PSYC 201 (2&3)

bloodstream; endocrine system

A champion athlete loses his medal after officials discover that he has taken anabolic steroids, a synthetic version of the male sex hormone testosterone. Anabolic steroids, like other hormones, circulate through the _____ and act as chemical messengers in the ____.

there are many rods but very few cones in the periphery of the retina.

A red pen is displayed in Roger's peripheral vision while he stares straight ahead. He correctly identifies the object but is unable to name the color. The reason for this is that:

brain signals closing pathways in the spinal cord.

According to gate-control theory, pain is reduced by the:

trichromatic theory

According to the _____, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

playing tennis, typing, and walking with a smooth gait

After Eduardo's serious skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Eduardo is MOST likely to have trouble:

sensory adaptation.

After sitting in a quiet library studying for an hour, Shannon hears someone hiccup slightly from all the way across the room. Her more sensitive hearing would MOST likely have resulted from:

red

Albert is missing the long-wavelength cones. Albert and others with this type of color blindness likely have trouble perceiving the color:

It is the purported ability to obtain information about the world without any sensory stimuli.

All of these statements characterize transduction EXCEPT:

skin

Although it weighs only about six pounds, the heaviest sense organ in the body is the:

intercept and bend light so that the image falls on the retina.

At her annual eye exam, Jada's optometrist tells her that she will need to begin wearing glasses. Her doctor explains that corrective glasses will work to:

Neurons

Bobby is studying for a psychology exam. Using his brain's 90 billion nerve cells, or _____, and roughly 100 trillion points of communication, he looks out the window and is able to see birds flying around outside.

the midbrain

Bonnie is examining a drawing of the brain. She looks at the top of the brainstem, and sees the structure that is involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information. Which structure is she looking at?

the mere exposure effect.

Cassandra is on a road trip with her friends. The rule in the car is that whoever is driving gets to choose the music. One of her friends keeps playing a song Cassandra dislikes. Yet she notices that a couple of months later when she hears the song on the radio, she recognizes and likes it! This is an example of:

Cerebellum

Chelsea was hit in the back of the head by a falling tree branch. At the hospital she had difficulty coordinating her movements. The hospital physician concluded that Chelsea has likely experienced damage to her:

Medulla

Cholena is discussing a structure of the brain with a classmate. She is trying to remember its name, but can only recall that it oversees vital functions, including breathing and heart rate. Her classmate looks up the term in their textbook and discovers that Cholena is describing the:

FMRI

Davis has an appointment to see Dr. Myers, who is a specialist at using brain imaging. Davis's non-invasive brain scan will involve lying in a scanner while electromagnetic signals track changes in his brain's blood flow and metabolic activity. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Davis will undergo a(n):

clear membrane that covers the front of the eye.

Denise is hit by a softball while attending a friend's game. When she gets to the emergency department, she is told that she has injured her cornea. Given what Denise knows about the visual system, she knows that this is the:

Synaptic gap

Devan is studying for his midterm and is quizzing himself on the topic of neurons. He is trying to figure out the name for that "tiny space" where neurons connect, which is the:

loudness, pitch, and timbre.

Dr. Hogarth is discussing sound in class today. His voice is heard throughout the room by the students, as well as the people in the hallway. Similar to any sound, his voice can be differentiated by three main qualities:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. She wants to use the least invasive method of brain imaging that will show activity in the brain. Which brain imaging technique should she employ in order to detect which brain areas are active when the participants are lying?

Neuroscience

Dr. Stack studies the function and structure of the brain. Dr. Stack's area of research is:

Synaptic gap

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the _____.

refractory period; cannot

During the _____, the ions of the neuron are imbalanced, and it _____ immediately fire and send another signal.

reflects the wavelengths of visible light and absorbs none.

During the first snowfall of the winter, Toni walks outside with her warm tea to admire the snowflakes coming down. The snow appears white because it:

feature detectors

Each of the receiving neurons in the visual cortex responds to a particular type of visual stimulation, such as angles, edges, lines, and other forms. These neurons are known as _____.

Cerebellum

Ever since overcoming a brain disease, Kim has had trouble typing on the computer. Which of Kim's brain areas was MOST likely damaged?

resting potential

Every time a segment of an axon fires, the positive sodium ions flood in from the outside of the cell, while the prior segment returns to its----------.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Five-year-old Theresa is Christmas shopping with her mother and siblings. She looks around and realizes her mother is nowhere to be found. Theresa's _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. Theresa's mother finally comes around the corner, and Theresa is filled with relief, the result of the activation of the _____ part of her nervous system.

Medulla

Francisco is a long-distance runner, and it is important for his vital organs and function such as breathing to be well-coordinated. The structure in the hindbrain called the _____ keeps these synchronized to help him function as a successful runner.

umami.

Frank's favorite restaurant uses monosodium glutamate (MSG) in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. MSG stimulates the fifth taste, also known as:

deterioration of neurons that produce dopamine

Fritz has an uncle with Parkinson's disease. His uncle shows many of the symptoms of Parkinson's, including trembling hands and legs, and difficulty with balance. Fritz has learned in his psychology class that Parkinson's disease is an incurable disorder that is linked to:

a failure of the lens to properly focus incoming light on the retina.

Graham is nearsighted and Macy is farsighted. Corrective lenses work for both of them because their respective visual disorders are caused by:

hypothalamus; limbic

Gye-Min was so engrossed in studying for his upcoming midterm exam that he did not notice how hungry and thirsty he was until his stomach started growling. The brain structure responsible for regulating behavior related to survival, such as hunger and thirst, is called the _____ and is part of the _____ system.

Alzheimer's disease

Herbert has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed a number of mistakes Herbert has been making (e.g., leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, forgetting family member's names). It is likely that Herbert has a reduced level of acetylcholine and may be showing the symptoms of:

sensory adaptation.

If Carol moves her watchband up her wrist an inch or so, she will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

If a researcher is interested in using an imaging technique to measure both the structure and function of the brain, which techniques would you recommend to her?

Lose its timidity and fear

If researchers destroy or lesion the amygdala of a timid cat, it is likely that the cat will:

Report she saw an apple

In a typical test situation with a split-brain patient, a picture of an apple is briefly presented to the right of the center point. If the patient is asked to name the object, she will:

raises; dilates

In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system _____ the heart rate and _____ the pupils of the eyes.

hue; brightness

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to _____.

Dendrites

Last night, Quinn was studying for his psychology final. He was drawing pictures on some scratch paper to help him remember the parts of a neuron. His roommate came into the kitchen and asked him what the tiny branch-like fibers were that extended from the cell body. Quinn told him they were:

ear

Little Cory is playing with his dad. He says, "More, more!" as his dad spins him around and around. After his dad stops, they both fall to the grass and are too dizzy to stand up. The primary part of their bodies responsible for their feelings of dizziness is located in:

Sympathetic

Luke's dad is playing hide-and-seek with him. As Luke is searching for his dad, his heart is racing and he feels nervous. When Luke finds his dad's hiding spot, his dad jumps out and looks scary, stimulating the _____ part of Luke's nervous system.

olfactory information is communicated directly to the limbic system.

Memories triggered by smell are often filled with emotion because:

sensory adaptation.

Michelle is attending a dinner party with some friends. She notices as she sits at the dinner table that her chair is uncomfortable. However, after a few minutes she no longer notices the discomfort. This phenomenon is called:

Acetylcholine

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed that Milton has been making a number of mistakes (e.g., leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, forgetting family member's names). It appears that his _____-producing neurons are deteriorating.

Victor is very cognitively inclined and loves to challenge his mind with new tasks. The components of his brain that process information in these tasks are his:

Neurons

Brain and body

Niels is trying to imagine what the human nervous system looks like. He knows that the body has neurons that run up and down the spine and branch throughout the body. And these neurons provide the connection between the:

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.

Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

gate-control theory

On the day of an important job interview, Maddie wakes up with a slight toothache. As the time for the stressful interview approaches, her anxiety increases and so does her perception of the pain from her tooth. When the interview is over, Maddie is elated because she feels that it went well and, to her surprise, she feels hardly any pain from her tooth. Maddie's experience is BEST explained by the _____ plus her positive emotional state.

Cerebellum

One afternoon, a man stumbles into the emergency department, having great difficulty coordinating his movements. A physician performs a toxicology test and "rules out" intoxication. This leaves the physician to conclude that this man may have experienced damage to his:

adrenal glands

Patrick's parents have left him at home by himself for the first time. Just after he goes to bed, he hears the doorbell ring. He is not expecting a visitor. His first thought is whether all the doors are locked. His heart is beating fast. Patrick's sympathetic nervous system has now stimulated his _____, which will produce hormones involved in his stress response.

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.

Perception is the process by which:

Frontal lobes personality

Phineas Gage was working on the railroad when an accidental explosion sent a three-foot tamping rod clear through his _____, illuminating their importance in defining _____ characteristics.

where radioactive tracers are indicating an increase in brain activity

Positron-emission tomography (PET) depicts brain activity by detecting:

the slow pain system

Professor Jimenez studies _____, the small, unmyelinated neurons that convey information about pain throughout the body.

sound frequencies

Quinn studies bats and their sensory capabilities. She tells her students that although bats cannot see very well, they have an exquisite sense of hearing. Bats can detect _____ well beyond the range of human hearing.

Nucleus

Rada is working as a teaching assistant this semester. She has been helping students prepare for the final by going over the structure of neurons. She tells the students that the neuron has the standard elements found in most human cells, including a(n) _____ containing DNA.

amplitude

Rivka studies the qualities of sound. Today she is running some experiments on the loudness of sounds, so she will be examining the _____ of the waves they generate.

sensory adaptation.

Rizzo enters his girlfriend's apartment and notices the strong garlic odor coming from the lasagna she is preparing for dinner. However, after a few minutes he no longer notices the odor. This phenomenon is called:

structural plasticity

Sarah just learned to juggle. Before and after images of her brain showed a 3 percent increase in the size of a few specific brain regions. This is known as:

Amygdala

Shane is terrified of snakes. As he is walking down the street, he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He is immediately frightened, even though he knows what he sees is only a stick. An area of the brain called the _____ is responsible for Shane's reaction.

multiple sclerosis (MS).

Shannon has experienced a change in her olfactory functioning and now has a severely limited sense of smell. This could be a sign that Shannon has:

anosmia

Steven has to be extra cautious about the expiration dates on foods because he has a condition known as _____, which is the inability to smell.

the ability to form new memories

Studies in adult humans have shown that new neurons continue to be generated in the hippocampus, even late in life. This is important because the hippocampus is involved in:

slow pain system

Taka is looking at a drawing of the structures responsible for pain. She notes that the _____ is(are) made up of smaller, unmyelinated neurons and is(are) responsible for conveying information about pain throughout the body.

Axon

The ------ is the part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons.

Action potential

The _____ is a spike in the value of the voltage within a neuron, as the charge inside the cell becomes more positive.

reticular formation

The _____ is the part of the hindbrain that plays an important role in regulating attention and sleep.

timbre

The _____ of a sound is its unique combination of frequencies.

absolute threshold.

The ability to hear the tick of a watch at 20 feet is an example of a(n):

molecules

The chemicals that trigger olfaction are _____ riding currents of air.

middle ear

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones that make up the:

cortical localization

The idea that specific mental and psychological functions are located in specific brain areas is called:

Amygdala

The limbic system structure that influences aggression is called the:

provide a large network of interacting nerve fibers passing information throughout the body.

The main focus of the nervous system is to:

dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal branches of the axon.

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is involved in: mood stimulating behavior and arousal. The correct order of the structures of the motor neuron is:

Brain

The pituitary gland is located in the

peripheral nervous system

The spinal cord is like an information highway that connects the _____ to the brain.

The students in the purple shirts would be moving through the doors most often.

There is a dance event going on with students attending from two different elementary schools. Students from one school are wearing purple shirts and students from the other school are wearing silver shirts. Imagine that the students in the purple represent potassium ions and the students in silver represent sodium ions, while the gymnasium represents the neuron. If their distribution is similar to what occurs at the resting potential for a neuron, which students would be moving in and out through the gym doors MOST often?

electromagnetic spectrum

Visible light is the only part of the _____ that is detectable by human eyes.

It is a structure that oversees vital functions, including breathing and heart rate.

What is the function of the medulla?

hue

When Johnetta was painting a landscape, she used many different colors. The technical term for the wavelengths of light that produce the perception of different colors in Johnetta's painting is _____.

somatic nervous system

When someone turns the pages of a book, uses a pen to take notes, or lifts an arm, these actions are possible because of the:

Norepinephrine

Which chemical messenger is BOTH a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Which neuroimaging technique reveals brain structure as well as blood flow that indicates brain functioning?

Broca's area

Which part of the brain is involved in language production?

The various types can be distinguished by their wavelengths.

Which statement describes electromagnetic energy?

sound waves

_____ are the physical stimuli that produce our sensory experience of sound.