PSYC 360
Which of the following are examples of self-fulfilling prophecies and which are not?
Examples of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: The wine shop owner advises his customers to buy a certain wine since he expects to run out of it due to high demand. Soon, the shop runs out of the wine. Stacy gets a coveted internship through family connections. Her supervisor assumes she's not talented, and thus offers her no help. She struggles as a result. Marcus doesn't expect to like his sister's new boyfriend. Marcus is rude to him, causing the boyfriend to be rude back to him. Not an Example of a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Jayson doesn't study and gets a low score on his first psych exam. For the rest of the semester he doesn't study psych very much and continues to do poorly. Dale goes horseback riding for the first time at her uncle's ranch. She gets thrown off the horse and vows to never ride a horse again.
When it comes to one's view of oneself, ___________are more affected than__________ are by others' appraisals of them.
young adolescents, adults
measurement validity
Regression to the mean refers to the tendency for extreme scores to be followed by, or to accompany, less extreme scores. For example, this is determined in IQ tests by comparing IQ scores with performance in jobs.
After considering textbooks from two publishers for her social psychology course, a professor chooses one book over the other. The statements below were made by the sales reps of the two publishers after this decision.Decide which are consistent with the self-serving attributional bias.
Self-Serving Bias The unsuccessful sales rep: "I did my best, but the other book is better than ours." The unsuccessful sales rep: "The professor never gave us a chance." The successful sales rep: "My hard work really paid off." Not Self-Serving Bias The successful sales rep: "I had an excellent book to sell."
The following statements represent potential answers to questions that an attribution theorist using the covariation principle may ask in gathering information about the causes of an event. Match each answer to the correct label.
The person does not behave the same way in similar situations.Correct label:high in distinctivenessIf the same situation occurred again, the person would not behave in the same way.Correct label:low in consistencyIn the same situation, few people would behave that way.Correct label:low in consensusIn the same situation, most people would behave in the same way.Correct label:high in consensusThe person behaves in the same way in similar situations.Correct label:low in distinctivenessIf the same situation occurred again, the person would behave in the same way.Correct label:high in consistency
Reliability
This is the degree to which a measure gives the same result on repeated occasions, or the degree to which two measuring instruments yield the same result For example, you take an IQ test twice, and you get roughly the same score.
Select all of the statements below about framing that are true.
True: The basis of temporal framing is the fact that we think about actions and events within a particular time perspective. The way information is presented can "frame" the way it is processed and understood. False: Spin framing is a "pure" type of framing. Positive and negative framing alters the content of the information being conveyed.
Which of the following statements are true about the bad-news bias?
True: There is a positive correlation between the amount of TV watched by people and their expectations that they will be victimized. The relationship between television viewing and one's expectation of being victimized is not as great in neighborhoods with low crime rates. The bad-news bias can lead people to believe they are more at risk of victimization than they really are. False: People who live in high-crime areas and don't watch TV feel more fearful of being victimized than their neighbors who do watch TV.
Research has shown that when individuals gain their self-esteem from multiple domains that are - one another, they are less likely to be devastated by a setback in any one area.
different from
Identify each aspect of the three dimensions typically used to assess a person's explanatory style of events as either more pessimistic or optimistic.
More Pessimistic: stable global internal More Optimistic: unstable external specific
basic research example
researching what motivates teenagers to engage in unhealthy activities
The field of _______is the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at _____that help them interpret and understand the past, present, and future.
social cognition judgments
Identify the true and false statements about the phenomenon known as pluralistic ignorance.
true: A misperception is caused because an entire group of people act differently from how they truly feel. It can occur when people are afraid to show themselves as gentle or kind because they perceive that toughness is called for in the situation. false: It occurs when large numbers of people share inaccurate information, such as a false report on Twitter. When we think and behave in certain ways, we often bring about our expectations.
Which of the following are examples of the fundamental attribution error and which are not?
true: After seeing the report of a man being robbed and shot in a high-crime area, Kay concludes that he probably deserved it since he must have been up to no good. After becoming famous for portraying a brutal Nazi in a hit movie, Rolf is unable to get roles as a "good guy" because the public thinks he must be an evil person. false: Upon learning that her minister admitted to stealing church money, Dawn says that she cannot judge him since she doesn't know what the circumstances were that led him to steal. The coach of the losing team in a big game says his side lost because so many of his best players were injured.
The self-serving attributional bias is the tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to _______ circumstances, and to attribute success and other good events to ________ characteristics.
external internal
random samples
likely to capture the proportions of given types of people in the population as a whole
intervention example
making an effort to try to stop young people from smoking by coming up with a public service advertisement
Which of the following statements about culture and causal attribution are true?
-To non-Westerners, the kinds of social factors that are merely background for North Americans appear to be more salient -Much of what psychologists know about how people assess the behavior of others is universal -Most of the world's people tend to pay more attention to social situations and the people who are involved in them than Westerners do
Which of the following statements regarding confirmation bias are accurate?
Accurate:Confirmation bias leads people to unintentionally ask questions that influence the answers.The tendency to seek confirming information can lead to all sorts of false beliefs, because a person can find supportive evidence for almost anything.Confirmation bias can be avoided by thoroughly investigating all sides of a proposition.Confirmation bias is the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it.Not Accurate:Motivated confirmation bias occurs when researchers make specific efforts to counteract the effects of confirmation bias.
Which of the following are accurate statements about how schemas can influence behavior?
Accurate:Experimenters have demonstrated that priming specific schemas in people can impact the people's behavior to a measurable degree.Being exposed to certain stimuli (such as a plastic shovel) often has the effect of priming the concepts with which they're associated (the beach), making them momentarily more accessible.Activating stereotypes can lead people to construe themselves along the lines of the stereotyped group.Not Accurate:In studies, the priming of specific well-known members of a stereotyped group yielded behavior that closely matched the stereotype in question.
Which of the following are benefits that can be gained from the study of social cognition and which are not?-It can help us understand how people think about the social world.-It can show us how to study illusions to help reveal general principles of perception.-It can teach us how to never make mistakes in our social judgments.-It can show us how to interpret social judgment errors that help us better understand the strategies people use to make judgments.-It can help us learn from past mistakes in our social judgments.
Benefits:-It can show us how to interpret social judgment errors that help us better understand the strategies people use to make judgments.-It can help us learn from past mistakes in our social judgments.-It can help us understand how people think about the social world.Not Benefits:-It can teach us how to never make mistakes in our social judgments.-It can show us how to study illusions to help reveal general principles of perception.
Research by Carol Dweck and others on gender and attributional style has shown that in the United States, boys are more likely than girls to attribute their failures to lack of effort, and girls are more likely than boys to attribute their failures to lack of ability.Which of the following statements accurately describe research related to this finding?
Correct Answer(s) Differences in attribution of failures between girls and boys likely result in part from feedback patterns. Girls are likely to suspect that praise may be unrelated to the intellectual quality of their performance, whereas boys learn that praise means their intellectual performance was excellent. If girls received the feedback that boys typically get and vice versa, girls would be more likely than boys to attribute their failures to lack of effort, and boys would be more likely than girls to attribute their failures to lack of ability. Incorrect Answer(s) The feedback given on a failure to a girl would more likely be "You didn't try hard enough" than "You gave the wrong answer."
Which of the following are examples of ways that social situations can affect our sense of self?
Examples:A mother insists that her daughter always say "please" and "thank you" when she asks for and receives something.A student admires his teacher and models the teacher's behavior.A child feels that faith is an important part of his life because his father prays with him each evening when he tucks him into bed.Not an Example:A child is afraid of clowns because he had a bad dream about them.
Which of the following statements are examples of positive spin framing?
Examples:An advertiser labels the ground beef as 80% lean.On her résumé, instead of including the fact that she has a 2.74 GPA, Alexis lists that she has a 3.68 GPA in her major.Of 100 patients who underwent a specific surgery, 90 survived.The chance of winning the lottery is 1 in 10,000.Not an Example:On the first day of class, the professor tells her students that one-third of the students last semester failed her course.A job interviewer describes a candidate to her boss as unpleasant, female, and intelligent.
Which of the following are examples of reflected self-appraisals?
Examples:Marcel's parents often tell him how much they love his singing. Marcel believes he has a beautiful voice.Alejandra often shows exasperation when her elderly father cannot remember something. Her father feels incompetent.Ed's wife makes fun of his fear of heights. Ed feels embarrassed that he's not very courageous. Not an example: Zorah finds a rare and valuable coin in her change. She feels like lucky things often happen to her. Luisa was terminated from her position at a software development company. Even though she was told the decision was necessary in order to cut costs at the company and not related to her job performance, she still feels depressed about losing her job.
Which of the following scenarios are examples of construal level theory?
Examples:When Jedd's ex invited him to her party, he was excited about seeing her friends whom he likes. When the day of the party arrives, Jedd dreads having to see the friends he doesn't like.January 1: Jean resolves to work out five times a week to stay fit.January 15: It seems like too much effort, so Jean cuts back.February 1: Jean's gym bag is gathering dust in her closet.Last month over sushi, Daniel agreed to help a friend paint his house. Today, he is wondering what he was thinking when he said he'd help.Not an Example:Raina entered a contest in the hope of winning a scholarship to attend music school. She practiced every day until the contest.
The people in the following examples were judged to be either schematic for a particular trait (the trait was a core part of their self-schemas) or aschematic for a particular trait (the trait was not very relevant to their self-schemas).Decide which category they fall into based on their responses to information about their traits.
Maura disagrees when a personality test says she is dependent. This doesn't match her view of herself as an independent woman who has raised three kids on her own.:schematicWhen asked if he was conscientious, Cole deliberated for a few seconds, thinking about whether the trait described him.:aschematicWhen asked for examples of times she has been brave, Rima takes a while to come up with a story.:aschematic Jude is quick to select extraversion, friendliness, and outgoingness as traits she possesses.:schematic
What are some potential benefits of holding positive illusions about the self?
Potential Benefits:People who hold positive illusions about themselves have healthier coping mechanisms in stressful situations.Westerners who hold positive illusions about themselves are more likely to have enhanced well-being.Not a Potential Benefit:People from East Asian cultures who have more positive illusions about themselves have enhanced well-being.People who self-enhance are often admired and respected by others
Which of the following statements regarding the accuracy or validity of snap judgments are true?
True:Knowing what others think someone is like can be as important as knowing if those judgments accurately reflect the person's true characteristics.The available evidence indicates there is often some validity to even extremely brief exposure to other people's behavior.False:Studies indicate that our snap judgments have almost no validity once we receive more information. Humans form judgments quickly, but these initial judgments do not predict more informed judgments made with more exposure.
Which terms apply to acting like the person we want others to believe we are?
apply: self-presentation face impression management does not apply: low self-monitor
convenience samples
can produce proportions that are severely skewed away fro the actual proportions in the population as a whole
When people believe that they can never become their ideal selves, they may experience which of the following common emotions?
common: depression reduced physiological arousal shame uncommon: guilt panic
applied research example
conducting research to determine how to counter the effects of tobacco company efforts to encourage people to smoke
Imagining scenarios of what might have, could have, or should have happened "if only" something had occurred differently is called -. These thoughts can result in the phenomenon of -, which is an increase in a reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening.
counterfactual thinking, emotional amplification
According to self-- theory, Eric holds beliefs not only about what he is actually like but also about what he wants to be like and how he feels he should be. Eric would like to be a good guitarist, which is part of his -self. When Eric thinks about how his actual self is different from this self, he feels -.Eric also thinks that he should spend more time volunteering, because it is consistent with his morals and values. This is part of his - self. When Eric thinks about how his actual self is different from this self, he feels -.
discrepancy, ideal, sad, ought, anxious.
Place the processes involved when making a fundamental attribution error in the order in which they occur.
disregard background influences event occurs attend to raw facts fundamental attribution error occurs
The covariation principle is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior. Match each of the terms associated with this idea below with the correct definition.
distinctiveness information relating to what an individual does in a different situation Correct label: consensus information relating to what most people would do in a given situation Correct label: external attribution when the three types of covariation information studied are all high Correct label: internal attribution when consensus and distinctiveness are low but consistency is high Correct label: consistency information relating to what an individual does in a given situation on different occasions
replication example
following up a study on how to counter tobacco company efforts with another study to make sure the results can be reproduced
population
group you want to know about (U.S college students)
Trying to charm his social psychology professor, Clifton tells her that taking her class makes people happier. Unimpressed by Clifton's attempt to flatter her, the professor challenges him to demonstrate his understanding of experimental design by creating an experiment to prove his statement. Match each experimental design term to the appropriate component of Clifton's experiment.
hypothesis: Students who complete social psychology will be happier. theory: Taking college courses can produce emotions in students. IV: Students may or may not take social psychology. DV: Students may experience different levels of happiness at the end of the semester.
To assess explanatory style, researchers ask participants whether the cause of an event arises from something about them or something about others or the circumstances (the - dimension), is something that will be present again in the future or not (the - dimension), and is something that influences other areas of their lives or just this one (the - dimension).
internal/external, stable/unstable, global/specific
By manipulating the messages people receive about various products through -, producers hope to influence consumers' buying impulses. The key to this is not simply the selection of what - to present, but how to present it.Numerous studies have demonstrated that slight variations in the presentation of information—how it is presented and even when it is presented—can have profound effects on people's -.
marketing, information, judgments
Neuroscientists conducted studies to determine the relationship of self-knowledge to regions of the brain. In a study, Chinese and Western European participants rated how different traits applied to themselves, their mothers, and another unrelated person.When participants considered whether the traits applied to themselves, the - was activated for people from -. When participants considered whether the traits applied to their mothers, people from - again showed activation in this brain region, whereas people from - showed deactivation.
medial prefrontal cortex, both cultures, China, Western Europe
____refers to the tendency for _____scores to be followed by, or to accompany, -______extreme scores.
regression to the mean extreme less