PSYC-2301 Ch. 6 QUIZ

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A) One can learn new behaviors by observing others. B) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. C) Fear is a conditioned response. D) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

D) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A) Rosalie Rayner B) Ivan Pavlov C) Little Albert D) Edward C. Tolman

D) Edward C. Tolman

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A) B. F. Skinner B) Ivan Pavlov C) Edward Thorndike D) John B. Watson

D) John B. Watson

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A) Fear is a conditioned response. B) Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. C) Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. D) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

D) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? A) One can learn new behaviors by observing others. B) Fear is a conditioned response. C) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. D) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

D) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A) fear cannot be a conditioned response B) boys display more fear than girls C) boys display fear differently from girls D) emotion can be a conditioned response

D) emotion can be a conditioned response

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ______ . A) positive punishment B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) negative reinforcement

D) negative reinforcement

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A) imitation B) stimulus discrimination C) modeling D) stimulus generalization

D) stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? A) your brother refusing to play with you B) your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters C) learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class D) teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

D) teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A) classical B) response C) stimulus D) operant

A) classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A) classical conditioning B) psychic conditioning C) physiological conditioning D) controlled conditioning

A) classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A) cognitive map B) fixed interval map C) latent map D) fixed ratio map

A) cognitive map

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A) instincts B) learning C) reflexes D) conditioning

A) instincts

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies _______. A) learning B) reflex C) instinct D) stimulus

A) learning

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A) Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. B) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. is She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. C) Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. D) Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.

B) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. is She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of _____ learning. A)processual B) associational C) instinctive D) reflexive

B) associational

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A) acquisition B) punishment C) extinction D) recovery

B) punishment

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A) playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores B) taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. C) checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day D) playing poker

B) taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A) Ivan Pavlov B) B. F. Skinner C) Edward C. Tolman D) John B. Watson

C) Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A) being conditioned not to laugh at hats B) being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat a and cry when you see other kinds of hats C) being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats D) being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats

C) being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A) conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food B) conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C) conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D) conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings

C) conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A) pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand B) rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream C) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting D) blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating

C) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables C) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

C) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A) fixed ratio B) variable interval C) variable ratio D) fixed interval

C) variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A) vicarious reinforcement B) latent punishment C) vicarious punishment D) latent acquisition

C) vicarious punishment