psyc 273 chapter 15 quiz questions

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find? 1. Decreased activation of the right planum temporale 2. increased cortisol folding 3. abnormal expression of tau 4. increased clusters of neurons in unusual location

abnormal expression of tau

Apraxia is 1. a loss of speech and language 2. sensory impairment 3. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements 4. an inability to write

an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia. arcuate fasciculus; conduction motor cortex; nonfluent primary visual cortex; global angular gyrus; fluent

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings 1. suggest that micropolygyria does not occur in the brains of children 2. offer definitive proof for the neural basis of word blindness 3. support hemispheric specialization of spatial cognition 4. are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field can be repeated accurately. can be written down. cannot be repeated verbally. can be repeated, but only when clues are provided.

cannot be repeated verbally.

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called 1. miccropolygyria 2. ectopia 3. hemispherectomy 4. chronic traumatic encephalopathy

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time. constraint-induced movement intense massage melodic intonation edema reduction

constraint-induced movement

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally a) critical period b) time delay c) developmental interlude d) syntax phase

critical period

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of a) dyslexia b) apraxia c) Broca's aphasia d) childhood aphasia

dyslexia

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia 1. global 2. pragmatic 3. fluent 4. galatic

global

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that humans have an inborn mechanism to navigate in their environment. much of brain plasticity is hardwired into the brain. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language. laterality decreases as we age.

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test? 1. If a patient has recently had a stroke 2. the doctor is attempting to diagnose an aphasia 3. The doctor wants to localize the brain region that is causing a visual problem 4. if a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

if a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except neurogenesis. reverse transcription. the use of stem cells. collateral sprouting.

reverse transcription.

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of 1. right-handed individuals 2. left-handed individuals 3. Individuals with dyslexia 4. Split-Brain patients

right-handed individuals

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. 1. right; left 2. right; right 3. left; right 4. left; left

right; right

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word. a complete inability to read. an inability to read one of the two languages she has spoken all her life. an inability to read prepositions or any other words that express a relation to other words or phrases within the sentence.

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in a) fine sensory analysis of acoustic information b) higher-order cognitive functions c) strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors d) delicate control of all musculature

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations. subcortical regions; cortex cortex; frontal lobes cortex; subcortical regions cerebellum; frontal lobes

subcortical regions; cortex

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough. 1. surface 2. deep 3. frontal 4. temporal

surface

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found many new brain regions important in vision. that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities. that electrical stimulation enhanced language abilities. many new brain regions important in auditory processing.

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to______ as a treatment for _______ a) plan temporale; astereognosis b) Broca's area; prosody c) fusiform gyrus; prospagnosia d) the corpus callous; epilepsy

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Williams syndrome provides evidence for the epigenetics of language. the benefits of enrichment programs for children with dyslexia. the heritability of language. environmental influences on language.

the heritability of language.

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of 1. the right inferior frontal region 2. the angular gyrus 3. Broca's area 4. the left posterior temporal region

the left posterior temporal region

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with the motor theory of language. observations of split-brain patients. deficits seen in conduction aphasia. the connectionist model of aphasia.

the motor theory of language.

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use ______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do a) slightly different b) overlapping but different c) completely different d) the same

the same

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true 1. Unlike humans, monkeys show no preference for using either ear to listen to vocalization of conspecifics 2. only chimps (not monkeys) show a preferences for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics 3.Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalization of conspecifics 4. Unlike humans, monkeys show a reverse pattern language lateralization; with a left ear advantage

Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalization of conspecifics

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech? Brain damage results in permanent song elimination. Deafened female birds are more sensitive to left-brain injury. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song. Removal of the left temporal cortex of birds eliminates characteristic song patterns.

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

Disturbance in reading is called a) anomia b) alexia c) apraxia d) agnosia

alexia

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time. constraint-induced movement intense massage melodic intonation edema reduction

constraint-induced movement

Astereognosis is the failure of binaural hearing. failure to accurately perceive faces. complete numbness of the fingers and hand. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying a) individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the objects or animals are novel b) inanimate objects that are shaped like faces c) objects at close range d) individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories

Which statement about childhood aphasia true? 1. apashia produced by brain injury os childhood is always severe and permanent 2. childhood aphasia and adult aphasia and adult and adult aphasia are typically similar in their recovery patterns 3. language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood 4. the brain progressiovely increases its ability to compensate for injury with aging

language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate? 1. languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization 2. the number of human languages is expanding sharply as global populations increase 3. the number of human languages is staying remarkably stable in spite of the rising global population 4. many new languages are emerging as a result of increasingly sophisticated communications systems

languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization

Hemispheric specialization is also known as 1. hemispheric centrality 2. propsopangnosia 3. lateralization 4. location of function

lateralization

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the left visual field. left hemisphere. precise center of the two visual fields. right visual field.

left visual field.

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud. decreased activity minor activation no activity marked activation

marked activation

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers? 1. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 2. Dementia 3. Tauopathy 4. Micropolygyria

micropolygyria

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called 1. dyslexias 2. paraphasia 3. neologisms 4. confabulations

neologisms

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______. 1. morphemes; prosody 2. phonemes; grammar 3. dichotic; syntax 4. linguistic; pragmatics

phonemes; grammar

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing. posterior; phonological posterior; semantic anterior; semantic anterior; phonological

posterior; phonological

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial. juveniles do not have to be exposed to vocal adults to develop normal singing behavior. both human and bird communication incorporate prosody. the right hemisphere has a greater effect on vocal behavior.

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in 1. epilepsy 2. dyslexia 3. prosopagnosia 4. asterognosis

prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is the inability to learn the names of objects that are seen. distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli. recognize faces. identify objects by touch.

recognize faces

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _____ the unaffected arm a) restraining b) attachment to c) forced movement controlled by d) mirroring

restraining

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres. 1. Split-brain; planum temporal 2. two brain; primary auditory cortex 3. two-brain; fusiform gyrus 4. split-brain; corpus callosum

split brain; corpus callosum

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it encourages self-acceptance. trains the brain to move only the unaffected limb. tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm. forces the patient to challenge the way the stroke has changed their physical appearance.

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness. global aphasia; conduction aphasia Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia anomia; apraxia Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion? Chimpanzees do not produce novel sequences of signs. Chimpanzees do not have the fine motor control to fully execute ASL. Chimpanzees do not sign accurately enough to prove that they can acquire language. Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction. 1. Hemispherectomy 2. ectopia 3. Tauopathy 4. Micropolygyria

Micropolygyria

A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. Wernicke's Broca's conduction global

Wernicke's

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language? 1. Broca's area formulates a motor plan in preparation of speaking the appropriate word and transmits that plan to motor cortex for implementation. 2. Transfer of information over the arcuate fasciculus contributes to the connection between comprehension and production of speech. 3. Deficits in language result from a disconnection between brain regions in the language network. 4. When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______. during sleep; during wakefulness in adulthood; in childhood in women; in men in childhood; in adulthood

in childhood; in adulthood

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe. fusiform gyrus; parietal corpus callosum; parietal planum temporale; temporal Wernicke's area; frontal

planum temporale; temporal

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months. 18 7 12 3

7

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"? 1. It consists of three phonemes 2. break is an example of pragmatics 3. U is a morpheme 4. able is a morpheme

Able is a morpheme

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from _______ cortex. 1. N400: temporoparietal 2. P600: dorsolateral 3. N400: dorsolateral 4. P600; temporoparietal

N400: temporoparietal

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that 1. a single hormone has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body. 2. using one hand or the other results in neurological changes that cause a whorl to go in a specific direction. 3. left-handed and right-handed people have different types of hair follicles. 4. a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body

a single gene has a major influence throughout the body

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia? Gestalt Motor Global Connectionist

Connectionist

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition? a) Fusiform gyrus b) Planum temporale c) Arcuate fasciculus d)Angular gyrus

Fusiform gyrus

n the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other. 1, anesthetic 2. dye 3. radioactive tracer 4.. stimulant

anesthetic