PSYC 2400
Most common disorder among women offenders, least
Drug dependency- 64% lifetime Borderline PD- 32% lifetime
Avery is very jealous of his partner Brad and has a history of depression and self-esteem problems. He is frequently preoccupied with his own problems and feels that Brad does not pay enough attention to him. He often lashes out at Brad without cause to make himself feel better and more in control of his emotions. Avery would be classified as what type of male batterer?
Dysphoric-borderline batterer
In an indeterminate sentence, when can they apply for parole?
Every 7 years, after 7 years
Avery has married a man she met online. Over the past year he has engaged in escalating verbal abuse but says that she is to blame. He manipulates and lies about these abusive events and tries to get her to accept responsibility for them. What type of abuse is she experiencing?
Gaslighting
Why do lots of psychopaths get released on parole?
Give the impression that they're calm and collected.
When a defendant is found unfit to stand trial, when attempting to restore that defendant to fitness what type of treatment is NOT allowed?
Giving electro convulsive therapy
Positive symptoms
Hallucinations and delusions (psychosis). Hallucinations- hearing/seeing things that aren't there. Delusions- "government is spying on me."
Which Canadian researcher developed the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised?
Hare
When doing a clinical assessment, psychopathy is most commonly assessed via the:
Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised
Highest crime from 2019-2020, and lowest
Hate crimes, 39% Homicide- 7%
A defendant was found guilty, but he was not convicted, nor will he have a criminal record. What has happened to this defendant?
He was given an absolute discharge
What are the mental shortcuts that clinicians take to make risk assessment decisions?
Heuristics
Concerns with the competency screening test
High rate of false positives 20%
The HCR-20 organizes risk factors into which of the following three scales?
Historical, Clinical, Risk Management
Which of the Big Four risk factors has the strongest predictive validity for future criminal behaviour?
History of antisocial behavior
Big eight risk factors
History of antisocial behavior, antisocial attitudes, antisocial associates, antisocial personality pattern, family/marital problems, school/work problems, problematic leisure time, substance abuse
Research by Pirelli, Gottdiener, and Zapf (2011) has found that all of the following characteristics were more likely associated with defendants deemed incompetent relative to competent, EXCEPT:
History of previous arrests
Determining a disposition
How well they're responding to treatment. Public safety. How well they'll be reintegrated into society (If they reintegrate poorly, increasing the risk that they may reoffend).
Mimicry deception theory
If you're going to be a successful exploiter, you would need to be able to read the cues of vulnerability in others. If they're not vulnerable, you'll either be beaten or found out.
Which group report the lowest rates of intimate partner violence?
Immigrants
Simulation studies
In a lab. Mock/real judges. Ask judges to recommend a sentence given a certain case. Substantial disparity and unreliability into why they're choosing that sentence.
Where is psychopathy most common? Least?
Incarcerated rapists- 35% General community- less than 1%.
According to social learning theory, every time a person uses violence against their partner and they get what they want. This would be an example of a(n):
Incentive instigator
Factor 1 of PCL-R
Interpersonal and affective
What is psychopathy made up of?
Interpersonal traits (Superficial), affective traits (Remorseless), lifestyle features (Impulsivity), antisocial features (Early behavioral problems).
Mental disorder automatism
Involuntary behaviour due to a mental disorder Verdict is NCRMD
Non-mental disorder automatism
Involuntary behaviour that occurs because of an external factor. Verdict is not guilty.
Most common answer, when someone hears "psychopath", least common?
Known serial killer- 35% Political figure-4%
Review boards
Legal bodies, rotating members. Lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists, judges, lay person. Review all the NCR dispositions in the province for each individual annually. They have legal authority to decide what the next steps are for the individuals. Typically sit in a board room, usually open to the public, unless it's a high-profile case. Provincial: Ontario Review Board (ORB) The Crown will be there.
Factor 2 of PCL-R
Lifestyle and antisocial
The current process of risk assessment includes which two components?
Management and prediction component
R v. Brown and R v. Sullivan and Chan
May 2022 the Supreme Court of Canada rules that the section of the CCC that prevented the use of extreme intoxication for most crimes of violence was unconstitutional.
What standard is the insanity defence in Canada based on?
McNaughton Standard
Critiques of DSM-5
Medicalize normality and result in a glut of unnecessary and harmful drug prescription.
Do Psychopaths feel and think differently?
Might be reduced in the amount of feelings they do feel or to the extent that they do feel them.
Avery has been assessed with having many psychopathic traits. He is able to identify cues of vulnerability in others and often successful exploits others. Which theory has been used to describe his ability?
Mimicry-Deception Theory
Which statement is most accurate regarding the relationship between anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy?
Most psychopaths meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder
R v. McNaughton (1843)
Murdered the British PM's secretary Thought to have been targeting the PM. Found not guilty due to his insane mental status. The crime shaped our own insanity laws Often referred to as the McNaughton (M'Naughten) Rule
Jeffrey Arenburg
NCR Shot and killed Ottawa TV sportscaster in 1995. Paranoid Schizophrenia Downtown Ottawa 22 calibre rifle Prove a point August 1, 1995 Smith (who was shot) played in the LA Kings Jeffery was waiting outside his work Wanted to draw attention to the voices happening inside his head When Kainz tried calling her husband, he didn't answer Spent time at Waypoint Given and absolute discharge in 2014. He passed away in 2017.
What affects the magnitude of startle>
Negative emotional state, positive state- startle is reduced.
NCRMD
No person is criminally responsible for an act committed or an omission made while suffering from a mental disorder that rendered the person incapable: Of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or Of knowing that it was wrong
Bill C-54
Not Criminally Responsible Reform Act (2014) Contoversial. Created by the conservative government. Using it as a response to some NCR high-profile cases at the time. Gives authority for individuals to be given a "High-risk accused" designation. Review board has lost a lot of its power. Hearings happen every 3 years instead of annually. Not allowed community outings, even with staff. Only successfully applied a few times in Canada. Goes against the aims, of slowly reintegrating people into society.
Katie stood trial for the murder of her teacher. Her lawyer argued that Katie was unaware of what she was doing because she suffers from a dissociative disorder and operates "outside herself" at times. The judge ruled that Katie's state was a form of insane automatism. What type of verdict would Katie likely receive?
Not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder
Bill C-30
Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) was changed to not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD). Don't use NGRI anymore, because it's stigmatizing. Review boards were implemented. Handle criminals' trajectory through the system on a yearly basis.
What are the three main components to social learning theory of aggression?
Origins, instigators, regulators
In a sample of 60 rapists, Brown and Forth (1997) found:
PCL-R scores are related with number of prior offenses but not number of prior sexual offenses
What did Brown and Forth (1997) find in their sample of 60 rapists?
PCL-R scores are related with the number of prior offences but not number of prior sexual offences
An offender who is serving an indeterminate sentence
Paul Bernardo
Which two clinical variables are associated with the greatest risk that an offender will continue stalking behaviour once released from prison?
Personality disorder and substance abuse disorder
Risk assessment involves two components. These are:
Prediction (what risk factors are related to the likelihood of criminal acts) and management (what conditions need to be present to reduce the likelihood of reoffending).
Delusional disorders
Presence of one non bizarre delusion for at least one month.
Dangerous offender
Prior history of violent and sexual crimes. High risk of future violence.
According to Mohandie et al. (2006) typologies of stalkers, the least common type of stalker is?
Private stranger stalker
Risk assessment
Process of evaluating individuals to characterize the risk they will commit a specified act in the future.
Court ordered forensic assessment
Raised by the individual's defense. Most often occurs before the conviction. Conducted by medical practitioner (e.g. psychiatrist)- not psychologist. Most of these assessments occur in a secure psychiatric hospital as inpatient. They undergo interviews, risk assessments, etc...
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the psychopathic individual as measured by the PCL-R?
Reduced understanding of right and wrong
Kunlangeta
Repeatedly lie, cheat, steal and take sexual advantage of many women. They saw its very rare (1/499) Yubik-speaking people in Alaska
Seung was hospitalized due to injuries sustained from a car accident, which was caused by a texting driver. The judge requires that the driver pay for Seung's medical bills incurred as a result of the accident. This particular sentence is known as:
Restitution
RNR
Risk Need Responsivity
What three principles of effective correctional intervention appear to be particularly useful?
Risk, need, and responsivity
Measurement of psychopathic traits
Self-report inventories (People who are high in psychopathy tend to be quite honest. They are proud. Not shy. PPI, SRP- most common), Informant rating (Typically used for children Parent will rate their kids. SCAN-360- employees and employer), Structural Clinical (Extensively trained professional DSM-5 Doesn't exactly assess psychopathy Has antisocial personality, which is similar PCL-R- most common)
PCL-R
Semi-structured- semi-open ended questions. If the person seems very preoccupied with a certain part of their life, you follow that. Usually lasts about an hour- ½
Procedures that are intended to reduce the degree of discretion that judges have when handing down sentences are often referred to as ___________.
Sentencing guidelines
What cases are judges more strict on?
Sexual assault
Examples of Non-Mental Disorder Automatism
Sleepwalking Physical ailment (i.e stroke, epilepsy) Hypoglycemia (i.e. low blood sugar) Carbon monoxide poisoning Involuntary poisoning
Observations of aggression and violence amongst a youth's parents, peers, and siblings has been found to lead to greater aggressive tendencies in the youth, especially if the observed aggression was rewarded. This pattern of findings is consistent with what theory of youth antisocial behavior?
Social learning theory
Jane and Jim go on a shooting rampage. Over the course of three days, they travel from town to town killing people (4murders) at gas stations. These murders would be categorized as:
Spree murder
Which of the following statements is true concerning criminal harassment (i.e., stalking)?
Stalking is most likely to occur after a romantic relationship has ended.
Types of risk factors
Static (historical and do not change with intervention), dynamic (fluctuate or change over time and can be changed via intervention (i.e. substance abuse problems).) and situational (short and temporal duration (i.e. presence of weapons in ones environment)).
Best measure for assessing psychopathy
Structured clinical, highest validity
Judge Lee was stopped for speeding on her way to the courtroom and arrived late feeling annoyed and upset. That day she was refused to give bail to every single defendant in her courtroom. What type of sentencing disparity is this?
Systematic disparity
Types of release in Canada
Temporary absences, day parole (can attend AA meetings, 79% of day-parole applications get passed), full parole (out for a long period of time, weapon charge- no weapons), statutory release (Once you're done ⅔ of your sentence, you're to be released from prison. Most offenders get released. Behavior during incarceration could affect that).
R v. Swain (1991)
The Supreme Court found legislation in conflict with the Charter. Decided that detainment without first assessing level of dangerousness or obtaining an appropriate disposition was unconstitutional. Resulted in Bill C-30 (1992) Also impacted fitness to stand trial laws.
According to Holmes and Holmes (1998), which of the following serial murderers is most likely to be female?
The comfort-oriented serial murderer
What happens after a defendant is found unfit to stand trial?
The court proceedings are halted until fitness is restored.
Which type of male batterer is most likely to exhibit jealousy?
The dysphoric-borderline batterer
Which type of male batterer is most likely to report negative attitudes supportive of violence?
The generally violent-antisocial batterer
The Risk Principle- WHO
The intensity of the intervention should be matched to the level of risk they pose. Low-risk people- 10% chance of re-arrest- low level supervision/ program intensity. Moderate risk- 35% chance of re-arrest- moderate supervision. High risk- 70% chance of re-arrest- high supervision.
A new warden at an institution that houses sex offenders decides that all offenders should get the same intensity treatment. This violates which of the principles of correctional intervention developed by Don Andrews?
The risk principle
With regards to mental illness and the courts, what is the purpose of review boards?
They oversee the care and disposition of defendants found unfit or NCRMD.
Research by Rosenfeld (1992) examined how effective treatment was for male batterers. Which of the following was a result from this study?
Treatment drop outs had the highest rates of arrest
What country has the highest incarceration rate in 2011? Lowest?
U.S.- highest Norway- lowest
Fitness is defined as
Unable on the account of a mental disorder to: Understand the nature or object of the proceedings. Understand the possible consequences of the proceedings. Communicate with counsel.
Automatism
Unconscious, involuntary behaviour such that the person committing the act is not aware of what he or she is doing. Involuntary behavior- found NCR.
Reactive violence
Unplanned Crime of passion In the moment Something irritated you Extreme provocation
What are risk assessment decisions that are characterized by a substantial amount of professional discretion and lack of guidelines?
Unstructured clinical judgments
Arana-kan
Untreatable Aruba people in Nigeria.
Failure following treatment- psychopaths
Untreated- non psychopath- 40% violently reoffended. Treated- non psychopaths- 20% violently reoffended. Untreated- psychopaths- 55% Treated- psychopaths- 77%
Which category of criminal code offence showed the smallest percentage decrease in the number of cases completed in youth court between 2012-2013 and 2013-2014?
Violent offences
Programs that have no effect on recidivism
Vision training with youth (Young boys can't process things as quick (i.e. vision). Slowly train vision so they feel calmer looking at stimuli), Cross-dressing (Men need to embrace their feminist side), Baby treatment (Dress them in diapers. Make them feel vulnerable), Drama therapy, Self-esteem therapy (Increase mens self-esteem Make them want to get a job Might make them worse because they have more confidence in what they're capable of).
Goal of the Corrections and conditional release act
Wanted to strike a balance between humane control of offenders, and assisting offenders to be reintregated back into society.
When does mental disorder elevate risk of violence?
When a serious mental disorder co-occurs with other risk factors, namely prior violence or substance abuse
What happens if you break probation?
You can be put in prison
A convicted offender sentenced to 18 months in prison is likely to be placed in:
a provincial/territory prison
Extreme intoxication
a state where a person is unaware of or has no voluntary control over their actions as a result of intoxication. Alcohol alone will almost never lead to state of extreme intoxication (SCC).
Psychopathic offending is ___________________.
both versatile and high density
What could be a consequence if we are unnecessarily punitive?
cause offender to be more jaded about society.
In the 17th/18th centuries, adolescents were:
charged, sentenced and incarcerated as adults
Which psychopathic serial killer used nonverbal cues to identify potential victims?
charged, sentenced and incarcerated as adults
What does a score of 40 mean on the PCLR?
complete psychopath
Anonymous society
creates condition for psychopathy.
Mens rea
criminal intent
Generally, offenders granted ________ are less likely to breach their parole conditions than those granted ___________.
day parole/statutory release
Generally, the total number of crimes committed by youth has been:
decreasing
The option by which mentally disordered offenders are placed directly into a treatment program rather than go through the court process is called:
diversion
Research by DeMatteo, Heilbrun, and Marczyk (2005) found that ____________ is more of a protective factor for high-risk offenders, whereas ______________ is more of a protective factor for low-risk offenders.
employment stability; strong family connections
Intimate partner violence
engage in more emotional manipulation and abuse of partners.
Psychopathy is NOT related to:
engagement in a great number of homicides.
Most common victim of NCR individuals
family
Pathological lying
for fun, no purpose.
Avery was sentenced to 3 years for robbery. Avery was released into the community after serving 1 year in prison. Avery was most likely released on:
full parole
Mitigating factors example
good support system at home willing to help them rehabilitate.
Actus reus
guilty act
NCR individuals are given an _____ sentence
indeterminate, could be until you die in prison.
Recidivism rates decrease when...
interventions target criminogenic needs (factors that are changeable in a person, associated with criminal behavior, Disliking/distrust in authority).
Compared to statutory release, parole:
is more successful
Sentencing disparity
judges adjust their behaviors based on external factors.
According to Hare (1993) we are more likely to _____________ than be murdered by a psychopath.
lose our life savings to a psychopath
High PCLR
mostly instrumental
Low PCLR
mostly reactive violence
What is the current insanity defence in Canada?
not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder
Conditional discharge
not right away, showing good behavior.
Typically in Canada, an incarcerated offender is first eligible for full parole after having served ___________ of their sentence.
one-third
Significant threat
physical harm/committing another crime.
Instrumental violence
planned violence against someone. Predatory.
Factor 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is most strongly related to reoffending, substance abuse, lack of education, and _____________?
poor family background
False positive
predicted they were going to be violent, but they were not.
False negative
predicted they weren't going to be violent, but they were.
Bringing child psychologists into all grade one classrooms to teach kids conflict resolution skills may be viewed as a:
primary intervention strategy
The best research design to determine the extent to which family experiences influence the development of psychopathic traits is:
prospective longitudinal studies
Serial killers are typically described as being...
psychopathic. Forensic experts would agree.
Recidivism
re offending
Duty to warn
reasonable suspicion that a client is going to hurt themselves or others.
Startle reflex
reflex when something unexpected occurs. These processes are mediated in the amygdala. Amygdala- almond shaped structure right at the base of the brain.
True positive
right in saying they would reoffend.
Heritability
rough estimate of genes to capture the variability amongst people.
Heritability of psychopathic traits- DZ twins
.25
Heritability of psychopathic traits- MZ twins
.79
____ of NCR crimes are serious
0.6%
___% of annual adult criminal cases raise the NCR defence. Of those, ___% are actually found NCR.
1, 25
7 goals of sentencing
1. Promote responsibility 2. Reparation 3. Specific deterrent (specific to a specific person and act). 4. Rehab (institutions) 5. General deterrent (deter society in general). 6. Separate from society 7. Denunciation (society saying this is not acceptable, change over time).
3 elements of the McNaughton case affect our current laws:
1. The defendant must be suffering from a mental disorder. 2. The defendant must not know the nature and quality of the act they performed. 3. A defendant must not know what he/she performed was wrong.
Three generations of risk assessment measures
1. Unstructured clinical judgment (Typically the information they get about dangerousness comes from the interview). High false positive rate. 2. Actuarial tools (Systematic measurement of a set of static risk factors). 3. Structured professional judgement
NCR individuals make up ___ of our general prison pop
1/3
How many forensic psychiatric hospitals are there in Ontario?
10, 1 maximum secure facility: Waypoint Centre for Mental Health in Penetang.
____ of men and ____ of women who developed schizophrenia committed violent offenses.
10.7%, 2.7%
Incarceration cost per year
148,920
Only ___ of NCR criminals reoffend
17%
When was the Ticket of Leave Act established?
1899
____ of women offenders have a serious mental illness
19%
When was the last execution in Canada?
1962
When was the death penalty abolished in Canada?
1976
____ of NCR offences are against a stranger
23%
According to the lecture, approximately ________ of youth diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD) will receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD) in adulthood.
30 to 50%
Mean PCLR scores
4- General Population 19- Female Criminals 22- male criminals Above 30- clinical psychopath
Incarceration cost per day
408$
In a Canadian sample of individuals found NCRMD, ____% of people who were found NCR previously had a fitness assessment.
42
____ of Americans dx with mental disorder (lifetime).
46%
What section of the CCC is fitness found?
672
What age range did the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA) cover?
7 to 16 years (18 years in some jurisdictions)
When a fitness assessment is conducted, _____ the defendant is found _______ to stand trial
75% of the time, fit
Defendants dx with a Psychotic disorder are ___ times more likely to be found unfit as compared to those without dx.
8
A meta-analysis of 175 studies of stalking was conducted by Spitzberg and Cupach (2007). Approximately what percentage of stalking victims knew their stalkers?
80%
_____ of NCR offences are considered of a serious violent nature.
9%
______ of the incarcerated in Canada are men.
96%
How many dangerous offenders since 1977?
967 (10 women)
Which of the following is a common misconception held by the public about defendants found not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder (NCRMD)?
A large number of defendants use the plea.
The most complete definition of a true positive in a study on violent recidivism is:
A person is predicted to be violent and is violent
battered woman syndrome
Absolute discharge- deemed guilty of assault (women who are abused by their partners), but can still be discharged right away
Sentencing options
Absolute/conditional discharge, probation (released into the community with a set of conditions you have to abide by, will stay on record), sentencing, restitution, fines/community service (help clean garbage on the highway).
Alex has developed a fixation on one of his co-workers. He believes he has found his "soul mate" and wants to marry her. She has told him that she is not interested in going out with him, but he insists they would make the "perfect couple". He has not been diagnosed with any major mental disorder. He has started to stalk his co-worker. What type of stalker is Alex?
Acquaintance stalker
What type of stalker has never had an intimate relationship with the victim, know the victim, and requires risk management that should include mental health treatment?
Acquaintance stalker
The tendency for mental health experts to be biased toward those who hire them refers to:
Adversarial allegiance
When did crime rates drop?
After 1992
Which type of risk factors pertain to the symptoms of mental disorders that can contribute to violence, such as substance abuse or major psychoses?
Clinical risk factors
Eye blink
Combination of the unpleasant picture and the probe elicited the highest response. When you assess psychopaths on the same thing, they had the same response throughout all the different images.
Competency screening test
Competency Screening Test 22-item sentence completion 3-point scale (2= competent, 1=unsure, 0=incompetent)
The Responsivity principle- HOW
Correctional interventions. Two levels, general and specific. Specific- match them directly to the type of offender you're dealing with.
Canada's insanity defense before 1992
Criminal Lunatics Act of 1800 Adopted by Canada's Criminal Code in 1892.Defendants could plead not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) If found NGRI, defendant was detained without a hearing to assess dangerousness. Decisions to release were decided by Lieutenant Governor.
When would a risk assessment for violence be needed?
Custody decisions- can assess a mother/father's level of risk for neglecting the child.
What is Canada's most severe sentence?
Dangerous offender
Barefoot v. Estelle
Defence challenged the hypothetical assessment that the psychologist made. They took it to the Supreme Court and they upheld it.
Richard Kachkar
Delusions that cameras were everywhere. Stole a snowplow and ran over and killed an officer in Toronto. Conditional discharge.
Dispositions for NCR
Detention order (In a secure psychiatric setting, usually a psychiatric hospital; conditions and privileges), conditional discharge (discharged but with release conditions; can be detained if conditions are not followed), absolute discharge (completely free to go, ORB decides that the person does not pose a significant threat to the safety of the public).
Strategies that attempt to reduce the frequency of violence in youth who are demonstrating problems at school are known as:
secondary intervention strategies
Conditional sentence
serve your sentence in the community. House arrest. Likely to be in a halfway house.
What is the most common procedure used to study sentencing disparity?
simulation studies
According to the McFarlane, Campbell, and Watson (2002) study on the homicide of intimate partners:
stalking was more common in both the attempted and actual femicide groups
Primary intervention strategies are:
strategies to reduce violence prior to the first violent offence
threat/control override symptoms
symptoms that override a person's sense of control. Feeling that your mind is being controlled by forces beyond your control. Thinking someone is planning to hurt or kill you
Negative symptoms
taking away from someone Reduced ability to take care of their hygiene. Loss of voice pitch
Factor 1 of the PCL-R primarily describes:
the interpersonal/affective characteristics
The burden of proving unfitness is on:
the party who raises the issue
Burke and Loeber (2014) examined the effectiveness of the SNAP. This study concluded that:
there was a significant decrease in externalizing behaviors for boys in the SNAP
Currently, what is the prediction component of violence risk assessment?
to estimate the likelihood that someone will commit a future act of violence
Bill C-30=
today's definition of NCRMD
The Young Offender's Act (1984) led to a process referred to as diversion. This allowed some adolescent offenders to:
undergo educational or community service instead of formal prosecution
Motivational interviewing
understand the person's motivations
What does lots of false positives lead to?
use more resources to monitor someone who doesn't need to.
True negative
we were correct in saying they would not reoffend.
Effect of socioeconomic adversity on psychopathy
when the mother was pregnant- those who had high adversity had an elevated presence of psychopathic traits.
Who is most amenable to treatment?
youth
Researchers have examined the recidivism rates of treated and untreated men who attended the Correctional Services of Canada moderate and high family violence program. Which type of recidivism did both treated and untreated have the highest recidivism rates?
Any recidivism
Avery has been arrested as the prime suspect in a murder case and is about to undergo an interrogation. Avery is believed to be highly psychopathic. Based on the suggestions of Quayle (2008), what type of behaviour would be expected of a psychopathic suspect?
Attempts to control the interrogation
Vincent Li
Beheaded and cannibalized stranger on Greyhound bus in Saskatchewan in 2008. Delusions that Tim McLean was an alien. Detained in a hospital. Given an absolute discharge in 2017.
Serious mental disorder
Causes serious impairment in one's different life domains. Typically includes three major disorder types: Schizophrenia-spectrume disorder Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia, most common. 5% of the adult population will have a lifetime serious mental disorder.
Mask of sanity
Cleckley
Phil and Susan are students at Carleton University, and they are both 22 years old. During their 9-month long relationship, Phil was both verbally and physically abusive especially when he was drinking. Phil has had a drinking problem for the last 2 years. During their relationship Phil promised to change, but Susan decided to break up with Phil. This left him angered, and he claims they are "destined to be together". Shortly after the break up Susan starts receiving text messages and phone calls at all hours from Phil. After she blocks his number, he starts showing up in her classes, at her part-time work, and at her home. What type of stalker is Phil?
Ex-intimate
Tarasoff v. University of California
Exchange student from India at Berkley Met Tatiana Got friendly, went to dance lessons together When he started to get serious, she backed off Saw a psychologist on campus, he said he really loved her If he couldn't be with her, he said he wanted to kill her Influenced the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists Clinician-client privilege, limits Clinician should tell the patient this before they start treatment They followed up on him and determined he wasn't a risk The parents sued the school for failing to warn If Tatiana would have known, she probably would've stayed away from him
What the Corrections and condition release act allow for?
Exercising reasonable, safe, secure, and humane control of offenders in correctional institutions and under supervision in the community. Assisting and encouraging offenders to become law-abiding citizens.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and risk for reoffending?
Externalizing problems impart a greater risk for reoffending than internalizing problems
Differences between FST and NCRMD
FST- postpones trial process. NCRMD- legal defense to criminal charges. FST- does not require admission of crime. NCRMD- does
Even if you have a very accurate risk assessment measure prediction errors still happen. When the base rate for committing a criminal act is low which type of error occurs more often?
False positive error
According to current law in Canada, how is anyone younger than age 12 who engages in a criminal act processed?
Family and social service agencies
According to the International Dating Violence Study by Chan et al. (2008):
Female students were less likely to be the perpetrators of serious assault
According to Hilton and Simmons (2001), review board decisions to transfer a forensic psychiatric patient to a less secure institution are typically based on all of the following factors EXCEPT for:
actuarial risk assessment scores
According to the lecture on principles of correctional treatment, the best way to reduce criminal recidivism is to:
adhere to the principles of risk, need and responsivity in community settings
Judges can adjust sentences if there are...
aggravating circumstances.
Non-criminogenic needs
anxiety and self-esteem. Can be changed but not associated with crime.
The "faint hope clause" allows offenders convicted of murder to:
apply for parole before their eligibility date
Most common offenses for NCR criminals
assault and threat
Fitness to stand trial vs. criminal responsibility
at the time of the trial. at the time of the crime.
Illusory correlation
belief there's a correlation between two things, but there's nothing there or its weak. Affected by our bias or intuition.