Psy394 practice test 1
attend a conference
To get the most up-to-date information on research being conducted in an area of psychology one should
naturalistic observations
Videotaping individuals at work to look for off-task behaviors is an example of which observation technique?
data-driven; theory-driven
A ______________ hypothesis is based on the results of previous related studies, whereas a ____________ hypothesis is based on an existing idea about a topic or behavior of interest.
scatterplot graph
A graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals is called a
a detailed review of past research in a topic area
A literature review is
inter-rater reliability
A measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways is called
basic
A psychologist investigating the research question "How much information can we store in short-term memory?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
applied
A psychologist investigating the research question "What type of work environment increases productivity of employees?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
basic
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which neurotransmitters affect depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
applied
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
negative
A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in the other variable.
confirmation bias
A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that support her or his views on the issue. This is an example of
the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of the study
External validity is
applied; basic
External validity is typically more important for ________ research than for _________ research.
ERIC
If you are conducting a literature review on topics such as standardized testing, you may want to search for articles in
authority
Relying on the works of Plato and Aristotle for knowledge about the world is an example of what way of knowing?
should be important for understanding behavior in a particular area
Research questions for psychological studies
quantitative; qualitative
Responses to closed-ended survey questions are considered __________ data, whereas the responses to open ended questions are considered ______________ data.
internal
Ruling out alternative explanations for results increases the _________ validity.
confirmation bias
Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs is
case study
Studies of the amnesiac H.M. used the ___________ research design.
a laboratory setting
Systematic observations are often collected in
survey research
The Beck Anxiety Inventory is an example of
discussion
The _________ section typically compares the results of a study to the predictions and results of previous studies.
PubMed
The best database to use to find journal articles in the area of physiological psychology is
phenomena have observable causes
The determinism canon of the scientific method states that
observations
The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from
the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct
The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that
the observations are considered self-reports
The primary disadvantage of using surveys to collect data is that
observation
The scientific method involves gaining new knowledge through
explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect
The testability canon of the scientific method states that
causal
"Does lack of sleep cause depression?" is an example of a ________ research question.
authority
"I want to know what my pancreas does. I know that my pancreas produces hormones important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me." is an example of
causal
"Is anxiety in college students caused by a lack of confidence in their abilities?" is an example of a ________ research question.
cognitive
"What types of memory decline as people age?" is a research question from what area of psychological research?
survey observations
Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occurs in their daily lives is an example of which observation technique?
survey
Asking individuals to respond to questions or rate items according to their attitudes or behaviors uses the __________ observation technique.
first
Choosing a research question is the ________ step in the research process.
negative
A ________ relationship indicates that as values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable decrease.
less reliable sources of information
Articles that have not been peer reviewed are typically
descriptive research question
A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a
third-variable
A researcher discovers that the number of ice-cream sales in her town correlate closely with the number of pool drowinings. She thinks that her data may not tell all of the story, and suspects that she is facing a ________________ problem.
confirmation bias
A researcher has been working to develop a new drug for schizophrenia, and believes he is on the cusp of a groundbreaking discovery. Of the four trials he conducted, two of them suggested that the drug more effective than the placebo, and the other suggested it was not. The researcher decides that the null findings were most likely a result of experimenter error, and concludes that, overall, the drug is effective. The researcher may have fallen prey to the
correlational
A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___________ research design.
basic research
A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree of
internal validity
A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree of
design, materials, and procedure
An introduction section contains all but which
basic
Applications of __________ research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted.
intuition
Deciding it must be raining because you felt it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing?
deduction
Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of which method of knowing?
observation
Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example of which method of knowing?
few resources are needed
Disadvantages of using archival data include all but which
basic
Early neuroscientists (e.g., Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Meyers, 2007) conducted _______ research studies to understand how neurons function.
inductive
In her social psychology course, Kelly heard that asking for a large and unreasonable favorbefore asking for what she wants could make her request more persuasive; she decides to ask her mother to use the car all weekend instead of a few hours on Saturday, and she thinks her mother will be more likely to let her use the car if she does this. Kelly is using a larger theory to guide her preditions and decisions, a process called ___________ reasoning.
results
In what section of a published journal article will you find graphs or tables of the summary data?
inter-observer
Inter-rater reliability is also known as
applied
Knowledge gained in ________ studies can also help basic researchers refine their theories about how behavior works.
systematic observations
Measuring how quickly individuals can perform a scrambled sentence task is an example of which observation technique?
quantitative data
Numerical data is considered to be
the theories are difficult to falsify
One reason that Freud's theories of personality have not been more influential in the field of psychology is that
social desirability
Participants who want to portray themselves more positively to the researcher and intentionally respond in a way that achieves that goal biases the results of a survey and is called
an article is sent out to several reviewers who are experts on the general topic of the article
Peer review is a process where
are considered secondary sources for research information
Popular magazine articles
deductive
Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe and all dogs are mammals is an example of __________ reasoning.
inductive
Predicting that all dogs can run because one was dog was seen running is an example of ___________ reasoning.
parsimony
What helps scientists test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a study that might falsify a simple explanation than to develop a study that might falsify a more complex explanation?
a closed-ended response scale
When surveys are used, participants are often asked to use a response scale (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 7) or response category (e.g., often, sometimes, not very often, never) that matches how they feel about a behavior or how likely they are to exhibit the behavior. This is called
Methods
Which major section of an APA-Style article is most likely to include demographic and other characteristics of the participants/sample?
book title
Which of the following cannot be used to conduct a search in PsycINFO?
People eat apples because they feel and become healthier when they do.
Which of the following is the best example of a theory?
abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion
Which of the following lists sections of an APA style article in the correct order of appearance in the article?
method
Which section of an APA style article should provide enough information about the way the study was conducted to allow researchers to replicate the study if they wish?
Review article
Which type of research article typically summarize the methods and results from a specific area of study?
basic; applied
While ______ research tests the fundamental causes of behavior, ________ research tests those findings in everyday life.
Galileo
Who was an influential scientist who used observations to understand the world?