PSYC Chapter 16

Corrado wants help to quit smoking. What kind of therapy should he pursue? a. Existential therapy, so he can realize that smoking is symbolic of the end we all must face, and that cancer represents the pain of survival. b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, to learn techniques to modify his behavior and extinguish his undesirable habits. c. Humanist therapy, so he can feel good about the choices he has already made in his life and accept the fact that he is a smoker—a good smoker. d. Psychodynamic therapy, to explore his oral fixation and address the unconscious sexual significance cigarettes have in his life.

b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, to learn techniques to modify his behavior and extinguish his undesirable habits.

Systematic desensitization is based on the principle of __________, which says that people cannot experience two conflicting responses at the same time. a. sensitivity exposure b. anxiety hierarchy c. reciprocal inhibition d. cognitive dissonance

c. reciprocal inhibition

strategic family intervention

-family therapy designed to remove barriers to effective communication

flooding therapies

-jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose clients to images of the stimuli they fear most for prolonged periods -based on the idea that fears are maintained by avoidance -avoidance perpetuates their fears by means of negative reinforcement -crucial component is response prevention

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

-magnetic impulses to the brain -slightly less effective that ECT, but produces fewer negative effects on condition and produces long-term gains

Which of the following is an example of a "third-wave" approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy? a. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) b. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) c. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) d. cognitive restructuring and mastery (CRAM)

a. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

What three conditions must the person-centered therapy satisfy?

1. The therapist must be an authentic, genuine person who reveals his or her own reactions to what the client is communicating 2. Therapist must express unconditional positive regard 3. Therapist must relate to clients with empathetic understanding

paraprofessionals

-person with no professional training who provides mental health services -many obtain agency-specific training and attend workshops that enhance their educational backgrounds -may also be trained to recognize situations that require consultation with professionals with greater experience

insight therapies

-psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, existential, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

scientist-practitioner gap

-refers to the sharp cleft between psychologists who view psychotherapy as more an art than a science and those who believe that clinical practice should primarily reflect well-replicated findings

dismantling

-research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment -shows not single component of desensitization is essential

relapse prevention (RP)

-teaches people not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when relapse occurs -assumes that many people with alcoholism will experience a relapse at some point

individualism

-the integration of opposing aspects of the personality

humanistic therapies

-therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and belief that human nature is positive

behavior therapist

-therapist who focus on specific problems behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors -assume the behavior change results from operant of basic principles of learning -use a wide variety of behavioral assessment techniques to pin point environmental causes of a person's problem, establish specific and measurable treatment goals, and devise therapeutic procedures

specific factors

-these characterize for only certain therapies

Which of the following terms describes a situation in which a person with alcoholism feels so bad about a lapse that she or he falls off the wagon completely and goes back to drinking at high levels? a. adaptive social networking b. abstinence violation effect c. acknowledging powerlessness over alcohol d. controlled drinking

b. abstinence violation effect

In the type of modeling therapy known as __________, the client and therapist engage in role-playing in order to learn and practice new skills. a. assertiveness field therapy b. behavioral rehearsal c. movement reprocessing d. response prevention

b. behavioral rehearsal

Which program is the largest (and oldest) 12-step program, which views addiction as a physical disease, and recommends members place their trust in a higher power and acknowledge their own powerlessness? a. Project MATCH b. Narcotics Anonymous c. Alcoholics Anonymous d. Twelve-Step Therapy

c. Alcoholics Anonymous

A therapeutic technique in which clients express themselves without any censorship from themselves or the counselor is called __________. a. behavioral assessment b. two-chair c. free association d. reflection

c. free association

Listening with empathy and instilling hope in a client are examples of __________ in therapy, whereas challenging irrational beliefs or providing social skills training are example of __________. a. therapeutic anomalies; therapeutic alliances b. specific factors; nonspecific factors c. nonspecific factors; specific factors d. therapeutic alliances; therapeutic anomalies

c. nonspecific factors; specific factors

A system in which therapists or institutional staff members provided tokens to clients to reward desired behavior is an example of __________. a. aversion therapy b. rational-emotive behavior therapy c. operant conditioning d. acquisition therapy

c. operant conditioning

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

-treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions -short-term intervention (12-16 weeks)

psychodynamic therapies

-treatments inspired by classical psychoanalysis and influenced by Freud's techniques -less costly and briefer

meta-analysis

-statistical method that helps researchers interpret large bodies of psychological literature -this of psychotherapies helped to confirm the Dodo bird effect to an extent

participant modeling

-technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope

response prevention

-technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors

family therapy

-the "patient" (the focus of treatment) isn't one person with the most obvious problems, but rather the family unit itself -focus on interactions among family members

deinstitutionalization

-the government policy of the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals -created a vast sea of homeless people with severe mental illnesses

assertion training

-therapists teach clients how to facilitate the expression of thoughts and feelings in a forthright and appropriate manner and to ensure clients aren't taken advantage of, ignored, or denied their rights -commonly use behavioral rehearsal

stress inoculation training

-therapists teach clients to prepare for and cope with future stressful life events

Gestalt therapy

-therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into unified sense of self -the key to personal growth is accepting responsibility for one's feelings and maintaining contact wit the here and now

exposure therapy

-therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal fo reducing the fear -based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition -effective for a wide range of phobias, insomnia, speech disorders, asthma attacks, nightmares, and some cases of problem drinking

group therapy

-therapy that treats more than one person at a time -ranges in size from 3-20 participants -efficient, time-saving, and less costly -clients can recognize they're not alone in their struggles

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

-treatment for serous psychological problems in which patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure -for patients with severe depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and severe catatonia -only a last resort when other treatments such as medication don't work -can create short-term confusion and cloud memory

structural family therapy

-treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

aversion therapy

-treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

cognitive behavioral therapies

-treatments that attempt to replace irrational cognitions and maladaptive behaviors with more rational cognitions and adaptive behaviors

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

-twelve step self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety -founded in 1935 and is now the largest organization for treating people with alcoholism -believe you should never drink a drop of alcohol again

What are some advantages to consulting with a professional?

-understand how to operate effectively within the mental health system -appreciate complex ethical, professional, and personal issues -can select treatments of demonstrated effectiveness

psychopharmacotherapy

-use of medications to treat psychological problems -the side effects to need to weighed against the potential benefits -there's medications for all kinds of problems -must see a psychiatrist who can prescribe medication

person-centered therapy

-nondirective therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems

What do psychodynamic therapists 3 approaches and beliefs share?

1. believe the causes of abnormal behaviors, including unconscious conflicts, wishes, and impulses, stem from traumatic or other adverse childhood experiences 2. Strive to analyze distressing thoughts and feelings clients avoid, wishes and fantasies, recurring themes and life patterns, significant past events, and the therapeutic relationship 3. believe when clients achieve insight into previously unconscious material, the causes and the significants of symptoms will become evident, often causing the symptoms to disappear

What type of therapy exposes clients to images of the stimuli they most fear for prolonged periods of time, up to an hour or more? a. desensitization therapy b. psychodynamic therapy c. immersion therapy d. flooding therapy

d. flooding therapy

Contrary to the view promoted by Alcoholics Anonymous, the behavioral view of alcoholism is that rather than being a physical illness, alcoholism is a __________. a. learned behavior that is subject to modification and control without total abstinence b. learned behavior that is too entrenched to ever be completely conquered c. conditioned behavior that can be reconditioned to sobriety through a token system of rewards d. an opportunity to develop an adaptive social network with others who like to drink heavily

a. learned behavior that is subject to modification and control without total abstinence

There are many types of humanistic therapies, but they share an emphasis on insight, self-actualization, and the belief that human nature is basically __________ a. positive b. an empty vessel c. negative d. biologically predetermined

a. positive

Which of the following observations is evidence against the claim that all forms of therapy are equally effective? a. some percentage of clients are worse off after therapy, and may be worse off because of psychotherapy b. therapy is an art, not a science, and therefore cannot be measured c. Outcome studies report nonsignificant differences between the major forms of psychotherapy d. therapies all cost about the same for a normal course of treatment

a. some percentage of clients are worse off after therapy and may be worse off because of psychotherapy

Although more research needs to be conducted, the available current research evidence suggests that socioeconomic status and race __________. a. have quite different impacts on the outcome of therapy b. have little or no bearing on the outcome of therapy c. each have a slightly different impact on the success of therapy d. are important indicators of whether therapy will be successful

b. have little or no bearing on the outcome of therapy

"If I do not get into a good college, I will never be able to get a good job!" wailed Mick to his therapist. "That can really be upsetting; most people would be upset by that experience, and that is a natural feeling to have," replied his therapist. "Can you tell me more about how that makes you feel?" "If I do not get into a good college, my parents will hate me and my girlfriend will dump me!" continued Mick. "It sure would be disappointing to miss a significant goal in your life, but people who truly love you will continue to love you for who you are," Mick's therapist said, soothingly. "This is just my opinion, but I think it is important to remember that you are a person of worth, and that you can aspire to and achieve many things in your life." What general approach to therapy does Mick's therapist seem to be practicing? a. psychoanalytic b. humanist c. cognitive-behavioral d. primal

b. humanist

What does it take to be an effective therapist? a. years of training, regardless of the therapeutic approach, is the single best predictor of effectiveness b. showing empathic behaviors (such as warmth and kindness), refraining from contradicting clients, and establishing important topics of discussion in therapeutic sessions c. providing detailed information to a client about the history and mechanisms of a single therapeutic approach, and applying that one approach to a variety of concerns d. remaining emotionally distant from a client (for objectivity), determining the optimum number of sessions from the start of therapy, and maintaining a respectful formality

b. showing empathic behaviors (such as warmth and kindness), refraining from contradicting clients, and establishing important topics of discussion in therapeutic sessions

What type of family therapy uses paradoxical requests to motivate uncooperative clients into better patterns of communication, effective problem solving, and enhanced relating to one another? a. dysfunctional family therapy b. strategic family intervention c. structural family therapy d. paradoxical group intervention

b. strategical family intervention

Which of the following is one of the three core assumptions behind cognitive-behavioral therapies? a. The therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the feelings the client expresses b. The therapist must relate to clients with empathetic understanding c. Cognitions are the key players in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning d. The therapist must be an authentic, genuine person and reveal his or her own reactions to what the client communicates

c. Cognitions are the key players in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning

What approach to understand the mechanics of a therapeutic approach enables researchers to examine the different components of a broader treatment as separate elements, which helps to rule out rival hypotheses about effective treatment mechanisms? a. desensitization b. dissection c. disassembling d. dismantling

d. dismantling

Which type of therapies are treatments inspired by classical psychoanalysis and Freud's techniques but are less costly and do not take as much time to complete? a. humanistic therapies b. cognitive-behavioral therapies c. systematic desensitization therapies d. psychodynamic therapies

d. psychodynamic therapies

unconditional positive regard

-a nonjudgemental acceptance of all feelings the client expresses

vagus nerve

-nerve that projects to many brain areas -implant a small electrical device to stimulate this nerve and give small electrical impulses

tardive dyskinesia

-serious side effect of some older antipsychotic medications with symptoms including grotesque involuntary movements of the facial muscles and mouth and twitching of the neck, arms, and legs

psychotherapy

-a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

Dodo bird effect

-all psychotherapies appear to be helpful, but are roughly equivalent in their outcomes -there are some exceptions to this and some are even shown to be harmful to the client

third-wave therapy

-assist clients with accepting and being mindful of and attuned to all aspects of their experience in the moment

psychosurgery

-brain surgery to treat psychological problems -most radical of all biomedical treatments -the benefits rarely outweigh the costs of impairing memory, diminishing emotion and creativity, and the risks of brain surgery -the very last resort for treatment

Thought Field Therapy (TFT)

-client thinks of a distressing problem while the therapist taps specific points on the client's body in a predetermined order -claims to cure phobias in as little as 5 minutes -no significant evidence to support this

systematic desensitization

-clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner -earliest exposure therapy

reciprocal inhibition

-clients can't experience two conflicting responses simultaneously

behavioral rehearsal

-clients engages in role-playing with a therapist to learn and practice new skills

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

-clients make lateral eye movements while they imagine past traumatic events -said to enhance their processing of painful memories -research reveals the the eye movements play no role in this treatment's effectiveness

self-help groups

-composed of peers who share a similar problem and often don't include a professional mental illness specialist

Freud's psychoanalysis

-decrease guilt and frustrations and make the unconscious conscious by bringing to awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts and memories

controlled drinking

-drinking in moderation -evidence that supports this approach to treating alcoholism

ecological momentary assessment

-evaluation of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that arise in the moment of situations in which they occur in everyday life

nonspecific factor

-factors that cut across many or most therapies -could be one reason that most therapies seem to have about the same amount of effectiveness

existential therapy

-human beings construct meaning and mental illness stems from a failure to find meaning in life

empirically supported treatments

-intervention for specific disorders supported by high quality scientific evidence

personalized medicine

-medical practice that customizes interventions to maximize success in treating patients with specific psychological or medical disorders and conditions

token economy

-method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards -good for treating children with ADHD and clients with schizophrenia who require long-term hospitalization

Neo-Freudian psychoanalysis

-more concerned with conscious aspects of client's functioning -want to achieve individualism -emphasize the impact of cultural and interpersonal influences

abstinence violation effect

-negative feelings about a relapse can lead to continued drinking

What makes a good therapist?

-warm, direct, empathic, enjoys their work, establishes positive working relationships, and tends not to contradict the client -select important topics to focus on in sessions, match their treatments to the needs and characteristics of clients, and collect feedback

virtual reality exposure therapy

-with high-tech equipment which provides a virtually lifelike experience of the fear-provoking situations

Some of the biomedical treatments that may be used in the treatment of severe, resistant depression include ECT, TMS, and __________. a. DBS b. GBH c. LDS d. ACT

a. DBS (deep brain stimulation)

Which of the following is a sign of a good therapist, rather than a warning sign of a therapist to be avoided? a. The therapist uses scientifically based approaches and discusses the pros and cons of other approaches b. The therapist offers generalized advice and sketches out what might be a possible treatment plan c. The therapist talks a lot about her or his personal life and asks clients for personal favors d. The therapist has a "one size fits all" approach to clients' problems

a. The therapist uses scientifically based approaches and discusses the pros and cons of other approaches

Psychotherapy is defined by the authors in your textbook chapter as __________. a. a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems, and improve the quality of their lives b. paying someone a lot of money to listen to you talk out loud about your problems c. an undefined technique applied to unspecified problems with unpredictable outcomes d. medical intervention and treatment of carefully defined mental disorders through the application of pharmaceuticals

a. a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems, and improve the quality of their lives

Drugs commonly used to treat mental disorders fall into the classes of __________, antianxiety, __________, and antidepressant drugs. a. antipsychotics; mood stabilizers b. MAOIs; SSRIs c. leptokurtic; platykurtic d. anticonvulsant ; antitrophic

a. antipsychotics; mood stabilizers

Which type of treatment aims to strengthen social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions? a. interpersonal therapy b. Gestalt therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. humanistic therapy

a. interpersonal therapy

Which type of therapy is nondirective and focuses on the clients' goals and ways to solve their problems? a. person-centered therapy b. psychoanalysis c. psychodynamic therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy

a. person-centered therapy

The use of medications to treat psychological problems is called __________. a. psychopharmacotherapy b. psychopharmacology c. pharmacotherapy d. psychotherapeutic pharmacology

a. psychopharmacotherapy

A last resort when confronted with intractable psychological disorders may be to perform __________; an early, much-flawed example of this approach was the prefrontal lobotomy. a. psychosurgery b. keseyotomies c. freemanotomies d. ablative reconstruction

a. psychosurgery

There is a philosophical divide called the __________ between psychologists who see therapy as a more of an art than a science, and those who believe all therapy should be based on well-replicated scientific findings. a. scientist-practitioner gap b. intuitive-intellectual gap c. intuition-empiricism divide d. heart-mind divide

a. scientist-practitioner gap

Some therapists have successfully promoted interventions that are not supported by scientific research and are based on questionable premises. Which of the following reasons for this effect refers to the fact that in many cases, people just get better on their own? a. spontaneous remission b. regression to the mean c. self-determining bias d. placebo effect

a. spontaneous remission

Extensive research shows that knowing the origins of our problems is not sufficient to relieve psychological distress. To improve, people need to practice new and more adaptive behaviors in everyday life, a process known as __________. a. working through b. steps in the right direction c. moving forward d. insight intervention

a. working through

To confirm the consensus that psychotherapy is effective in alleviating human suffering, a statistical method called __________ allows researchers to seek patterns across large numbers of studies and draw conclusions that hold up across independent laboratories. a. metapraxis b. meta-analysis c. meta-statistics d. meta-thesis

b. meta-analysis

There are indications that __________, a type of antidepressant, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts in patients under the age of 18; thankfully, there is no clear evidence that completed suicides increase. a. mineral salts b. SSRIs c. benzodiazepines d. beta blockers

b. SSRIs

Currently, both ECT and TMS tend to be used primarily in the treatment of __________. a. anxiety b. depression c. panic disorder d. eating disorders

b. depression

An intervention for a specific disorder that is substantiated by high-quality scientific evidence would be considered a(n) __________. a. primary intervention b. empirically supported treatment c. operant-verified procedure d. recursive therapy

b. empirically supported treatment

Compared with individual therapies, group therapies are generally __________, __________, and __________. a. less efficient; take longer; more costly b. more efficient; time-saving; less costly c. more intense; paid by the hour; based on an insight approach d. run by humanists; based on a family systems approach; produce longer-lasting change

b. more efficient; time-saving; less costly

Which type of treatment for alcoholism assumes that most participants will experience a slip or backslide in the control of their drinking, and teaches them not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged at those times? a. Alcoholics Anonymous b. relapse prevention treatment c. Abstinence Anonymous treatment d. controlled drinking treatment

b. relapse prevention treatment

Structural family therapy involves __________. a. removing dysfunctional barriers to communicate within a family b. therapists who actively immerse themselves in the activities of the families they are treating c. assigning paradoxical requests to elicit desired behavior d. focusing closely on one family member who had been identified as "the problem"

b. therapists who actively immerse themselves in the activities of the families they are treating

Which of Carl Rogers's requirements for person-centered therapy did he believe allowed clients to reclaim aspects of their "true selves"? a. empathy b. unconditional positive regard c. nondirection d. authenticity

b. unconditional positive regard

Which of the following describes a therapy that aims to integrate different or even contradictory aspects of the client's personality into a unified sense of self? a. therapeutic relationship therapy b. psychoanalysis c. Gestalt therapy d. person-centered therapy

c. Gestalt therapy

Third-wave therapies differ from first-wave therapies (which are behaviorally based) and second-wave therapies (which are cognitively based), because third-wave therapies focus primarily on fostering __________ among clients. a. personal responsibility b. realism and ownership c. acceptance and mindfulness d. critical thinking and skepticism

c. acceptance and mindfulness

A treatment based on classical conditioning that pairs undesirable behaviors with stimuli that are unpleasant is called __________. Unfortunately, this treatment model has received only mixed support from research studies. a. token economy therapy b. participant modeling therapy c. aversion therapy d. assertiveness training

c. aversion training

Although many patients benefit from psychopharmacotherapy, it is important to remember that virtually all medications __________. a. cause some form of physical or psychological dependence b. eventually cease to be effective c. have side effects the must be weighed against the potential benefits d. must be increased over time as the patient's body adapts to the dosage

c. have side effects that must be weighted against potential benefits

Although the textbook authors advocate the use of empirically supported therapies (EST), they point out that if a therapy is not on the EST list __________. a. that therapy has been proven to be harmful b. that therapy cannot be researched scientifically c. that therapy might not have been investigated yet d. that therapy has been proven to be ineffective

c. that therapy may not have been investigated yet

Which of the following would match the qualifications and likely work settings for a clinical social worker? a. training varies widely; A.A., B.S.N., M.S.N., D.N.P., or Ph.D. degree; work in hospitals, community health centers, primary care facilities, or outpatient mental health clinics; manage medications; with advanced degrees can diagnose and treat patients b. Ph.D., Psy.D., Ed.D., Ed.S., M.A., M.S., or M.Ed. degree; focus on in-school interventions, assessment, and prevention programs; work with teachers, students, and parents c. training varies widely; B.S.W., M.S.W., D.S.W., or L.C.S.W. degree; private practice following supervised experience; help with social and health problems d. Ph.D./Psy.D., M.A., or M.S. degree; work in private practice or hospitals, schools, community agencies, medical or academic settings

c. training varies widely; B.S.W., M.S.W., D.S.W., or L.C.S.W. degree; private practice following supervised experience; help with social and health problems

Which cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing both how we think and how we act, encouraging clients to actively dispute their irrational beliefs and adopt more effective responses? a. ACT b. CBT c. DBT d. REBT

d. REBT

Because family therapists see most psychological problems as rooted in __________, their focus is on interactions among family members. a. certain genetic disadvantages b. a shared genetic heritage c. reactions of family members to the member who is the source of discord d. a dysfunctional family system

d. a dysfunctional family system

The Dodo bird hypothesis is often discussed in regard to evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Those who support the Dodo bird view would conclude that __________. a. therapies differ considerably in their ability to bring genuine relief to clients b. therapeutic gains are an illusion, like the existence of a Dodo bird c. psychodynamic approaches are more effective than cognitive-behavioral approaches d. all therapies are about equally effective, and any therapy is better than none at all

d. all therapies are about equally effective, and any therapy is better than none at all

Psychodynamic therapists work from the assumption that a client's difficulties in the present stem from the repression of traumatic memories from childhood. Research has shown that __________. a. the memories of certain events are too disturbing and must be repressed for the average person to maintain daily functioning b. bringing repressed memories out into the open can cause the client to become retraumatized c. most people, but not everyone, do repress memories of traumatic events from childhood d. disturbing events are actually more memorable and less subject to being forgotten than are everyday occurrences

d. disturbing events are actually more memorable and less subject to being forgotten than are everyday occurrences

Martin and Lewis are having trouble in their relationship. They seem to squabble about money. Martin likes to spend and Lewis does not and their communication patterns on this issue are not very good. In most other ways their relationship is quite solid, and they definitely love and respect one another. What therapeutic approach might be good for them? a. behavioral therapy for Martin b. behavioral therapy for Lewis c. Gestalt therapy d. family therapy

d. family therapy

Which of the following is a technique in which the therapist enacts a problematic situation and then guides the client though the necessary steps to cope with it on her or his own? a. client modeling b. therapeutic modeling c. situational modeling d. participant modeling

d. participant modeling

Which kind of mental health professional is likely to be found providing counseling and support in a spiritual context, as well as wellness programs, and group, family, and couples therapy? a. counseling psychologist b. mental health counselor c. clinical social worker d. pastoral counselor

d. pastoral counselor

One of the reasons that bogus therapies sometimes appear effective is that occasionally clients think they have improved more than they actually have, because they misremember their previous situation as worse than it actually was. This is called __________. a. the placebo effect b. regression to the mean c. self-serving bias d. retrospective rewriting of the past

d. retrospective rewriting of the past

Which of the following types of clients would be predicted to do better in psychotherapy? a. those with specific, diagnosable psychoses such as schizophrenia b. those from culturally diverse backgrounds c. those with psychopathic or narcissistic personalities d. those who experience some anxiety

d. those who experience some anxiety

Although both groups benefit equally from psychotherapy, __________ are more likely than __________ to seek treatment. a. men; women b. African Americans; Caucasian Americans c. Asian Americans; Caucasian Americans d. women; men

d. women; men