Psyc 312 Chapter 9

Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) would be most susceptible to peer pressure?

-Steven, a male adolescent -Paul, a black adolescent -Annie, an adolescent from a single-parent family

At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure to be the greatest?

14 years

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true?

Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial

The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory.

Piaget's cognitive

Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is false?

This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers

For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice?

What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college?

The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy.

cognitive

Mrs. Smith is unable to accept her son's long hair and loud music. She responds to his individuality by devaluing and judging rather than questioning and probing. What type of behavior is Mrs. Smith demonstrating?

constraining

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation is functioning at which level of moral development?

conventional

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

conventional

Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while." Mark's level of moral development would be described as:

conventional stage.

Researchers have found that prosocial moral reasoning:

correlates positively with both prosocial behavior and attitudes toward helping others

Carrie's parents have repeatedly told her not to pierce her belly button despite her argument that all of her friends are getting their belly buttons pierced. Carrie's urge to pierce her navel probably stems from:

her desire to conform to her peers.

According to research cited in the textbook, susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure is _____ among relatively _____ acculturated Latino adolescents than their _____ acculturated peers

higher; more; less

Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature?

increased authoritarianism

All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except:

increasing emotional distance from parents.

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

independence; autonomy

Susceptibility to social pressure:

is likely to result in false confessions by adolescents if confronted with fake "evidence."

The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex:

less influenced by peer pressure

As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____.

less; more; escalate

Madeline is affiliated with a fundamentalist religious group. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline

would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex

Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true?

Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

Which of the following statements about autonomy is false?

An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in autonomy development.

Who would argue that the physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption and conflict inside the family system?

Anna Freud

Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false?

Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion

Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning

Barney, who scores high on masculinity

Which statement regarding autonomy development would not fit with Anna Freud's theory?

Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.

Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is false?

Engaging in community service has a long-lasting positive impact even when it is part of a school mandated service learning program.

Which adolescent is most likely to feel anxious and depressed?

Humberto, whose family discourages his individuation

According to the text, who is more likely to begin the process of individuation first: Jeanne, whose parents have been divorced for 5 years, or Paul, whose parents are married?

Jeanne

Which adolescent female is least likely to seek autonomy from her parents?

Kim, an Asian living in the United States

Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy not likely to affect Michelle?

Michelle will be genuinely autonomous

When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from:

a permissive home.

Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as:

a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma

Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from:

an authoritarian home.

In contrast with younger adolescents, older adolescents:

are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

Advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style?

authoritative

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

authoritative

In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more _____ with respect to parents, and more _____ with respect to peers

autonomous; conformist

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish:

autonomy

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called

autonomy

Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents are more likely to do all but which of the following:

be influenced by friends who perform well in school.

Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?

behavioral

Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing?

behavioral autonomy

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

behavioral autonomy

Which of the following is not a good predictor of volunteerism?

being male

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that:

children are more strict observers of religious customs.

Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships

close

Seth and his father are discussing politics. Seth says that the government is a corrupt institution and should be overthrown. His father responds, "That's the dumbest thing I've ever heard! What are you, some kind of moron?" This type of interaction can be characterized as:

constraining behavior.

During adolescence, the importance of religion:

decreases.

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _________ and the strength of peer pressure _________.

decreases; increases

Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't use to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating:

deidealization of parents.

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as:

detachment.

Recent research indicates that _______ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas _________ has positive ones.

detachment; individuation

Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to _____ prosocial acts that are done for _____ reasons

devalue; self-serving

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

during college

Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed. What type of autonomy is Karen expressing?

emotional

Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?

emotional

As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing?

emotional autonomy

Which of the following type of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?

emotional autonomy

When Ramon expresses a view that differs from his father's, Ramon's father asks his son to clarify the statement and he probes his son's logic. Ramon's father is:

enabling his son's autonomy.

According to the textbook, parents who exhibit _____ behavior facilitate more healthy autonomous development, whereas parents who exhibit _____ behavior have difficulty accepting their child's individuality

enabling; constraining

Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for variations in autonomy expectations as a function of:

ethnicity.

Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents

Individuals who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults often base their arguments on findings that:

generally speaking, adolescents do not have the same decision-making competence as adults.

During childhood, boys and girls are

highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers

If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice.

his or her parents

In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of:

individuation.

Tyler's parents comment that his 1st year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing:

individuation.

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______.

individuation; emotional closeness

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true:

moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand

As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he comes to understand about the concept of ownership. This change is an example of:

moral development.

During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report all but which of the following?

more strained family relationships

Albert always follows the clothing trends his friends start at school. Carl ignores the trends at school and strictly adheres to his parents' guidelines for dressing. Which adolescent is genuinely autonomous

neither Albert nor Carl

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

on how to wear his hair

Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being

overprotective and intrusive

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning morally is not the same as behaving morally. Research addressing these concerns has found that:

people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives

Craig is always the first to go along with the deviant activities his friends suggest. With which style of parenting was Craig probably raised?

permissive

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

permissive

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

personal taste.

According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at:

postconventional

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called

preconventional.

Postconventional reasoning also has been referred to as:

principled moral reasoning.

Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?

puberty

All of the following are reasons stated in the text to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except:

puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family.

Youth advocates argue that adolescents over age 16 should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because these adolescents:

reason in ways that are significantly more sophisticated than younger adolescents

Issues of autonomy

recur throughout the life span.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?

refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room

There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life.

religiosity; spirituality

Research suggests that which aspect of emotional autonomy does not increase over the period of adolescence?

seeing parents as people

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except

the increase in the probability that decision-making is influenced by emotions

When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say:

the person should confess.

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on:

their own system of personal religious beliefs

Typically, adolescents who rebel against their parents or authorities do so because:

they are conforming to their peers.

According to the textbook, many young people find it frustrating that:

they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically

As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they increasingly:

view lying to their parents as unacceptable

The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that:

whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.