Psyc 215

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?

12%

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.

13 to 15 months

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.

30 hours per week

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

In general, infant fear first emerges at ______ months and peaks at about ______ months.

6 18

In general, infant fear first emerges at __________ months and peaks at about _________ months.

6 18

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

Abuse Neglect

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?

Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities. A safe environment.

Awareness of feelings of others

Ainsworth.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?

Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

Between 18 and 24 months

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers?

Cooing at the caregiver Clinging to the caregiver Following the caregiver

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Men became more concerned with intimacy.

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

Cries Smiles

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states.

Which statement is true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.

Locomotion

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

Which of the following are types of infant cries?

The pain cry The anger cry The basic cry

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

True

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions and lower the level of stress hormones.

True

Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) _____ cry, and a(n) _____ cry.

anger pain

The term stranger _______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of

attachment to a caregiver.

According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for _________.

autonomy

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high-quality

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

imitative and reciprocal

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

in the first year of life.

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of

independence.

In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive

longitudinal study of child care.

Researchers have discovered that infants are

more socially sophisticated than previously thought.

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

The emotions that infants begin to express during the second half of their first year of life involve recognizing the emotional reactions of ___________.

others

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _______. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

personality

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified __________ as emotions.

pleasant unpleasant

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

A(n) ______ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) ______ smile does.

reflexive social

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

The term _________ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.

separation

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to _________.

temperament

_____ is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding. (Please watch your spelling.)

temperament

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)

trained observers questionnaires interviews

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

trust

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on ________.

culture

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?

Fathers were more sensitive and involved. Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression.

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?

guilt

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

cultural influences goodness of fit influences

Which statement is true about cultural influences on emotional development?

East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

Easy Difficult Slow-to-warm-up

_______________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

False

True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.

False

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project? (Choose every correct answer.)

Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

Match Bowlby's phase of infant attachment with its characteristic behavior. Instructions

Phase 1 - Attachment to all humans Phase 2 - Attachment to one figure Phase 3 - Actively seeks contact Phase 4 - Awareness of feelings of others

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

Poor-quality child care

Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?

Recognize individuality. Avoid labeling. Be flexible.

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity?

Slow-to-warm-up

Ainsworth created the _________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

Synchronous Reciprocal

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely

coincidental rather than cooperative.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to with her __________ parents.

communicate

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of __________.

crying

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _______ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of __________ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as _________.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an __________.

emotion