Psy200 Final Exsam
Know what hyperphagic means
it continues to eat until it has about doubled its normal weight. Then it will level off its eating rate and maintain the higher weight. It is as if the set point of the stop-eating center has been raised to a higher level
Know what and how emotional intelligence is defined
social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence, just as academic skills are; Emotional intelligence resembles two of Gardner's "intelligences"—intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills (including insight into the feelings of other people). It also involves self-insight and self-control—the abilities to recognize and regulate one's moods
What does the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale reflect
The Binet-Simon scale yielded a score called a mental age (MA). The MA shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning. For example, a child with an MA of 6 is functioning intellectually like the average six-year-old. In taking the test, children earned "months" of credit for each correct answer. Their MA was determined by adding up the years and months of credit they attained.
What is self-actualization
The humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow—whose hierarchy of needs we described in Chapter 8—argued that people also have a conscious need for self-actualization, or to become all that they can be.
What are inner concern hassles
being socially isolated, lonely
Know what the study in Louisville, KY found concerning the influence of intelligence on intelligence.
A classic study of 500 pairs of MZ (identical) and DZ (fraternal) twins in Louisville, Kentucky found that the correlations in IQ scores for MZ twins were higher than those for DZ twins. The correlations in IQ scores between DZ twin pairs were the same as those between other siblings. The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study examined the intellectual abilities of 200 fourteen-month-old pairs of twins. The study found that MZ twins were more similar than DZ twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension. In sum, studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is between 40% and 60%. In other words, about half of the difference between your IQ score and the IQ scores of other people can be explained by heredity. Note, too, that genetic pairs (e.g., MZ twins) who were reared together show higher correlations in their IQ scores than similar genetic pairs (e.g., other MZ twins) who were reared apart. This finding holds for DZ twins, siblings, parents and their children, and unrelated people. Being reared together is, therefore, related with similarities in IQ. For this reason, the same group of studies used to demonstrate a role for the heritability of IQ scores also suggests that the environment plays a role in determining IQ scores.
Identify and understand scaffolding
A scaffold is a temporary skeletal structure that enables workers to fabricate a building, bridge, or other, more permanent, structure. Cognitive scaffolding refers to the temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to a child who is learning to perform a task. The amount of guidance decreases as the child becomes more skilled and self-sufficient. In Vygotsky's theory, teachers and parents provide children with problem-solving methods that serve as cognitive scaffolding while the child gains the ability to function independently.
Identify and understand anorexia nervosa
a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image; Anorexia nervosa is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of being too heavy, dramatic weight loss, a distorted body image, and resistance to eating enough to reach or maintain a healthful weight.
Know and define bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa entails repeated cycles of binge eating and purging. Like anorexia, it tends to afflict women during adolescence and young adulthood. Binge eating often follows on the heels of food restriction—as in dieting. There are various methods of purging. Some people vomit. Other avenues include strict dieting or fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in demanding, prolonged exercise regimens. Individuals with eating disorders tend to be perfectionists about their bodies. They will not settle for less than their idealized body shape and weight. Bulimia, like anorexia, triggers hormonal imbalances: many women with bulimia nervosa have irregular menstrual cycles. Eating disorders are upsetting and dangerous in themselves, of course, but they are also often connected with deep depression.
What is analytical intelligence
Analytical intelligence can be defined as academic ability. It enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge. It is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests. Problem-solving skills include encoding information, combining and comparing bits of information, and generating a solution.
What theory does observational learning come from
Bandura's social learning theory
What does Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory - analytical psychology emphasize?
Carl Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist who had been a member of Freud's inner circle. He fell into disfavor with Freud when he developed his own psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology. In contrast to Freud, Jung downplayed the importance of sex, which he saw as just one of several important instincts. Jung, like Freud, was intrigued by unconscious processes. He believed that we not only have a personal unconscious that contains repressed memories and impulses, but also a collective unconscious containing primitive images, or archetypes, that reflect the history of our species. Examples of archetypes are the all-powerful God, the young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, the wise old man, the hostile brother—even fairy godmothers, wicked witches, and themes of rebirth or resurrection. Archetypes themselves remain unconscious, but Jung believed they affect our thoughts and feelings and cause us to respond to cultural themes in the media.
Know what sequences children's motor skills develop in
Children go through a sequence that includes rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running. The ages at which infants first engage in these activities vary, but the sequence generally remains the same
Know characteristics of psychological hardy people
Commitment. Psychologically hardy executives tended to involve themselves in, rather than feel alienated from, what they were doing or encountering. Challenge. Psychologically hardy executives believed that change, rather than stability, is normal in life. They appraised change as an interesting incentive to personal growth, not a threat to security. Control. Psychologically hardy executives were high in perceived control over their lives. Psychologically hardy people tend to have what psychologist Julian B. Rotter (1990) termed an internal locus of control.
Know what humanistic-existential theorist state
Humanistic-existential theories have tremendous appeal for college students because of their focus on the importance of personal experience. We tend to treasure our conscious experiences (our "selves"). For most nonhumans, to live is to move, to process food, to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, and to reproduce. But for humans, an essential aspect of life is conscious experience—the sense of oneself as progressing through space and time.
What is claustrophobia
fear of tight, small places
What is internal local of control
Control. Psychologically hardy executives were high in perceived control over their lives. Psychologically hardy people tend to have what psychologist Julian B. Rotter (1990) termed an internal locus of control. Psychologically hardy people may be more resistant to stress because they choose to face it (Maddi et al., 2009). They also interpret stress as making life more interesting. For example, they see a conference with a supervisor as an opportunity to persuade the supervisor rather than as a risk to their position.
what are corticosteroids and their relationships to stress
Corticosteroids help protect the body by combating allergic reactions (e.g., difficulty in breathing) and reducing inflammation. (However, corticosteroids can be harmful to the cardiovascular system, which is one reason that chronic stress can impair one's health and why athletes who use steroids to build muscle mass can experience cardiovascular problems.) Inflammation increases circulation to parts of the body that are injured. It ferries in hordes of white blood cells to fend off invading pathogens.
Know and recognize daily hassles
Daily hassles are regularly occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, including our sex lives (Hamilton & Julian, 2014; Sladek et al., 2016). Lazarus and his colleagues (1985) noted the following hassles: Household hassles: preparing meals, shopping, and home maintenance Health hassles: illness, obtaining medical treatment, and side effects of medication Time-pressure hassles: having too many things to do and not enough time Inner concern hassles: being socially isolated, lonely Environmental hassles: crime, weather, noise, and pollution Financial responsibility hassles: not affording things, and owing money Work hassles: job dissatisfaction and problems with coworkers Security hassles: job security, terrorism, investments, and retirement
Know what part of the body do we get satiety from
In considering the bodily mechanisms that regulate hunger, let's begin with the mouth, where we get signals of satiety that regulate our eating. We also get signals of satiety from the digestive tract, although it takes longer for these signals to reach the brain. Therefore, if we did not receive signals of satiety from chewing and swallowing, we might eat for a long time after we had taken in enough food.
Understand the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual development and what could happen if a person gets fixated
During the first year of life, a child experiences much of her or his world through the mouth. If it fits, into the mouth it goes. This is the oral stage. Freud argued that oral activities, such as sucking and biting, give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment. Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development. During the oral stage, conflict centers on the nature and extent of oral gratification. Early weaning (cessation of breastfeeding) can lead to frustration. Excessive gratification, on the other hand, can lead an infant to expect that it will routinely obtain anything it wants. Insufficient or excessive gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage. Oral traits include dependency, gullibility, and excessive optimism or pessimism (depending on the child's experiences with gratification). Freud theorized that adults with an oral fixation could experience exaggerated desires for "oral activities," such as smoking, overeating, alcohol abuse, and nail biting. Like the infant whose survival depends on the mercy of an adult, adults with oral fixations may desire clinging, dependent relationships.
Know the difference between fat and muscle tissues and how it is related to metabolism
Fatty tissue in the body also metabolizes (burns) food more slowly than muscle does. For this reason, a person with a high fat-to-muscle ratio metabolizes food more slowly than a person of the same weight with more muscle (Aksoy et al., 2018). That is, two people of the same weight may metabolize food at different rates, depending on their distribution of muscle and fat. Meanwhile, the normal distribution of fat cells is different for men and women. The average man is 40% muscle and 15% fat. The average woman is 23% muscle and 25% fat. If a man and a woman with typical distributions of muscle and fat are of equal weight, therefore, the woman—who has more fat cells—must eat less to maintain that weight.
What is object permanence
For most infants younger than six months, objects are not yet represented mentally. For this reason, as you can see in Figure 9.4, a child makes no effort to search for an object that has been removed or placed behind a screen. By the age of 8 to 12 months, however, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and attempt to find them. In this way, they show what is known as object permanence, thereby making it possible to play peekaboo
Know the theory of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development
Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development, even among children. He believed that sexual feelings are closely linked to children's basic ways of relating to the world, such as nursing and moving their bowels. Section 10-1
Identify stressors according to Albert Ellis
In rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them. Moreover, many of us harbor a number of irrational beliefs that can give rise to problems or magnify their impact. Two of the most important ones are the belief that we must have the love and approval of people who are important to us, and the belief that we must prove ourselves to be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving. According to Ellis, we need less misery and less blaming in our lives, and more action.
What is dissociative disorder
In the dissociative disorders, mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity—the processes that make a person feel whole—may seem to be split off from one another. The DSM lists several dissociative disorders. Among them are dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization disorder.
How do people living in an individualistic society define themselves
Individualists tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals. When asked to complete the statement "I am ...," they are likely to respond in terms of their personality traits ("I am outgoing," "I am artistic") or their occupations ("I am a nurse," "I am a systems analyst"
What is body dysmorphic disorder
Other related disorders include body dysmorphic disorder, in which the individual is preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling; and compulsive skin-picking.
How is depression and low self esteem connected
People who remain depressed have lower self-esteem, are less likely to be able to solve social problems, and have less social support
Understand characteristics of type a and b personalities
People with Type A personality traits are aggressive, ambitious, controlling, highly competitive, preoccupied with status, workaholics, hostile, and lack patience. People with Type B personality traits are relaxed, less stressed, flexible, emotional and expressive, and have a laid-back attitude.
Know both positive and negative systems of schizophrenia
People with schizophrenia may have positive symptoms, negative symptoms, or both. Positive symptoms are the inappropriate kinds of behavior we find in afflicted people, including, for example, agitated behavior, vivid hallucinations, unshakable delusions, disorganized thinking, and nonsensical speech. Negative symptoms are those that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior. We see them in flat, emotionless voices, blank faces, rigid, motionless bodies, and mutism
Know examples of psychological needs
Psychological needs include needs for achievement, power, self-esteem, social approval, and belonging. Psychological needs are not necessarily based on states of deprivation. A person with a need for achievement may already have a history of successful achievements. Because people's biological makeups are similar, we share similar physiological needs. But because we are influenced by our cultural settings, our needs may be expressed in different ways. We all need food, but some prefer a vegetarian diet whereas others prefer meat. Because learning enters into psychological needs, they can differ markedly from one person to another.
How is humor related to stress
Research suggests that humor can moderate the effects of stress
Be able to identify an example of acculturation and immigrants in the US
Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants. Those patterns take various forms. Some immigrants are completely assimilated by the dominant culture. They lose the language and customs of their country of origin and identify with the dominant culture in the new host country. Others maintain almost complete separation. They retain the language and customs of their country of origin and never acclimate to those of the new country. Still others become bicultural. They remain fluent in the language of their country of origin but also become conversant in the language of their new country. They blend the customs and values of both cultures. They can switch "mental gears"; they apply the values of one culture under some circumstances and apply the values of the other culture under others. Perhaps they relate to other people in one way at work or in school, and in another way at home or in the neighborhood. Research evidence suggests that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds have relatively higher self-esteem than those who do. On the other hand, Latin American and Asian American immigrants who are more proficient in English are less likely to be anxious and depressed as they navigate within their new culture.
What is the function of the super-ego according to Freud
The superego develops as the child incorporates the moral standards and values of parents and other members of the community. The child does so through identification, by trying to become like these people. The superego functions according to the moral principle. It holds up shining models of an ideal self and monitors the intentions of the ego, handing out judgments of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame when the verdict is negative. Freud believed that a healthy personality has found ways to gratify most of the id's demands without seriously offending the superego. Most of these demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver, or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it.
Know social cognitive theory and its beliefs about behavior
Social cognitive theory was developed by Albert Bandura and other psychologists. In contrast to behaviorism, which focuses on observable behavior and the situations in which behavior occurs, social cognitive theory focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences. Social cognitive theorists differ from behaviorists in that they see people as influencing their environment just as their environment affects them. Social cognitive theorists agree with behaviorists that discussions of human nature should be tied to observable behavior, but they assert that variables within people—person variables—must also be considered if we are to understand people. Situational variables include rewards and punishments. Person variables include knowledge and skills, ways of interpreting experience, expectancies, emotions, and self-regulatory systems and plans
What are biological factors that may lead to mental illness
The diathesis-stress model assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals—diatheses—that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, whereas others do not. The biopsychosocial model explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of (a) biological vulnerabilities; (b) psychological factors such as exposure to stress; and (c) sociocultural factors such as family relationships and cultural beliefs (Lane, 2014). But again, different factors take on different importance among different people. Psychologists today therefore frequently speak of the interaction between the biological nature of the individual and his or her life experiences, or nurture.
According to Freud, what do we know to be true about the ego
The ego begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a child's demands for gratification cannot all be met immediately. The ego stands for reason and good sense, for rational ways of coping with frustration. The ego is guided by the reality principle. It curbs the appetites of the id and seeks ways to find gratification yet avoid social disapproval. The id informs you that you are hungry, but the ego decides to microwave enchiladas. The ego takes into account what is practical along with what is urged by the id. The ego also provides the conscious sense of self. Although most of the ego is conscious, some of its business is carried out unconsciously. For example, the ego also acts as a censor that screens the impulses of the id. When the ego senses that improper impulses are rising into awareness, it may use psychological defenses to prevent them from surfacing. Repression is one such psychological defense, or defense mechanism.
Know how one's environment affects intelligence
The home environment and styles of parenting also affect IQ scores. Children of parents who are emotionally and verbally responsive, furnish appropriate play materials, are involved with their children, encourage independence, and provide varied daily experiences obtain higher IQ scores later on. Organization and safety in the home have also been linked to higher IQs and achievement test scores. Other studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to IQ scores and academic achievement. For example, Victoria Molfese and her colleagues found that the home environment was the single most important predictor of scores on IQ tests among children aged three to eight.
Know how Carl Rogers defined self
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) wrote that people shape themselves through free choice and action. Rogers defined the self as the center of experience. Your self is your ongoing sense of who and what you are, your sense of how and why you react to the environment and how you choose to act on the environment. Your choices are made on the basis of your values, and your values are also part of your self. Rogers's self theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. Two of his major concerns are the self-concept and self-esteem.
How does the immune system combat disease
The immune system combats disease in several ways (Iwasaki & Medzhitov, 2010). One way is the production of white blood cells, which engulf and kill pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and worn-out and cancerous body cells. The technical term for white blood cells is leukocytes. They engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells. Leukocytes recognize foreign substances, or antigens, by their shapes. The body reacts to antigens by generating specialized proteins, or antibodies. Antibodies attach themselves to the antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction. The immune system "remembers" how to battle antigens by maintaining their antibodies in the bloodstream, often for years. Inflammation is another function of the immune system. When injury occurs, blood vessels in the area first contract (to stem bleeding) and then dilate. Dilation increases the flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the damaged area, causing the redness, swelling, and warmth that characterize inflammation. The increased blood supply also floods the region with white blood cells to combat invading microscopic life-forms such as bacteria, which otherwise might use the local damage as a port of entry into the body.
What is preoperational stage
The preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them. But be warned—any resemblance between the logic of children between the ages of two and seven and your own logic may be coincidental. Children may use the same words as adults, but this does not mean their views of the world are the same. Preoperational children tend to think one-dimensionally—to focus on one aspect of a problem or situation at a time
Know what heuristics is and problem solving
The shortcuts are called heuristics, or heuristic devices—rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems. Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.
What does Skinner believe to effect behavior
This proclamation underscores the behaviorist view that personality is plastic—that situational or environmental influences, not internal, individual variables, are the key shapers of personality. In contrast to the psychoanalysts and structuralists of his day, Watson argued that unseen, undetectable mental structures must be rejected in favor of that which can be seen and measured. In the 1930s, Watson's battle flag was carried onward by B. F. Skinner, who agreed that psychologists should avoid trying to see into the "black box" of the organism and instead emphasize the effects of reinforcements on behavior. The views of Watson and Skinner largely ignored the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction. Most of us assume that our wants originate within us. Watson and Skinner suggested that environmental influences such as parental approval and social customs shape us into wanting certain things and not wanting others.
Define hypothalamus
a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion
What is a aphagic
characterized by under-eating
What is general anxiety disorder
feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration