PSY230 Final Exam (Ch 7, 9, 11)
intimacy and commitment/decision
(COMPANIONATE LOVE) example: best friend sexual arousal slows down
intimacy, passion, and commitment/decision
(CONSUMATE LOVE) example: the goal
commitment/decision only
(EMPTY LOVE) two people stay together unhappily (no longer in love) example: for kids
passion and commitment/decision
(FATUOUS LOVE) example: friends with benefits/no strings attached
passion only
(INFATUATION) crush/one sided/extreme; stalking
intimacy only
(LIKING) friends/acquantances
intimacy and passion
(ROMANTIC LOVE) beginning of relationship
good mood effect
egoistic affect state that means you'll be more likely to help someone if you're in a good mood example: feel-good do-good phenomenon
romantic love
1. initial attraction 2. build-up 3. continuation 4. deterioration 5. end
social comparison theory
Festinger (1954) suggested that people compare themselves to others because, for many domains and attributes, there is no objective yardstick with which to evaluate the self, so we compare ourselves to others to gain this information
need for affiliation
The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships example: wanting to be with boyfriend/girlfriend but also alone time (based on preference)
matching hypothesis
The idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive romantic partners, we generally focus on obtaining ones whose physical beauty is about the same as our own
diffusion of responsibility
a principle suggesting that the greater the number of witnesses to an emergency the less likely victims are to receive help. This is because each bystander assumes that someone else will do it
kinship selection
a theory suggesting that a key goal for all organisms—including human beings—is getting our genes into the next generation; one way in which individuals can reach this goal is by helping others who share their genes
competitive altruism
another egoistic tactic more willing to help others if it boosts one's reputation example: people who donate to a college will get a building named after them
mirror neurons
brain areas that are more active when we witness someone feeling pain
Zajonc
came up with a model of how to tell if it was social facilitation, social inhibition, or neither drive theory
empathic concern
caring about the welfare of another person
end
death of relationship 5 stages of grief: 1. denial: "i can't believe this happened" 2. anger: "who do they think they are" 3. bargaining: "maybe they need some time" 4. depression: "i want them. i'm sad" 5. acceptance: "okay i guess this is it"
initial attraction
first stage in Levinger's stages for romantic love limerence: lasts about 6 months to 1 year (most last less than one year; when you feel butterflies)
Floyd Allport (1924)
founded the area of social psychology came up with the name of Norm Triplett's experiment and called it social facilitation
deterioration
fourth stage in Levinger's stages for romantic love cost-benefit analysis done if saving relationship works then go back to continuation stage
antecedent conditions
happens because of group think 1. group is highly cohesive 2. insulation of group 3. lack methodical procedures for search and appraisal 4. directive leadership 5. high stress with little hope to find better solutions that what the group has
symptoms (of group think)
happens because of group think 1. illusion of invulnerability (feel like they can't be wrong) 2. stereotyping of out-group members as "evil"/"wrong" 3. collective rationlization 4. belief in inherent morality of the group (superiority) 5. direct pressures on dissenters to conform 6. self sensorship to occur (pressure to be quiet) 7. illusion of unanimity 8. self appointed "mind-guards"
consequences (of group think)
happens because of group think 1. incomplete survey of alternatives 2. incomplete survey of objectives (why are we doing this?) 3. failure to examine risks of the decisions/choice 4. poor information search (devalue new information learned) 5. selective bias in processing of information 6. failure to reappraise alternatives 7. failure to work out contingency
defensive helping
help given to members of outgroups to reduce the threat they pose to the status or distinctiveness of one's own ingroup example: helping out not by empathy but rather the outgroup feeling as though they rely on you
proximity (propinquity)
in attraction research, the physical closeness between two individuals with respect to where they live, where they sit in a classroom, where they work, and so on. The smaller the physical distance, the greater the probability that the two people will come into repeated contact experiencing repeated exposure to one another, positive affect, and the development of mutual attraction
Sternberg's triangular model of love
intimacy: communication passion: (sexual) arousal commitment/decision: the title of being together
reciprocal liking
more likely to like people that like you
similarity of attributes
more likely to like someone who has the same personality as you
Norm Triplett (1890)
noticed that when cyclists raced against the clock, they raced slower than when they raced against other cyclists performance was better when competing against someone else
cost renewal model
people in an aroused state help when helping is the most cost effective way to get rid of their arousal
build-up
second stage in Levinger's stages for romantic love self-disclosure: 1. descriptive: when you tell facts 2. evaluative: when you express emotions and feelings about things eventually leads to reciprocal self-disclosure measuring on the cost-benefit analysis scale
emotional empathy
sharing those same feelings with another person
(regarding personality)
tend to be more attracted to narcissists at first but over time we begin to dislike/hate them
socially astuteness
tend to like people high in social perception
interpersonal influence
tend to like people who are in control (very persuasive)
social adaptability
tend to like people who can change based on social atmosphere
social loafing
tendency to exert less energy when in a group example: if someone is being told they are being watched, they will stay the same level as before example: they found that when Lennon and McCarthey first wrote songs together then they were more likely to become hits then later in their carriers
repeated exposure effect
the more often we are exposed to a new stimulus—a new person, a new idea—a new product—the more favorable our evaluation of it tends to become
social facilitation
the presence of others increases arousal and this, in turn, strengthens the tendency to perform dominant responses.
negative-state relief model
the proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystander's desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions or feelings example: getting a bad grade
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the suggestion that some prosocial acts are motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need example: just a good person
empathic joy hypothesis
the view that helpers respond to the needs of a victim because they want to accomplish something, and doing so is rewarding in and of itself example: someone opening a gift you bought them and seeing them smile was worth it
need to commisurate
when going to do something painful or harder you are more likely to talk to others because of anxiety
social inhibition
when its a difficult task then performance was hurt
continuation
third stage in Levinger's stages for romantic love emotions are not as evident/realized successful couples vs unsuccessful couples the end of stages for relationships that stay together
empathic accuracy
understand the feelings of another person
cost-benefit anlaysis
what is gained from this relationship? 1. malignant inequality: not balanced, when lover has more benefits compared to you; you are upset 2. benign inequality: when you have more benefits compared to your lover; you feel guilty; you start to sacrifice to make it balanced
bystander effect
when there is a large group then not a lot of people likely to help when there is a small group then more people are likely to help
