Psyc 110 Final

Estrogens are present only in females. True or False

False

Organizing effects of hormones usually occur early in development. True or False

TRUE

Estrogen production by the ovary causes the male Wolffian system to degenerate in females. True or False

True

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal a female in its external anatomy. True or False

True

Insulin converts ......................to .......................... a. Glucose, glycogen b. Glycogen, glucose c. Glucagons, glycogen d. Glycerol, glycogen

a. Glucose, glycogen

NPY will a. Increase feeding b. Decrease feeding c. have no effect on feeding

a. Increase feeding

One mechanism through which homeostasis is accomplished is a. Negative Feedback b. Monism c. Rate code d. Population code

a. Negative Feedback

The chemical released by the lateral hypothalamus to stimulate arousal is a. Orexin b. Leptin c. Cortisol d. Acetylcholine

a. Orexin

Constantly high levels of ghrelin will cause................ a. Over-eating b. Lack of hunger

a. Over-eating

CCK limits meal size. a. True b. False

a. True

High level of Vasopressin will result in highly concentrated urine a. True b. False

a. True

In the dark, bipolar cells are typically hyperpolarized. a. True b. False

a. True

In the rodent brain, testosterone is aromatized into estradiol. a. True b. False

a. True

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal a female in its external anatomy. a. True b. False

a. True

Neurons in the primary visual cortex respond better to narrow bars of light of certain orientation than spots of light a. True b. False

a. True

Neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are rhythmically active a. True b. False

a. True

Set points can change over time. a. True b. False

a. True

The receptive field of a visual neuron is a location in the visual field. a. True b. False

a. True

Cells located within the "blobs" of striate cortex play a key role in a. color vision. b. depth perception. c. line orientation. d. analyzing retinal disparity. e. pattern discrimination.

a. color vision.

An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone. You would expect that rodent to display a. female sexual behaviors. b. male sexual behaviors. c. signs of behavioral depression. d. defeminization. e. a tendency to be timid in social situations.

a. female sexual behaviors.

Parts of the hypothalamus can generate a cyclic pattern of hormone release in: a. females only. b. males only. c. females and males. d. females during childhood and males during adolescence.

a. females only.

Some set points may vary considerably over time in order to respond to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as: a. homeostasis. b. allostasis. c. negative feedback. d. homeothermic.

a. homeostasis.

A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to other organs throughout the body. a. hormone b. neurotransmitter c. neuromodulator d. endocrine

a. hormone

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep: a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep. b. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep. c. is characterized by declining body temperature. d. has more slow wave sleep.

a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep.

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is: a. larger in males than in females. b. larger in females than in males. c. present in males, absent in females. d. present in females, absent in males.

a. larger in males than in females.

If the extracellular fluid becomes hyperosmotic relative to the intracellular fluid, water will a. leave the cell b. enter the cell c. water will neither leave nor enter the cell

a. leave the cell

. Impairment of oxytocin secretion in a ______ would be expected to ________. a. male; reduce ejaculatory force b. female; permanently lower the voice c. male; produce hair loss d. male; reduce sexual refractory periods e . female; increase sexual desire

a. male; reduce ejaculatory force

Sexual behavior in a female rodent would by reduced or prevented by a. ovariectomy. b. targeted mutations of androgen eceptors. c. targeted mutations (deletions) of aldosteronereceptors. d. damage to the medial preoptic hypothalamus

a. ovariectomy.

Retinotopy refers to a a. place code of visual space b. time code of receptive field c. type of neurotransmitter in the retina d. time code of color

a. place code of visual space

Menstruation is triggered by a. reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum. b. implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus. c. androgens from the adrenal cortex. d. estrogens from the adrenal cortex. e. increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.

a. reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Greater neural activity in the VLPO compared to the Raphe nucleus will tilt the sleep-wake cycle towards a. sleep b. wake c. no effect

a. sleep

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will: a. still develop into a male. b. still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female. c. develop into something intermediate between female and male. d. develop into a female.

a. still develop into a male

Melatonin is high during a. the night b. mid-day c. early morning d. constant throughout the day/night cycle

a. the night

Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water? a. vasopressin b. prolactin c. thymosin d. ACTH

a. vasopressin

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans? a. well before birth b. shortly before and after birth c. during childhood d. during adolescence

a. well before birth

Which hormones are likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females? a. peptide hormones b. Androgens c. Progesterones d. Estrogens

b. Androgens

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens? a. Only males have androgens. b. Both sexes have both types of hormones. c. They are produced by the pituitary. d. They have opposite effects in males and females.

b. Both sexes have both types of hormones.

Lesioning the lateral hypothalamus a. Has no effect on feeding b. Causes a loss of appetite c. Increases the amount of food consumed d. Increases the frequency of eating

b. Causes a loss of appetite

Angiontensin II causes a. Relaxation of blood vessels b. Constriction of blood vessels c. Release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone d. Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

b. Constriction of blood vessels

. Insulin released onto the arcuate nucleus of the brain will cause ..................of the paraventricular nucleus and .....................feeding behavior a. Excitation, decreased b. Excitation, increased c. Inhibition, decreased d. Inhibition, increased

b. Excitation, increased

NPY causes increased feeding by a. Inhibiting neurons in the arcuate nucleus b. Exciting neurons in the lateral hypothalamus c. Inhibiting neurons in the paraventricular nucleus d. Inhibiting the secretion of CCK.

b. Exciting neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

A high salt diet will cause osmotic thirst by causing water to enter the cells and explode. a. True b. False

b. False

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system connect to the ciliary muscles to control lens shape. a. True b. False

b. False

Cones in a human eye far outnumber the rods. a. True b. False

b. False

Each eye is only connected to the contralateral (opposite) occipital cortex a. True b. False

b. False

High levels of Leptin causes increased inhibition of satiety-motive cells of the arcuate nucleus. This results in increased feeding behavior. a. True b. False

b. False

Neurons in the parahippocampal place area are involved in face processing a. True b. False

b. False

Orexin inhibits appetite. a. True b. False

b. False

The primary source of fuel in the brain is both glucose and fatty acids. a. True b. False

b. False

The retinal ganglion cells projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus are photosensitive. True False

b. False

The ventral visual stream is involved in motion processing a. True b. False

b. False

Inhibition of a red-green opponent type of ganglion cell will signal a. Red b. Green c. Yellow d. Blue

b. Green

If blood glucose levels come down but not insulin levels, the person will likely a. Over-eat and become obese b. Not feel hungry and lose weight

b. Not feel hungry and lose weight

A sensitive period is: a. any time in an organism's life when it is sensitive to hormones released by the sexually dimorphic nucleus. b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect. c. an early period when a hormone has an intense, but brief, effect. d. a period of time, usually once a month, when hormones are released.

b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect.

A pheromone is a a. chemical located on the tongue that detects sugar. b. chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species. c. hormone released from the gut after the ingestion of fat. d. substance used to disinfect surgical instruments. e . type of enzyme that deactivates cyclic nucleotides.

b. chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species.

Which of the following characteristics is most likely under the control of sex-limited genes? a. beard growth in males more then females b. color vision deficiency c. hemophilia d. eye color

b. color vision deficiency

A hormone is a chemical that is: a. secreted by a gland to the outside world. b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences. c. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers. d. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron.

b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences.

In general, when do hormones produce "organizing effects"? a. whenever the levels of some other hormone have decreased b. during early stages in development c. during adulthood d. temporarily at any time in life

b. during early stages in development

High levels of period and timeless proteins will cause an animal to a. wake up b. fall asleep c. no effect on sleep/wake cycles

b. fall asleep

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy: a. male. b. female. c. intermediate between male and female. d. fully both male and female.

b. female.

High levels of leptin indicates a. high insulin levels b. high fat levels c. low fat levels d. low insulin levels

b. high fat levels

Retinal ganglion cells that provide input to the SCN produce their own photopigment called: a. retinoic acid. b. melanopsin. c. melatonin. d. per

b. melanopsin.

The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering: a. blood pressure. b. production of proteins. c. action potential velocity.

b. production of proteins.

A microelectrode inserted into a cat retinal ganglion cell of the "ON" cell type would a. show a change in response rate to movement. b. record an excitatory burst of potentials to a light placed within a circular center. c. record a decreased number of potentials to a light placed within a circular center. d. show an increased number of potentials when a light was placed onto a ring surrounding the center.

b. record an excitatory burst of potentials to a light placed within a circular center.

Neurons within "blob" regions a. are insensitive to brightness. b. respond to low spatial frequencies. c. are insensitive to color. d. respond to high spatial frequencies. e .respond to texture gradients.

b. respond to low spatial frequencies.

Another term for the primary visual cortex is a. visuospatial cortex. b. striate cortex. c. optic cortex. d. calcarine cortex. e. superior visual cortex.

b. striate cortex.

What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures? a. the X chromosome b. the sex region Y (SRY) gene c. the sexually dimorphic nucleus

b. the sex region Y (SRY) gene

Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin? a. Oxytocin is released from the adrenal gland during orgasm. b. Oxytocin relaxes smooth muscle. c. Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female. d. Orgasm causes the release of oxytocin only in females. e . Oxytocin release is controlled by the anterior pituitary.

c. Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female.

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the: a. thalamus. b. Wolffian ducts. c. anterior hypothalamus. d. male brain, only.

c. anterior hypothalamus.

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is a. feminization. b. emasculinization. c. behavioral masculinization. d. aromatization. e . behavioral defeminization.

c. behavioral masculinization.

When a photopigment is exposed to light, the pigment a. joins an opsin with a retinal. b. is released from the axon terminal. c. breaks into an opsin and a retinal. d. turns a deep shade of purple. e. undergoes a change in electrical charge.

c. breaks into an opsin and a retinal.

A "Zeitgeber" is a(n): a. biological clock. b. animal that does not have a biological clock. c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock. d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock.

c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock.

Wolffian ducts are found in: a. genetic female fetuses only. b. genetic male fetuses only. c. female and male fetuses early in development. d. female and male fetuses until shortly before birth.

c. female and male fetuses early in development.

What develops from the Mullerian ducts? a. the bladder and urethra b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals c. female reproductive structures d. male reproductive structures

c. female reproductive structures

The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to: a. coordinate several biological clocks. b. feed visual information to the biological clock. c. generate the circadian rhythm. d. generate circannual rhythms.

c. generate the circadian rhythm.

The perceptual attribute of ________ best corresponds to that of the dominant wavelength of light. a. saturation b. brightness c. hue d. threshold e. contrast

c. hue

Caffeine increases arousal by: a. exciting adenosine. b. causing the release of prostaglandins. c. inhibiting adenosine. d. inhibiting the release of prostaglandins.

c. inhibiting adenosine.

All of the following are sexual behaviors displayed by female rodents EXCEPT a. lordosis. b. ear wiggling. c. intromission. d. rapid hopping movements. e. approaching the male.

c. intromission.

Orexin is released by neurons in the a. PVN b. Arcuate nucleus c. lateral hypothalamus d. suprachiasmatic nucleus e. vlPOA

c. lateral hypothalamus

A hormone that promotes the prenatal development of the Wolffian system is said to have a(n) a. defeminizing effect. b. activational effect. c. masculinizing effect. d. feminizing effect. e. nonselective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

c. masculinizing effect.

The hormone which prepares the uterus for pregnancy is: a. testosterone. b. androgen. c. progesterone. d. estradiol.

c. progesterone.

A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to a. exhibit enhanced inter-male aggression. b. attempt to copulate with a female in heat. c. show lordosis to another male. d. attempt to copulate with a nonestrous female.

c. show lordosis to another male.

What defines a homeostatic process? a. the regulation of blood flow b. any process governed by hormones c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range d. reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species

c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range

The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that a. the ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones. b. estradiol and testosterone are released from the hypothalamus. c. the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones. d. LH and FSH are released from the hypothalamus. e. the adrenals release adrenaline.

c. the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

Cholecystokinin release will cause ................ distension of the stomach, thereby signaling a ................ to the meal. a. Slower, start b. Faster, start c. Slower, stop d. Faster, stop

d. Faster, stop

Muscimol is a ........................agonist that can be used to temporarily inactivate specific regions of the brain a. Muscarine b. Nicotine c. Acetylcholine d. GABA e. Dopamine

d. GABA

What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. OVLT and subfornical organ

d. OVLT and subfornical organ

The brain appears produce the most synchronized EEG during the __________ sleep. a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. REM d. Stage 4

d. Stage 4

Two major classes of sex hormones are: a. luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. b. dopamine and serotonin. c. steroids and thyroid hormones. d. androgens and estrogens.

d. androgens and estrogens.

Alternation of 'Tim' protein levels by a pulse of light during the night will: a. shorten the onset of sleep. b. increase 'Per' protein levels. c. phase-advance the temperature cycle. d. decrease sleepiness.

d. decrease sleepiness.

Animal kept in constant darkness a. will not sleep b. will not stop being active c. will have a sleep-wake cycle d. effects will depend on whether it is a nocturnal or diurnal animal

d. effects will depend on whether it is a nocturnal or diurnal animal

What is the cause of osmotic thirst? a. dryness of the throat b. the availability of tasty fluids c. low blood volume d. increased concentration of solutes in the blood

d. increased concentration of solutes in the blood

The key effect of luteinizing hormone is to a. stimulate beard growth. b. guide the implantation of the fertilized ovum. c. impair the growth of ovarian follicles. d. induce ovulation. e. promote the growth of axillary hair.

d. induce ovulation.

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of the a. optic orbits. b. lens. c. sclera. d. pupil. e. conjunctiva.

d. pupil.

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? a. increased probability of dreaming b. facial twitches c. EEG pattern resembling wakefulness d. tense and active postural muscles

d. tense and active postural muscles

A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as a. feminization. b. emasculinization. c. behavioral masculinization. d. aromatization. e . behavioral defeminization.

e . behavioral defeminization.

All of the following are an effect of androgen EXCEPT a. growth of the beard. b. changes in deposition of body fat. c. lowering of the voice. d. the promotion of muscle development. e. altering the hairline of the head.

e. altering the hairline of the head.

The key principle demonstrated by Turner's syndrome is that a. male fetuses produce Müllerian-inhibiting substances. b. female secondary sexual characteristics appear without the ovaries. c. ovaries are necessary for development of the Müllerian system. d. different hormones are required to develop or to suppress the development of the male reproductive organs. e. ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Müllerian system.

e. ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Müllerian system.

The explanation for our "blind spot" in the visual field is that a. the lens cannot focus all of the visual field onto the retina. b. blood vessels collect together and enter the eye at the blind spot. c. rods are less sensitive to light than are cones. d. retinal cells die with age and overuse, resulting in blind spots. e. there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.

e. there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is larger in females than males. True or False

false