and academic difficulties, depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem, disturbed relationships with teachers and peers
effectance motivation
intrinsic desire to interact effectively with one's environment -- similar to a need for competence. achievement strivings may represent one way adults display effectance motivation
what is an intrinsic orientation? what is an extrinsic orientation
intrinsic: desire to achieve in order to satisfy one's personal needs for competence or mastery extrinsic: desire to achieve in order to earn external incentives such as grades, prizes, or the approval of others
what has research shown about child outcomes in gay and lesbian families? is it consistent with heterosexual
just as well-adjusted as heterosexual -- indistinguishable
liked versus popular
just becuase you're popular doesnt mean you're liked
prosocial tv
kids who watch prosocial tv (like sesame street) are more likely to behave prosocially. sesame street produces dramatic increase in cognitive skills, such as alphabet knowledge and vocab
crowds
large, reputationally-based peer group who may or may not interact on a regular basis -- common in middle adolescence
Need for achievement
learned motive to compete and strive for success in situations where performance can be evaluated against a standard of excellence. there are individual differences, and this depends on individual's culture, social class, and attitude of parents. can be measured through thematic apperception test
poor outcomes associated with being bullied
loneliness, anxiety, low self-worth, self-blame, poor academic achievement, social dissatisfaction, unhappiness, fewer friends, low levels of school liking, social avoidance... however, most teens reported being bullied but few regarded the experience as deeply harmful
informal curriculum
noncurricular objects of schooling such as teaching children to cooperate, respect authority, obey rules, become good citizens
field experiments for social learning theory of tv violence
manipulate tv programming over time in real world setting and measure its effect on viewers aggression. found preschool kids who were initially a little more aggressive were much more aggressive after watching violent tv shows. criticisms were that these were usually very weak results and these experiments were not as highly controlled as lab experiment
spillover hypothesis as an explanation for link between marital conflict and child problems
marital conflict may influence how parents deal with their children by increasing inconsistencies in parenting, reducing parental involvement with child, and decreasing sensitivity to child's needs.
cultivation theory of media influence and use
media influences child
not factors in effective schooling
money (must invest money wisely), class size (20-40 is fine), school size (issue is overmanning, too many people with too few roles), tracking (hurts lower tracked kids)
long term reactions to divorce
most children are able to adjust to changes after divorce, though the biggest problems are loss of closeness with parents and fear their own marriages will be unhappy. it's best to be in a stable, single-parent home than in a conflict-ridden two-parent home though!!
how do parents see their own parenting styles?
mothers see self as authoritative and rarely see themselves as authoritarian or permissive. fathers see self as authoritarian.
cyberbullying
name calling and gossiping, most victims pretend to ignore it, ignore it, or bully back -- most parents are unaware
achievement and social background
native americans, african americans, and latino children tend to perform more poorly on standardized tests than european and asian american classmates. Possibilities: 1. one possibility: intelligence 2. socioeconomic background -- fewer resources. however, after controlling for social class, african americans and latinos still do worse 3. different emphasis on learning (this is not true!!!!!) 4. ethnic variation in parenting -- european american mothers provide more positive encouragement -- this is true 5. peer group influences -- there is acute peer pressure for african americans and latinos 6. stereotype threat -- refers to a fear that one will be judged to have traits associated with a negative stereotype related to one's ethnic group. once a stereotype is aroused, it creates anxiety which is disruptive to performance (example females and math performance)
different between "peer acceptance" and "having friends"
not all accepted children have friends and not all rejected children lack friends; having friends requires different traits than just being accepted
problems with watching tv
not so much that they are watching bad stuff, bad that they are not spending as much time with parents. as long as tv viewing is not excessive, children appear to show no more cognitive or academic deficiencies, and may actually learn quite a bit from TV
are achievement striving instinctive or socialized?
one basic aim of socialization is to teach children to pursue important and worthwhile objectives. however, Robert White argued that people are intrinsically motivated to master their environment -- children are curious! effectance motivation
harlow peer monkey parent research
one group only raised by mother, no contact with peers. other group separated from mothers at birth and raised by peers. mother only monkeys were not socially competent and avoided age-mates most of the time; when they did interact, they were aggressive to their peers, these problems persisted into adulthood. peer only monkeys were also socially abnormal; clung to their peers and were mutually attached to each other -- unusually aggressive to those outside of peer group, became highly agitated over minor stresses
television literacy
one's ability to understand how info is conveyed in tv programming and to interpret this info properly -- preschoolers cannot determine the causal chain in the stories on TV, they focus more on the actions than intentions of characters
what is sociability, what are social skills?
one's willingness to interact with others and to seek their attention or approval. social skills are thoughts, actions, and emotional regulatory activities that enable children to achieve personal or social goals while maintaining harmony with their social partners
open vs closed family systesm
open: flexible boundaries, easy flow and exchange of info between other families and individuals, open to input from external sources, receptive to change, usually healthy -- the danger is that boundaries may be absent or unclear, leading to enmeshment (this leads to a loss of autonomous development) closed: rigid boundaries, they maintain status quo, change is resisted, no external input, boundaries can become fused
most common perpetrators of abuse
over 80% perpetrators were parents -- women perpetrators more than men whuttt
how do parents influence peer sociability
parents act as booking agents, monitors and coaches. they decide the neighborhoodthey live in which regulates access to peers, they set up play dates, monitor those play dates, etc.
Family Systems Theory
parents influence children, children influence parents. families are complex social systems.
behavioral attributes of neglected children
passive and shy, lack social assertiveness, not less socially skilled, not more lonely, and not more distressed about their social position than average children
desensitization hypothesis
people who watch a lot of media violence will become less aroused by aggression and more tolerant to violent and aggressive acts
social preference
preference = liking score - disliking score
upside of schools
promotes cognitive development, prob more important than just learning facts by teaching variety of rules, strategies and problem solving skills, as well as ability to concentrate and appreciate abstraction
age changes in conformity to peers and parents
prosocial and neutral behavior in terms of conformity to peers remains constant over time. there is more conformity to peers in antisocial behavior over time. parent prosocial decreases slightly over time, parent neutral decreases a lot over time
stereotype threat
refers to a fear that one will be judged to have traits associated with a negative stereotype related to one's ethnic group (females are told they are worse at math, worried about math tests, do worse in math)
how can we improve social skills of rejected children?
reinforcement (of displaying socially appropriate behaviors) and modeling therapies (exposing children to social models who display a variety of socially skilled acts)
effective schools
schools that are successful at achieving curricular and noncurricular objectives regardless of the racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic background of the student population
adolescent bind
should you conform to peers and be happy now or should you not conform to peers, do what youre supposed to do, potentially sacrifice happiness and conform to adults later
consequences of physically abused children
show lack of normal empathy in response to distress of peers
developmental myth
single sex schools give better outcomes of academic achievement than do coeducational schools -- FALSE
cliques
small group of friends who share common interests and activities -- common in early adolescence
Modeling explanation for link between marital conflict and child problems
social learning theory -- children imitate behaviors of parents and learn poor conflict strategies. this behavior teaches the child that aggressive behavior is appropriate and permitted. however, child's own cognitive processes influence this effect.
behavioral attributes of withdrawn-rejected children
socially awkward, socially anxious, aware of their social standing, withdraw from peers, most likely to be victims of bullying
what are parenting practices and how are they different from parenting styles?
specific behaviors defined by specific content and socialization goals -- as opposed to parenting style, parenting practices are observable, definable behaviors
psychological/emotional abuse
speech, actions, and interactions that destroy emotional well-being and a sense of self-worth
catharsis hypothesis of tv violence and children's aggression
watching violent tv reduces aggressive impulses -- there is little empirical support for this
what is the motive to achieve success? what is the motive to avoid failure?
success: atkinson's term for the disposition describing one's tendency to approach challenging tasks and take pride in mastering them, analogous to need for achievement failure: atkinson's term for the disposition describing one's tendency to shy away from challenging tasks so as to avoid the embarrassment of failing
pygmalion in the classroom
teacher expectations influencing academic outcomes -- a few children were randomly selected by researchers and labeled "rapid bloomers" and gave teachers impression that these children were exceptionally bright when they were really no different from the other children -- assessed the children's academic progress at the end of the year. "rapid bloomers" showed much greater gains in IQ and reading achievement, teachers called on them more, praised them more, less negative when they didn't perform well, so the big idea is that teacher expectations ahve a great influence on child academic outcomes!! this is the pygmalion effect
learned helplessness
the belief that one does not have the ability to bring about a desired outcome
what is socialization
the process by which children acquire beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their culture or subculture
cognitive-contextual influences as an explanation for link between marital conflict and child problems
this focuses more on cognition and how children perceive conflict -- there are 4 important cognitive attributions: 1. appraisal of conflict meaning 2. degree of perceived threat 3. attributions of cause and blame 4. coping efficacy
emotional security theory as an explanation for link between marital conflict and child problems
this focuses more on emotions and feelings of security in the family. chronic marital conflict leads to increased emotional arousal and feelings of emotional insecurity. child becomes hypersensitive to conflict and may either avoid or intervene in the conflict, and will have trouble soothing self.
thematic apperception test
this is when you show someone an ambiguous picture, and the interpretation one gives of the picture reveals underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world -- this was the story about the violin thing. THIS MEASURES NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT
role of interparental conflict
this occurs in the spousal subsystem, and is often the reason for poor child outcomes after a divorse
McClelland's "Achieving Society"
to measure need for achievement on a societal level, mclelland sampled books between 1920s and 50s and looked for themes of achievement. also looked at productivity during that time and found a strong correlation between achievement themes in books and productivity of the society
what is a peer
two or more persons who are operating at similar levels of behavioral complexity -- social equals
what is a family????
two or more persons, related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice who have emotional ties and responsibilities to each other
atkinson's achievement theory
two variables to help predict whether or not a person is motivated to achieve: value and expectancy for success. value: perceived value of attaining a particular goal expectancy for success: expectation of succeeding or failing at a particular task strength of motivation = value x expectancy for success
what is computer assisted instruction?
use of computers to teach new concepts and practice academic skills
behavioral attributes of aggressive-rejected children
use of physical or relational aggression towards peers, interpret hostility in others' behaviors, overestimate social standing, highest risk of remaining rejected over time
social learning hypothesis of tv violence and children's aggression
watching violent tv increases aggressive impulses because it causes emotional arousal, they see aggressive models, and watching violent tv reduces inhibitions about aggression
