PSYC 1301 UTTyler Revel Final Review

Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is after staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n)

state of waking consciousness.

What part of an infant's body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?

stem cells

Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have found

strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed on by genetics.

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections can ultimately affect the brain?

syphilis

According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?

the sinking of the Titanic

The Kinsey report indicates that more than ____________ as many men had intercourse by age 16 as did women.

three times

Which of the following is a way in which HIV can be transmitted?

through exposure to contaminated blood or other body fluids containing contaminated blood

Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most likely to study?

what parts of the brain influence social behavior

Jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night sweats, and shakes uncontrollably. Such a reaction is an example of

withdrawal.

In Hermann Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen?

1 hour

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?

"How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?"

At what age can the typical infant roll over?

2 months

What does AMID stand for?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Dr. Kirby has been meeting with 9-year-old Loren, whose family lost everything in a tornado. In her initial visit, Loren was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. During a 2-month follow-up with Dr. Kirby, Loren is still exhibiting many of the same symptoms. What should Dr. Kirby do?

Dr. Kirby will revise Loren's diagnosis from ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder.

Studies indicate that women from __________________ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry.

Japan

Which of the following people would probably not be a prime candidate for membership in a cult?

Lawrence, who has only a high school diploma but tends to be independent and happy with his life

A deer's inability to quickly respond to the headlights of an approaching car is due to what sensory phenomenon?

Light Adaptation

The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ______ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information.

More

In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur?

N2

Which step in the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description?

Perceiving a Question

Robert has had difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months, and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Robert's endocrine system. What gland will Robert's physician focus on?

Pineal

Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down your most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you tell him?

Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age.

A study purportedly conducted by James Vicary teaches us what about the power of subliminal perception and its effect on advertising?

Subliminal advertising was never supported, since Vicary ultimately admitted that he never truly conducted such a study.

What is a most likely explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?

Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?

True-false

The refractory period is a time during which

a man cannot have another orgasm.

If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as

a situational cause.

In bilateral anterior cingulotomy,

a thin wire electrode is used to destroy a small area of brain tissue.

In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use ____________.

age-group comparison norms

What is the most commonly used and abused depressant?

alcohol

Based on today's science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?

between 22 and 26 weeks

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?

concrete operations

Maria sat down with her daughter, Zoe, and together wrote out a list of things that Zoe was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would face if she did not do them. This is most like which technique?

contingency contracting

The public-service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

direct instruction

Since Dillon's family has a history of obesity, he has __________ of becoming obese compared to people without such a family history.

double or triple the risk

In social learning theory, gender identity results

from observation and imitation.

What part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep?

hypothalamus

The hidden meaning of a dream is the ____________ content, according to Freud.

latent

The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?

learning

Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder?

major depressive disorder

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n)

mechanical solution.

An important component to Carol Dweck's theory of motivation is

one's view of self.

According to Adler, firstborn children with younger siblings tend to be

overachieving.

Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as

preferential looking.

In the Strange Situation, __________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return.

secure

The Müller-Lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one's

Culture.

Anthony's therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Danny's therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery because Danny is allergic to the dentist's painkillers. Patrick's therapist is using hypnosis to help him quit drinking and smoking. Which client has the highest chance for success?

Danny

If Dr. Kelly uses an eclectic approach to her work as a therapist, what specifically is she doing?

Dr. Kelly uses one or a combination of any number of therapeutic treatments depending on the situation.

Leptin is a hormone involved in

appetite control.

Primary sex characteristics

are directly involved in human reproduction.

Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years are most likely due to __________ parenting.

authoritative

The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines

automatic encoding.

The first stage of David Allen's Getting Things Done (GTD) method is _____________ anything and everything that has your attention.

capturing

Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call

anterograde amnesia.

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on

anxiety during childhood.

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called

stimulus discrimination.

Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of

the imaginary audience.

Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior?

the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis

What was the most likely reason that someone would perform an exorcism?

to release evil spirits

The level of weight the body tries to maintain is called the

weight set point.

What is the average age in the United States that menarche typically begins?

12

In Terman's study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems during childhood only occurred in those with IQs of

180 or higher.

In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to your pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber's Law, how many onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much chili with 10 onions?

2

Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

HHeroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals. Heroin is an example of a(n):

Agonist

Gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. Harley can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. All three are tired and not rested upon rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia?

All three suffer from insomnia.

Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kübler-Ross's research, what might you tell him?

Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness.

A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimize fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order the bracelet because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following?

Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true.

Involuntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system.

Autonomic

Studies show that taste preference can typically begin

Before a baby is born.

Which of the following tests came first?

Binet's mental ability test

Which of the following terms refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is?

Brightness

Carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. According to the research, what is the result on Carlos's memory when he deprives himself of sleep the night prior to his exam?

Carlos will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before.

The famous study of Phineas Gage, who survived when a metal rod pierced his skull, is an example of a:

Case Study

Nicole and Camille are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Camille and Nicole rely most upon?

Cerebellum

What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?

Changes in memory begin to occur.

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

Classical conditioning

Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he?

Clinical

Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit from a humanistic therapy?

Cody, who has a hard time putting thoughts and feelings into words in a logical manner

The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a

Cohort Effect

When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient's vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient's

Cornea.

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1 to 2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight-loss program?

Darla is not motivated, nor does she have the desire to begin the program.

In the structure of the neuron, the __________ receives messages from other cells.

Dendrite

A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells her assistant only to share the results anonymously and not include the names of the students along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a:

Double-blind Experiment.

Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have?

Dr. Calvin must let Lisa go and find another participant.

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis focused on

Early Childhood Experiences

Which infant temperament is associated with babies who are very regular in their schedules of sleeping and eating?

Easy

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?

Everything that can be seen at one time.

A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of

Explanation

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Fixed interval

To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Riley must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Riley realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as

Flooding

A child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle. When the child stops, he or she often feels like his or her head is still spinning. What is responsible for this sensation?

Fluid still rotating in the semicircular canals.

Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Brianne wants to find an explanation for the behavior of her lab rats in her study. Which step in the scientific approach is she currently focusing on?

Testing a Hypothesis

A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?

Texting

Your psychology professor refers to this as the great relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to?

Thalamus

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior.

Very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be more at risk for SIDS, or sudden infant death syndrome. Why might these infants have difficulty breathing?

The brain stem is not yet fully mature

If a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must he or she be careful when outside playing?

The child cannot feel pain and can suffer injuries without even knowing it.

Jaime's grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the __________ area of his brain.

Left Frontal

What part of the eye hardens as we age, thus causing many to suffer from presbyopia?

Lens

Double-blind studies control for:

The placebo effect and the experimenter effect.

What is a primary advantage of the social-cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?

The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically.

From experience, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. However, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. What monocular depth cue best explains this?

Motion Parallax

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about, while traditional person-centered therapy does not.

Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins?

One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits.

If Tabitha closes her eyes when she rides in her parents' car, she can still tell that the car is moving. This is due to the movement of tiny crystals in the

Otolith Organs.

In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means

Overt Actions and Reactions.

Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller?

PCP

Which technique of studying the brain involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose?

PET

As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What part of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action?

Parasympathetic

Cade enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of July. He loves watching his sister run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. Which aspect of our visual system best explains this trail of light?

Persistence of Vision

Plateau occurs in

Phase 2

Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?

Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten.

Which gland(s) influence all other glands within the endocrine system?

Pituitary Gland

XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX In viewing the items above, seeing three columns of Xs on the left versus three rows of Xs on the right can be explained by the Gestalt principle of __________.

Proximity

Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a ___________.

Psychiatrist

Josef has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. Which type of sleep will Josef probably require more of?

R

Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of Maria's baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction?

Reticular Formation

Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function?

Right; control of right-handed motor functions

Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling?

Schachter and Singer's theory

You detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This is likely due to

Sensory Adaptation

If Dr. Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is it that she is doing?

She is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients.

Alicia is horrified to hear that her date from last night carries the human immunodeficiency virus. While they did not engage in sex, they did share a quick kiss at the end of the evening, hastened by her phone ringing in her apartment. Besides discussing her concerns with her date should they go out again, what precautions should Alicia take?

She should try not to worry, since kissing has not been proven to be a successful way to transmit HIV, and follow up with her doctor or other health care provider if she has concerns or questions.

Little Karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return from his naval deployment. While the boat is still a way out, her mother says, "There is daddy's boat." Karla is confused. She cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and cover the entire boat. It's safe to assume that Karla does not yet understand

Size Constancy.

Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning

Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. What is another name for somnambulism?

Sleepwalking

Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?

Sociocultural

For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of ___________ or some form of "time-out" can be quite effective.

extinction

Thomas likes to "hang with the guys." These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)

in-group.

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is _______, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______.

involuntary; voluntary

Some research suggests that a man is more likely to be homosexual if he has a lot of

older brothers.

Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ______________ bits of information.

seven

At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The sound of the leash

As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _______________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ____________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.

Thematic Apperception Test; Rorschach

In the stereotypes-and-athletes study, who was the control group?

Those students who completed the survey after the intelligence test.

John has played his music loudly for years. Now, in his 20s, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. What would John probably be diagnosed with?

Tinnitus, which is a nerve-based disorder that has no permanent cure.

Allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. With her past experience to rely upon, Allison will probably use __________ to help her reassemble the puzzle.

Top-down Processing

Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?

Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells.

Jessica suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected?

Vision

Felicia is recovering from a brain injury. She is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friend's birthday party, she said, "I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?" Felicia's problem may be a symptom of

Wernicke's Aphasia

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativity?

While Dr. Gambon knows that his patient, Aki, believes her anxiety has a biological explanation, in learning more about her family of origin, he suspects it has a psychological cause.

If the gonads within an embryo produce testosterone because of the presence of a Y gene on the sex chromosome, then the ____________ will develop and the _________ will deteriorate.

Wolffian ducts; Müllerian ducts

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to

a conditioned taste aversion.

Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call

a false positive.

Ria experienced a sudden attack of intense fear when she was boarding a plane with her friends to fly to Mexico for spring break. Ria's heart raced, she became dizzy, and she was certain she would die in a plane crash if she boarded the plane. Subsequently she did not go on her trip, and the plane arrived safely in Mexico 3 hours later. Ria experienced

a panic attack.

An intersex person is

a person born with ambiguous sexual organs

Dodi is always looking for new hobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, Dodi constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Dodi is high in the need for __________.

achievement

Jasmine often requires her friends' approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) __________ drive.

acquired (secondary)

When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams?

activation-synthesis

Sienna hates to go to restaurants for fear that she will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of

agoraphobia.

Calvin is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he doesn't get his dream job. Furthermore, Calvin believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Calvin explains, "I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn't!" How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process?

all-or-nothing thinking

Individuals with bulimia often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as

all-or-nothing thinking.

LeDoux's work on the physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain?

amygdala

Positive reinforcement results in _______ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in _______ in the target behavior.

an increase; an increase

What is meant by a display rule?

an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a culture

According to Sternberg, "book smarts" is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence?

analytical

Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n)

animus.

Stephan gets a text message from his girlfriend saying that she will have to work overtime tonight. Stephan immediately assumes his girlfriend is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Stephan has engaged in what type of distorted thinking?

arbitrary inference

Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that has been found to have possible __________ foundations for the experience of detachment.

biological

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of

biological preparedness.

Colleen found herself attracted to her psychology instructor. She would frequently go by his office just to be near him. When he didn't respond to her advances, Colleen eventually told him that she had thoughts of killing herself so that he would spend time trying to counsel her. What personality disorder best describes Colleen's thinking and behavior?

borderline personality disorder

Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with

brain structure and function.

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior.

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting-goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using ____________ processing.

central-route

If LaShonda was experiencing a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?

changing her behavior

Jacob believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career. According to self-determination theory, which stage is Jacob still working to complete?

competence

Dr. Hill is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill?

conscientiousness

Cognitive universalism tends to ____________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

contradict

Dissociative amnesia is different from retrograde amnesia because

dissociative amnesia is typically psychological in origin.

Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia in that individuals with binge-eating disorder

do not typically purge the food they eat.

Maria was approached by her neighbor, who asked her to adopt three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?

door-in-the-face

Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter?

dopamine

What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

dopamine

Motivational theories such as _________________ are physical in terms of their needs, while __________ is based on psychological motives.

drive theory; McClelland's need theory

The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the __________ approach.

drive-reduction

Which type of memory system best explains the "What?" phenomenon?

echoic sensory system

What might be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices?

emotional intelligence

Through the use of ____________, a person-centered therapist conveys they are trying to understand the experience of the person they are working with.

empathy

You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln's head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information?

encoding failure

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of ____________ in combating prejudice.

equal-status contact

Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter's theory, her effort is an example of what he calls

expectancy.

Ginger believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)

external locus of control.

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occurred?

extinction

The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of

flashbulb memory.

Rodney has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion in any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as

flat affect.

A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a

formal concept.

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning?

formal operations

Dr. Park has found that her patient, Ye-Jun, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, resulting in a deficiency of a protein needed for brain development. Ye-Jun most likely suffers from

fragile X syndrome.

Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?

free-radical theory

One day at work, Julie's earring fell on the floor, and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Julie reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Julie overcame

functional fixedness

Darla shares with a close friend that she often feels a strong desire to be another gender and that it bothers her so much that she is having problems at work and in her social life. What is the term used to describe this?

gender dysphoria

Annika's mother wants her daughter to grow up to become a mother of a large family. Such an expectation for Annika might be seen as an example of her

gender role.

Jennifer's aunt tries to explain that running around with boys on the playground isn't "ladylike." Such a statement could be an example of

gender stereotyping.

Research on the epi-mark offers a ____________ explanation to the existence of homosexuality.

genetic

Brandon has a couple of painful sores on his penis and experiences severe itching and burning in the surrounding area. Brandon probably has

genital herpes.

Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?

humanistic

According to Freud, the ___________________ works off of the pleasure principle, while the ___________________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.

id; ego

Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of _________ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.

identification

Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed, and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about

impression formation.

Jenna is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why she has self-destructive relationships with all her friends. This type of therapy is known as ____________ therapy.

insight

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast-approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as

insight learning.

The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is

integrity versus despair.

Dr. Garber works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for?

intellectual disability

Eli enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces. His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation __________ in nature.

intrinsic

As part of the medical treatment trial she is participating in for severe and suicidal depression, Aldina was given __________________, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term, effects.

ketamine

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that ____________, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis.

language shapes thoughts

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?

learned helplessness

Behavioral theorists link depression to ___________________, whereas social cognitive theorists point to ___________________.

learned helplessness; distortions in thinking

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of

learning.

Researchers have found that it takes ____________ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one.

longer

Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn't find him. In reality, Calvin's dog had died after being hit by a car. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of ________________, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terribly is an example of ________________.

manifest content; latent content

Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love—or, as Vivian tells her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is

mere exposure.

You find yourself driving very late at night. As you are driving, you realize that you actually were falling off to sleep for a couple of seconds. Such a phenomenon is known as

microsleep.

The goal of all test developers is to ____________ cultural bias in their intelligence tests.

minimize

Researchers have found that a ____________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ____________.

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences

Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind ____________ the way we engage or interact with physical objects.

much like

Bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Bill may have a condition called

narcolepsy.

Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Gardner, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists?

naturalist

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of

negative reinforcement.

Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as

normative social influence.

How many axes does the DSM-5 use to aid mental health professionals in making a diagnosis?

one

Sexual dysfunctions and problems can be caused by

organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Sexual health can be influenced by

organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Megan's daughter Kayla was afraid of dogs. Megan took Kayla to a therapist to help her overcome her fear but was surprised when the therapist brought a dog into the room. At first Kayla was asked to watch from across the room as the therapist showed her how to approach and pet the dog and not grab its tail. Eventually, Kayla was asked to come over and mimic the behavior she had observed. After just a few sessions, Kayla was no longer fearful of dogs. What technique did the therapist use with Kayla?

participant modeling

On your first call as a paramedic, you enter the house of a man who has covered his walls and ceiling in aluminum foil to keep the government from spying on him and stealing his ideas. This is an example of a __________ delusion.

persecution

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory

Aidan's wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assumes that he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example of

personalization

Cara knows that she can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone if an emergency arises. Which step in the decision process for helping would Cara be at?

planning a course of action

Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 may experience higher incidences of

posttraumatic stress disorder.

With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination with

psychotherapy

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of

punishment by removal.

The steps to memory can best be described as follows:

putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

Sydney tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Sydney?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client's irrational beliefs?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?

reaction formation

If a person has one gene influencing blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a __________ trait.

recessive

Studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. What theory best explains this?

restorative theory of sleep

According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called ____________ love.

romantic

For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must first be ______________ and then encoded primarily into _______________ form.

selectively attended to; auditory

An old motto of the U.S. Army was, "Be all you can be." This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of

self-actualizing tendency.

When creating a presentation, many public-speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?

serial position effect

In 1972, a jet carrying a rugby team from Peru crashed high in the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Many of the players survived for more than 2 months by eating the remains of those who died. Psychologists justified their cannibalism because that was the only way they could have survived so long without food. By what definition might their behavior best be classified?

situational context

Many businesses now require their employees to work in teams, believing that a group of four to five employees will accomplish more than four to five individuals working alone. This is an example of what concept?

social facilitation

Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram's research have suggested that a teacher's willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more a product of _______________ than of obedience.

social identity

Trypanophobia, also known as a fear of receiving an injection, is an example of

specific phobia.

Dr. Stevenson gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless of if the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique promotes test

standardization.

As the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Anton has been on an antipsychotic drug for many years to control his schizophrenia. He has developed repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, legs, and body. These side effects make up a syndrome known as

tardive dyskinesia.

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their

temperament.

According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience?

that point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualization

To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to

the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person.

Family therapy is a form of group therapy in which

the entire family participates, as no one person is seen as the problem.

According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated towards __________________ point of arousal.

the optimal

What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior?

the original, or common-sense, theory

Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it's all about "first impressions." In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?

the primacy effect

You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory?

typically between 12 and 30 seconds

Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions are

universal.

The structure in the brain that, when damaged, causes rats to eat and eat and eat is called the

ventromedial hypothalamus.

Parental investment theory seeks to explain

why men have sex more often than women.

Lynn and Ted bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as

working backward from the goal.

When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _________ and positively charged on the _________.

Inside; Outside

What does the Flynn effect theorize?

Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries.

Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?

John Watson

In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.

Klinefelter's

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as

Myelin

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?

A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.

Your uncle Karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn't sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7 to 8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him?

Getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of aging.

Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term, declarative memories, and is often linked to Alzheimer's disease?

Hippocampus

Jude is suffering from a severe cold. His nose has been stopped up for several days. What effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste?

His sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together.

Which perspective is often referred to as the "third force" in psychology and focuses on a person's freedom of choice in determining their behavior?

Humanism

Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?

Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas.

Which of the following studies was the most controversial for its method of gathering information?

Masters and Johnson's study

The hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of the

Middle Ear

Which of the following insulates and protects a neuron's axon, as well as helps speed along electrical impulses?

Myelin Sheath

The _________ is based on the five-factor model, while ____________ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell.

NEO-PI-3; 16PF

A researcher finds that as her subjects increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This would be an example of a _________ correlation.

Negative

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punishment weakens a response.

__________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas ______________ memory is about what people know and can report.

Nondeclarative; declarative

Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Bailey's study would best be described as a(n)

Noninvasive Stimulation Technique