PSYC 333 Exam 1

Research ethics: standards of conduct to protect participants form harm

*informed consent*- aspects that may affect willingness to participate *benefits to risks ratio* - compare benefits to costs in terms of harms or inconvenience *confidentiality* - conceal identity *protect from harm* - physical and psychological harm *deception/debriefing/results* - true purpose of study, deception after review, why they had to deceive

Important factors of teratogens

*timing of exposure* - prepare before pregnancy, do not take during embryonic period *amount of exposure* - threshold effects vary *genetic vulnerabilities*

Maturation

biological unfolding of an individual biological inheritance: species and individual

Plasticity

capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences

AIDS

caused by HIV passes through placenta, birth canal, or while breast feeding 25% of those at risk are infected ZDV reduces transmission by 70% 50% of HIV infected infants live past 6 yrs old

toxoplasmosis

caused by eating undercooked meat and handling cat feces induces miscarriage later in pregnancy Characteristics: eye and brain damage during first trimester

What did the meaningful differences book say?

children in professional families expose their children to more words than working class, which is more than welfare families

Cigarretes

cleft lip and cleft palate abnormal lung functioning miscarriage low birth weight ectopic pregnancy (fertilized egg implants outside uterus) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome higher [nicotine] in fetus

ethnography

collect data by living within the cultural community for an extended period strength: understand cultural conflicts and potential impact on development limitations: subjective and may not be generalizable

Functions and course of crying

communicate distress developmental changes changes after first 3 months (maturation of brain, increased responsiveness of parents) shrills and non-rhythmic cries may indicate brain damage Wait 6 months before letting a baby cry it out when falling asleep.

Experimental design

confounding variable: a factor other than the IV that could explain differences in the DV experimental control: control confounding variables, random assignment for equal probability of exposure to each treatment

psychophysiological methods

examine the relationship between psychological responses and behavior HR EEG/ERP - brain wave activity for arousal states and stimulus detection hormone levels - oxytocin (attachment), cortisol (stress) BP strengths: perception that have captured something "real" limitations: what was the actual stimulus, physiology changes may not be the stimulus (hunger, fatigue, reaction to equipment)

Learning

experiences producing relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, and behavior

Habituation Method

familiarity leads to lack of response---process by which we stop responding to a repeated stimulus dishabituation response to new stimuli---process by which we attend to a new stimulus

Newborn Reflexes

involuntary, automatic response to stimuli survival: adaptive value, satisfy needs ex.) breathing, sucking, swallowing, pupillary (constrict pupils to bright light and dilate to dim light), rooting (turn head in direction of touch) primitive: not as useful and disappear the first year ex.) Babinski (stroke side of foot and he fans his toes out), swimming, grasping, stepping, palmar grasping, Moro (loud noise or pretend to drop them makes them throw arms out, arch the back, and bring arms toward each other if to hold something)

cultural influences on infant perception

language- become sensitive to sounds important to a certain language music- familiar with your culture's music Growth of perceptual skills include adding new skills and losing unnecessary skills. Your culture determines which sensory inputs are distinctive and how to interpret those inputs.

Operant Conditioning

learner emits a response operates on environment associates action with consequences repeats favorable action limits unfavorable action behavioral training most successful token economy (adding and subtracting using the 5:1 give and take) Newborns learn very slowly but the rate increases with age. 2 months= memory is context dependent This will not generalize to other circumstances. It's context specific. 18 months= use rewards and punishments Immediate rewards avoid "no" focus on positives (5:1) bribing= give them something and tell them now they have to do something rewards= give them something for doing something

Basic learning processes in infancy

learning: change in behavior that produces a new way to think about, perceive, or react to the environment. It's the result of an experience and is relatively permanent. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

infant sight and vision

limited acuity last mature sense near sighted detect changes in brightness see patterns and color discrimination good at 2-3 months see as well as adults by 12 months preference for faces distinguish mom's face scan surroundings perceive patterns distinguish among forms

The Microgenetic Design

looks at processes that promote developmental change and cognitive development repeatedly expose children ready for developmental change to experiences that produce change monitor behavior as it changes limitations: time, repeated observations affect the developmental outcomes being studied

marijuana

emotional regulation in males poorer reading and spelling at age 10 depression anxiety

Early Pattern Perception

0-2 months prefer high contrast patterns (black and white) prefer moderately complex patterns prefer patterns that move

Germinal Period

1-2 weeks 1. Zygote 2. Blastocyst 3. Blastocyst impants in uterine wall to use mom's blood supply

Goals of Developments

1. Describe- based on observations (normative, and ideographic or individual) 2. Explain- address the "why" of dvelopment 3. Optimize- help people develop in a positive directions (help the human condition)

6 General principles of teratogens

1. Susceptibility of organism depends on developmental stage 2. Effects are likely to be specific to a particular organ 3. Individuals vary in susceptibility 4. Mother's physiological state influences susceptibility 5. Greater concentration = greater risk 6. Little to no effect on mom but can seriously affect the developing organism (ex. Zika virus- mom gets a cold and baby can be deformed)

lithium and oral contraceptives

1st trimester heart defects

later form perception

2 months - 1 year more sensitive to movement begin to perceive objects as whole forms use subjective contours results from interaction between visual sense, biological maturation, and learning

Development of depth perception

2 months = decrease in HR so they are interested but not scared 6.5 months = 90% crawling and perceive depth Experience through motor development is important ex.) visual cliff

Brazelton's Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)

24-36 hrs after birth neurological development reflexes reactions to people ratings of worrisome normal or superior

Embryonic Period

3-8 weeks Blastocyst --> Embryo Endoderm: inner layer, digestive, respiratory Mesoderm: middle layer, circulatory, bones, muscles, excretory, reproductive Ectoderm: outer layer, nervous, sensory, skin Embryo support system: placenta, umbilical cord, amnion Primitive streak develops: first sign of human structure (neural tube will form brain and spinal cord) Develop: head, facial features, extremities, organs (organogenesis- cardiovascular system first) most critical period in prenatal development

ibuprofen

3rd trimester pulmonary hypertension prolonged delivery

caffeine

4 cups or more of coffee miscarriage low birth weight

short term consequences of low birth weight

40--50% weighing less than 2.2 lbs die brain development and neural pattern formation in pre-term infants differs breathing difficulty due to surfactin or respiratory distress syndrome spend time in isolettes frustrating to care for

narcotics (heroin and methadone)

60-80% born addicted and go through withdrawal breathing/swallowing coordination problems normal development progresses by age 2 but boys are vulnerable

Attention span and TV

Attention span of children is negatively affected from watching TV. Toddlers and preschoolers under age 3 shouldn't watch much TV because their attention spans are 3-5 min. They should probably watch 12-15 min.

Influences of mother's nutrition

Consume enough calories well balanced diet folic acid Calcium Magnesium Zinc Iron Gain 25-35 lbs medical supervision for vitamins and supplements Folic acid: reduces down syndrome, spina bifida and anacephaly (underdeveloped brain and incomplete skull) ----found in veggies, fruits, beans, liver extreme undernourishment and malnutrition --> low birth weight, premature birth, abnormalities, and/or death

Syphilis

Early treatment prevents harm of his bacterial infection Can result in miscarriage Damages: eyes, ears, bones, heart, and brain

Father's experience with birth, siblings experience, and social expectations

Father has engrossment, intense fascination, desire to touch, hold and caress. Early contact with the newborn can make dad feel closer to mom and provides support. Siblings have rivalry. Parental expectations can influence the child's development. Cultural factors like the baby's sex are involved in these expectations.

Newborn's first minutes

First breath: fluid rushes out, expressed as oxygen, remove mucus cut umbilical cord and remove vernix caseosa (white/blue sticky stuff) apagar scale: assessment 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth 7+ = normal/healthy 4 and lower = critical attention Test for disease: PKU (build up of chemical ingestion in the blood that leads to brain damage or disabilities) 95% of newborns are normal most of the 5% have minor temporary congenital problems

What we think we know comes from

Folklore (word of mouth, passing down info from generations) personal experiences opinions of "experts" research strategies

Stages of Pregnancy

Germinal Period: 1-2 weeks Embryonic Period: 3-8 weeks Fetal Period: 9 weeks - birth women know they are pregnant between 4 and 6 weeks

Media reports of developmental research

How was data gathered? Study design? Who did it? Where published? Appropriate conclusions? Random assignment? ex.) Fluroide added to water, autism and vaccines connection, media frenzies, mis-interpreation, mis-representation

Classical Conditioning

Ian Pavlov and dog Unconditioned stimulus (food) Unconditioned response (salivation) Conditioned stimulus (bell) Conditioned response (salivation) Possible for newborns but must have survival value

Maternal Stress causing elevated cortisol

Immediate effects: impedes oxygen and nutrients to fetus long term effects: weakened immune system, poor eating, smoking, drugs, alcohol, counseling to manage/reduce stress

Experimental design: Albert Bandura and Bobo Clowns

Independent variable: modeling of aggression film against bobo clown or no modeling film dependent variable: direct imitation of behavior, novel acts of aggression, imitation of verbalizations, recall of modeled acts Follow up study IV: rewarded or punished for behavior, effects of gender model/child DV: same

Eating and diapers

Infants eat every 2 hrs Takes 45 min to feed a newborn baby go through 10-13 diapers/day

Self-report methodolities---most common

Interviews/questionnaires structured, same questions, same order, comparison of responses, daily studies. These are the most common. strengths: large data, confidentiality improves accuracy limitations: read/comprehend speech, honest and accuracy issues, how to interpretate questions interviews---DISC, SCID questionnaires ---CDI, CBCL

Ethical violations

Iowa Stuttering Study: orphans + or - feedback on speech. Negative had speech problems and psychological effects the rest of their life Willowbrook: Hepatitis B injected into mentally disabled children Tuskegee Syphilis Study: naturally happens to those not treated for syphilis Guatemala Syphilis Study: inmates, prostitutes, and people in hospitals had bacteria poured on them Nuremburg Trials: Nazi medical experiments on people in concentration camps Harlow's Monkeys: attachment theory on isolated infant monkeys

What is the last functioning in utero to develop?

Last = lungs - baby is still in liquid so they can't breathe. There is also some neurodevelopment and brain development. Neural pruning occurs.

Rubella (German measles)

Most dangerous during first trimester Do not conceive unless woman has had rubella or was immunized Characteristics: blindness, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, mental retardation

effects of teratogens

Most serious when a structure is forming susceptibility influenced by genetic makeup of mom and embryo same defect caused by different teratogens longer/higher exposure causes more harm father's exposure (prior to conception) affects embryo long term effects depend on postnatal environment some effects not apparent until later in life

Environmental conditions and prenatal development

Mother's attitude towards pregnancy and stress (transient and chronic) reduces motor activity and leads to negative outcomes like low birth weight, irritable baby Hormones can help the baby so moderate levels of stress can aid development

Observation methodology

Naturalistic Structured Case study Ethnography Psychophysiological

Genital herpies

No cure for mom can cross placenta kills 3% of infected newborns C-section prevents infecting mom Causes: blindness, brain damage, neurological problems

scientific method

Objective: everyone examining the data will get the same conclusion replicable: every time the method is used, the result and data is the same

Research

Observes multiple children systematically minimizes bias reliable valid un-ambigious (only one interpretation) specification of casual factors

Naturalistic observation

Observing in common natural settings Strengths: easily applied to infants (no verbal skills needed), shows behavior in everyday life limitations: rare or socially undesirable behaviors might not occur, difficult to isolate the cause of action or developmental trend, observer may change behavior (videotape/time may reduce this)

Anoxia

Oxygen deprivation umbilical cord becomes tangled breech position placenta separation RH factor incompatibility (RH+ baby and RH- mom is preventable. If exchange happens during delivery it can lead to negative outcomes for 2nd baby) Causes neurological damage, permanent disabilities and increase risk of adult heart disease

Birth complications

Pre-term: before 35 weeks after conception (more than 3 weeks before due date) Low birth weight (LBW): less than 5.5 lbs. Very low birth weight: less than 3 lbs 5 oz Extremely low birth weight: less than 2lbs 3 oz (40-50% die) - socioeconomic, environmental, African American, intrauterine growth restrictions small for gestational age (SGA): didn't gain weight at the appropriate time during pregnancy Anoxia: lack of O2 (delivery takes too long, cord is placed incorrectly when mom pushes) Prematurity: birth before the 37th week causing immature lungs, digestive and/or immune systems Correlations include increased weight gain and other obligations like brain damage

Methods for studying sensory and perceptual experiences

Preference Method Habituation Method Method of Evoked Potentials High-Amplitude Sucking Method

Thaliomide

Prevents nausea and vomiting Was "safe" in Europe (tested on animals) Causes if taken during first 2 months of pregnancy: birth defects to eyes, ears, nose, hearts, missing limbs, feet or hands connected to torso

Perception of 3D space

Size consistancy: present at birth fully developed at 10-11 yrs 1-3 months = movement cues 3-5 months = binocular cues 6-7 months = monocular or pictorial cues

Development/Developmental Psychology

Systematic continuities and changes between conception to death. Orderly- patterned, enduring Stable- reflects the past Continual Cumulative Holistic -interrelationships Changes at any phase impacts future

Cultural differences

USA: 1% have baby at home World: most babies at home Obstetricians (OBGYN) midwives doulas birthing centers (at home vibe)

Labor and delivery medication

Used by 95% of moms in the USA reduces pain induces contractions relaxes mom reduces ability to push effectively can make baby lethargic and inattentive increase comfort without disrupting delivery

Fetal Period

Week 9 - birth sex differentiation digestive and excretory systems show activity organs completely develop brain growth nails and beginning of teeth and hair movements significant weight gain between 6 and 9 months

diethylstilbesterol (DES)

delayed effects in the reproductive system primarily effects females

long term consequences of low birth weight

depends on post-natal environment stimulating home --> very good outcomes less stable home or economically disadvantaged--> smaller in size, emotional/behavioral problems, deficits in intellectual/academic performance

case study approach

detailed description of a single individual or group strength: depth of info limitation: difficult to compare subjects, lack of generalizability

Cross sectional design

different ages studied at the same time cohort group of the same age, exposed to similar cultural environments and historical events (war, disaster, life-altering events) strengths: used most often by developmentalists, quick and easy, conclusions valid if cohorts had similar experiences limitations: corhort effects (differences due to cultural or historical factors that distinguish cohorts, not actual developmental change), and missing data on individual development (each person measured once, no data on that person's development over time)

Preference Method

discriminate between stimuli ex.) looking chamber

infant hearing

discriminate sounds based on loudness, duration, direction, and frequency prefer mom's voice over other women sensitive to phonemes (better than adults) at 3-6 months hearing loss affects development (due to ear infections)

Interventions for pre-term infants

early acquaintance programs: touching, rocking, talking parents taught to be sensitive and responsive to babies combine these with day care programs to help cognitive growth and reduce behavioral disturbances

Mom's experience with birth

first 6-12 hrs = sensitive period for emotional bonding (may not be essential) maternity blues: 40-60% of moms Postpartum depression: 10% of moms --> seek professional help, depression affects outcomes of the mother and infant

longitudinal design

group of people observed repeatedly over a period of time strengths: assess stability of attributes, identify normative developmental trends, understand individual differences in development limitations: costly, time consuming, practice effects (improvement due to familiarity with test/interview), selective attrition (not representative sample), cross-generational problems (conclusions limited to age of participants)

aspirin

growth retardation infant death

field experiment

in a naturalistic setting

structured observations

in the lab or a controlled setting behavior can be observed surreptitiously (in secret) strength: all participants exposed to same environment limitation: results may not represent real life

What needs to be included in prenatal care?

info about nutrition and teratogens educate teens early detection of problems prenatal testing methods (CVS- chorionic vili sampling - fluid incise placenta looks at chromosomes) sonogram

Historical/cultural context

may influence development ex.) The Great Depression---hording, not being wasteful

natural or quasi experiment

measuring the impact of a naturally occurring event IV can't be manipulated no random assignment

variations of childbirth

medicated: analgesis (relieves pain), anesthesia (epidural), oxytocics (induce contractions) natural: breathing techniques, relationship with doctor cesarean: if fetus is in difficult position prepared: similar to natural, specific breathing techniques

cocaine

miscarriage premature birth sleep disturbances very irritable lower IQ poor language development skills negative effects due to maternal vocab, home environment and exposure to additional tertogens

sequential design

select participants of different cohorts and follow each cohort over time strengths: analyze cohort effects, cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons, more efficient

infant taste and smell

prefer sweet avoid unpleasant odors recognize mom's smell if breast-fed

Method of Evoked Potentials

present a stimulus and record the brain waves discrimination of stimuli produces different brain wave patterns

environmental hazards

radiation --> death and mental retardation (ex. chernobyl, Fukushima - nuclear power plant explosions) lead/mercury --> deformities and mental retardation PBCs --> less neurologically mature, pre and postnatal effects, father's exposure is harmful

High-Amplitude Sucking Method

rate of sucking on a pacifier controls the presentation of a stimuli, shows preference and discrimination

Sleep and arousal states

regular sleep: 8-9 hrs/day irregular REM sleep: 8-9 hrs/day drowsiness: 0.5-3 hrs/day alert inactivity: 2-3 hrs/day alert activity: 1-3 hrs/day crying: 1-3 hrs day (colic babies up to 6 hrs/day)

measures must be

reliable: consistent info over time and across observers valid: measures what it's supposed to

Purpose of placenta

semi-permeable organ that allows nutrients, gasses and drugs to pass through. Blood cells too large to cross site of metabolic transactions sustaining embryo Allows mom's antibodies to pass through (even if blood types don't match)

sensation vs. perception

sensation: detection of sensory stimuli perception: interpretation of sensory input

intermodal perception

senses are integrated at birth reaching for seen objects looking in direction of sound expect to see source of sound expect to feel objects they reach for

Alcohol

social drinking: 1-3x/day binge drinking: 5+/day - greatest risk father's drinking Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) Results: slow physical growth, poor motor skills, attention difficulties, verbal learning difficulties, subnormal intellectual performance Characteristics: distinct facial features, abnormal facial characteristics, abnormalities in limbs and heart, slow physical growth, mental retardation, retarded language development, emotional problems, impulsivity and hyperactivity threshold is unknown

Teratogens

substances and conditions that increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities ---any agent that can harm an embryo or fetus alcohol rubella (German measles) toxoplasmosis syphilis genital herpies AIDS Thaliomide Aspirin Ibuprofen Caffeine Lithium Oral contraceptives diethylstilbesterol (DES) cigarettes marijuana narcotics (heroin & methadone) cocaine

What are the causes of low birth weight and small for gestational age (SGA)?

support system or placenta problems malnutrition drug use tobacco multiple births

research concepts

theory: set of concepts and propositions that describe and explain some aspect of behavior hypothesis: theoretical predictions which can be tested by collecting data

infant touch, temperature, and pain

touch enhances development and allows exploration sensitive to temperature and pain

Correlation studies

variables related? correlation coefficient (r) -1.00 to 1.00 positive and negative no causation casual relationship due to 3rd, unmeasured variable spurious correlations: no causation (shark attack and ice cream sales)

Risk analysis of teratogens

weighing the chances that a particular teratogen will affect the fetus