PSYC chapter 10
Which fraction BEST approximates the percentage of doctorates in the social and behavioral sciences that are awarded to women?
1/3
Beginning at about _____ months of age, children begin using gender labels. By the time they are _____ years of age, children can identify themselves and other children as girls or boys.
18; 3
Masters and Johnson began their studies of the human sexual response in the:
1950s.
According to the textbook, about 1 in ______ men and 1 in _____ women think about sex every day.
2; 5
Approximately 1 in _____ persons with HIV is unaware that he or she has the infection.
5
How many HIV-positive people live in the United States?
900,000
Approximately _____ percent of adult men and women report having had sexual daydreams.
95
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between transsexualism and transgenderism?
A transsexual individual is generally also transgender.
Which statement about motivation and sexual behavior is true?
As one moves up the evolutionary scale, sexual behavior is more subject to learning and environmental influences.
While attending a workshop on reducing her likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease, Melissa hears about the A-B-C model for the three recommended strategies for prevention. The "B" in this model stands for:
Be faithful.
While attending a workshop on reducing her likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease, Melissa hears about the A-B-C model for the three recommended strategies for prevention. The "C" in this model stands for:
Condoms
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between gender dysphoria and gender identity disorder?
Gender dysphoria was formerly called gender identity disorder.
Which of these is a retrovirus?
HIV
_____ was the German-born, British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identifies the three basic dimensions of personality as neuroticism-emotional stability, introversion-extraversion, and psychoticism.
Hans Eysenck
Which is a valid criticism regarding the trait perspective on personality?
It doesn't attempt to explain how or why individual differences develop.
Which criticism has NOT been voiced about the trait perspective on personality?
It is useless in describing individual differences and predicting behavior.
Which statement about paraphilias is false?
Most paraphilias are socially acceptable.
_____ personality tests such as the TAT involve respondents' interpretation of complex, ambiguous stimuli.
Projective
Despite the strengths of projective tests, they have a few drawbacks. What is NOT a drawback to projective tests?
Projective tests fail to provide information that may be useful to a psychotherapist.
_____ refers to the biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function.
Sex
Which personality measure presents a person with an ambiguous scene and asks the person to tell a story about the scene?
TAT
Taylor is a preschooler who tends to play rougher than children of the opposite sex, tends to cover more territory, and prefers to play in larger groups. It is likely that:
Taylor is a boy.
Which statement BEST expresses historical trends in the "gender gap" in mathematical skills?
The gender gap in mathematical skills has decreased over the past few decades.
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, Hannah needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the trait perspective can she cite?
The trait perspective fails to address the basic motives that drive personality.
The _____ is a projective test that uses storytelling to assess one's personality characteristics such as motivation.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Which statement BEST characterizes the sexual activity of older female Americans?
Vaginal lubrication typically occurs more slowly.
Which statement about individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome is false?
Which statement about individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome is false?
Jabilo is a man who is sexually and romantically attracted to both men and women. Jabilo is:
a bisexual
An individual who is sexually, romantically, or emotionally attracted to members of either sex is:
a bisexual.
Nakita is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted only to other women. Nakita is:
a homosexual.
An individual who undergoes a surgical or hormonal transformation to change into the other sex is called:
a transsexual.
Women experience _____ physiological response and sequence of arousal during stages of sex as compared to men.
about the same
Some of the differences between the sexual fantasies of men and women are that men tend to imagine themselves in _____ roles, and women imagine themselves in _____ roles.
active; passive
The Application box entitled "Possible Selves: Imagine the Possibilities" features the concept of "possible selves.," which refers to:
an aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that the person hopes, fears, or expects to become in the future.
Ariel is a not sexually attracted to either men or women. Ariel is:
asexual
According to gender-role stereotype research by Glick and Fiske (2003), accepting positive stereotypes of women can produce a type of prejudice called:
benevolent sexism.
Vicki was born with an unusually large clitoris. In addition, she is prone to excessive facial hair. However, she is a genetic female (XX) who feels female. Vicki's body BEST exemplifies:
both intersexuality and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Bacterial is to viral as _____ is to _____.
chlamydia; genital herpes
Paige and Ethan played together often when they were toddlers. Over time, their mothers noticed that if other children were around, Paige preferred to play with the girls and Ethan preferred to play with the boys. This transition to preferring play with members of one's own sex is:
common from age three and older.
Most researchers using factor analysis agree that _____ are the core traits of personality.
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion
Bartels and Zeki (2000) used fMRI to investigate patterns of brain activation among participants looking at a picture of a romantic partner in one condition or a picture of a close friend in another condition. Patterns of brain activation are the _____ variable in this study.
dependent
Research on gender differences in emotion suggests that men and women are fairly similar in their _____ of emotions, but they differ in their _____ of emotions.
experience; expression
The type of person who directs his energies outward would most likely be considered high on the _____ dimension of Eysenck's theory.
extraversion
Dr. Jivraj, like many contemporary trait theorists, believes that the 16-trait model is too complex and the three-dimensional trait theory is too limited. Rather, he favors a model in which five basic dimensions represent the structural organization of personality traits. These five factors are:
extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
According to Hans Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including
extraversion-introversion.
Faruk attends parties frequently, is rated as popular, and is often the leader of a group. Faruk would probably score high on:
extraversion.
In examining cognitive differences between the sexes, it has been found that _____ score higher on tests of verbal fluency, reading comprehension, spelling, and basic writing skills.
females
Ned and Kim are having a marital argument. Emotions are heating up and Kim starts to feel overwhelmed with her emotions, which causes her to feel out of control and even more emotional. According to John Gottman's research on conflict in intimate relationships, Kim is:
flooding
Although Terry is biologically male, he has always felt like a woman. Terry is attracted to women. Given what is known, one could say that Terry's _____ is his psychological sense of himself as male or female, and his _____ is the direction of his attraction.
gender identity; sexual orientation
Monica is presenting a paper to her class on the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture. The topic of Monica's paper is:
gender roles.
The active role children play in their gender role development is to _____ as _____ is to the passive role played by children in developing gender roles.
gender schema theory; social learning theory
The beliefs that people have about the typical characteristics and behaviors of each sex are referred to as _____ .
gender-role stereotypes
The cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity are called:
gender.
Depending on which culture one is born into, _____ is a large part of one's identity, while _____ is the same across cultures.
gender; sex
Antibiotics can successfully treat sexually transmitted infections EXCEPT for:
genital herpes.
Because of recent treatment for _____, Janna is better able to enjoy sexual intercourse without chronic pain.
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
Which of these sexually transmitted infections is bacterial?
gonorrhea
Xiomara had surgery last year and has since noticed a marked decrease in sexual interest. Her doctor notices that her testosterone levels are very low and attributes this to the surgery, in which _____ was (were) removed.
her ovaries
The Focus on Neuroscience box entitled "Personality Traits and Patterns of Brain Activity" features research conducted by taking fMRI scans of participants' brains while they watched positive and negative images. Those who showed greater reactivity to positive images, especially in areas that control emotion, were more likely to score _____ on a standard personality test, whereas those who showed more brain activation in response to negative images, but in fewer areas that control emotions, were likely to score _____ on the same test.
high in extraversion; high in neuroticism
Viral is to _____ as bacterial is to _____.
human papilloma virus (HPV); syphilis
One of the categories of sexual dysfunctions, known as _____, involves having little or no sexual interest.
hypoactive sexual desire disorder
The term "gender _____" refers to the feeling of being either male or female.
identity
Estimates about the size of the gay and lesbian population are often contingent on several factors. These factors include all EXCEPT:
if homosexuality is considered a mental illness.
Biological factors have shown to be _____ in determining personality.
important
A(n) _____ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs.
intersex
Congenital adrenal hyperplasy and androgen insensitivity syndrome are specific types of:
intersexuality.
According to Eysenck's theory, a person low on the trait known as _____ is likely to be outgoing and sociable, and a person high on this same trait is more likely to be quiet, solitary, and reserved.
introversion
Rhonda's husband could best be described as someone who is quiet, keeps to himself, and feels comfortable only with people and situations that he knows. If Rhonda's husband were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, he would likely be called:
introverted
Cross-cultural research on gender-role stereotypes reveals that the content of these stereotypes is:
largely universal.
It has been found that people who engage in sexual fantasies tend to exhibit the _____ number of sexual problems and the _____ level of sexual dissatisfaction.
least; lowest
Who is likely to have the MOST active sex lives?
married couples
A meta-analysis comparing males and females on a wide range of sexual attitudes and behaviors revealed that:
men reported having more permissive sexual attitudes, more sexual partners, and performing more masturbation.
Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to stimuli as compared to extraverts.
more strongly
It is safe to estimate that girls today receive _____ encouragement to participate in high school sports than girls did 45 years ago.
much more
According to Eysenck's theory, a person high on the trait known as _____ is prone to become emotionally upset, and a person high on the trait known as _____ is predisposed to be emotionally even.
neuroticism; stability
During the shortest phase of the sexual response cycle, known as _____, blood pressure and heart rate reach their peak.
orgasm
D.J. becomes aroused when he exposes himself to unwilling bystanders. Which term BEST applies to D.J.'s case?
paraphilia
The MBTI is:
popular.
For both sexes, the diversity of the sexual repertoire is _____ associated with the likelihood of achieving an orgasm.
positively
In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used _____ test.
projective
Miguel is giving a lecture on the five-factor model of personality. Which personality dimension will NOT be included in his talk?
psychoticism
Derek has had an orgasm and is unable to have another one just yet. His fiance, Emma, however, has not had an orgasm yet. Her heart rate and blood pressure are rising but at a slowing rate. In addition, the muscles in her vagina are tightening. With respect to the human sexual response cycle, Derek is in the _____, while Emma is in the _____.
refractory period; plateau phase
The term "gender _____" refers to the collection of actions, beliefs, and characteristics that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity.
role
A mental framework for organizing information about gender is called a gender:
schema.
The behavioral manifestation of the sexual urge, referred to in common terms as _____, often involves sexual intercourse.
sex
Paraphilia is defined as:
sexual behavior in which a person's sexual gratification depends on a nontraditional sexual experience, object, or fantasy.
Research on gender-related differences has shown that men and women are:
similar in the areas of social, personality, and cognitive functioning.
According to the In Focus box entitled "Explaining Those Amazing Identical-Twin Similarities," which statement is true?
some similarities between separated identical twins may be genetically influenced
A transgendered person can be any of these EXCEPT:
someone with a strong feeling of being born in the body of the right sex
Research about gender stereotypes across cultures has revealed that males tend to be characterized as:
stronger and more active than females.
The modern understanding of research on the average gender differences in math skills indicates that:
the differences are very small.
The five-factor model of personality is supported by:
the fact that five factors have been identified across the life span in many cultures.
The researchers conducting twin and adoption studies have concluded that:
the influence of environmental factors on personality traits is at least equal to the influence of genetic factors.
Because projective tests are based on _____, they are a controversial practice in psychology.
the interpretation of the scorer
The significant leap in sports participation for girls in the last 35 years can be partially attributed to:
the passage of a federal law forbidding sex discrimination in educational programs.
The stability of personality during adulthood is BEST evaluated by:
the trait perspective.
Zachary considers himself to be an outgoing, fun-loving type of person, and he goes to a lot of parties. Sondra, in contrast, thinks of herself as fairly quiet and shy, and enjoys being by herself, reading a book, and listening to classical music. In Eysenck's theory, the different behaviors of Zachary and Sondra reflect:
the two basic personality types, the extravert and the introvert.
Mary Jane does not show a preference for playing with either dolls or trucks. Mary Jane is MOST likely younger than age _____, when a clear preference for toys associated with one's own sex is developed.
three
The acquisition of a preference for playing with toys associated with one's own sex usually happens by age:
three.
Francis, a department store employee, is terminated after he secretly installed small cameras in fitting rooms so that he could watch female customers undress. Francis demonstrated:
voyeuristic disorder.
In research involving the relation, if any, between evolution and mate preferences, Buss and his colleagues found that mating behavior is adaptive. The research revealed that across all cultures, men were more likely than women to value _____, and women were more likely than men to value _____.
youth and attractiveness; financial security
