psyc exam 2 practice quiz

implicit

Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an ________ memory.

Albert Bandura.

A 5-year-old child observes a stranger in a toy store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the child picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. The child's behavior seems consistent with the findings in studies conducted by: John B. Watson. Ivan Pavlov. Albert Bandura. B. F. Skinner.

sensory interaction.

A foods aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example of olfaction. synesthesia. kinesthesia. sensory interaction.

operant conditioning.

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to: operant conditioning. classical conditioning. respondent behavior. the association of two stimuli.

punisher.

A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a primary reinforcer. negative reinforcer. punisher. positive reinforcer.

fixed-ratio

A restaurant delivery service is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetizer. This is an example of a ________ - _________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval

generalization.

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to dear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a furry coat. This illustrates extinction. generalization. spontaneous recovery. discrimination between two stimuli.

Vicarious experience

After reading a first-person account of a fictional fellow students experience of overcoming obstacles to vote, university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election. This best illustrates. Instinctive drift Latent learning Vicarious experience Classical conditioning

recognizing objects by sight.

After surgery to restore vision, adults who had been blind from birth had difficultly recognizing objects by touch. recognizing objects by sight. distinguishing figure from group. distinguishing between bright and dim light.

classical conditioning.

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of: extinction. shaping. classical conditioning. operant conditioning.

Encoding failure.

Austin can't remember jack smiths name because he wasn't paying attention when jack was formally introduced. Austins poor memory best illustrates

respondent

Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior. controllable automatic deliberate respondent

memory construction

Because of _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. memory construction encoding failure retrieval failure proactive interference

Conscious intentions

Behaviorists such as John B Watson would have been least likely to attribute a child's behavior to Mindless habits Peer pressure Conscious intentions Parental discipline

feature detectors.

Certain neurons seem to be wired to detect certain angles, lines, edges, and movements. For example, we can quickly detect the structures of a human face and interpret the expression on that face. The nerve cells that respond to these specific features are called: feature detectors. ganglion cells. bipolar cells. retinal cells.

Implicit

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now, she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheris conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a _____ memory. Working Echoic Iconic Implicit

hippocampus

Chickadees and other birds are unable to return to where they have stored food if this part of their brain has been removed. hippocampus amygdala cerebellum basal ganglia

a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.

Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if interviewers give the children hints about what really happened. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event. the children heave a chance to talk with involved adults before the interview. interviewers use precise technical and medical terms.

bright; color

Cones are the eye's receptor cells that are especially sensitive to ______ light and are responsible for our ______ vision. bright; black-and-white dim; color bright; color dim; black-and-white

4

Contrary to the claims by those who say they can remember being abused as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age _____ are unreliable. 10 5 7 4

His vision will be only slightly affected by the visual deprivation.

Delmar is born with cataracts in both eyes. When Delmar is 7 weeks old, doctors surgically remove the cataracts. What will likely happen to Delmar's vision? His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors. His vision will be only slightly affected by the visual deprivation. His vision will be partially affected, especially his ability to distinguish brightness from darkness. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes.

judge distances.

Depth perception underlies our ability to group similar items in gestalt. perceive objects as having a constant shape or form. judge distances. fill in the gaps in a figure.

Source amnesia

Donald Thompson was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompsons image on tv shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates. Anterograde amnesia Retroactive interference Source amnesia Déjà vu

associative learning

Each time Jamal eats pineapple, they feel sick. Jamal has learned that eating pineapple and sickness go together, so they now refuse to eat pineapple. What kind of learning is this? observational learning associative learning cognitive learning generalization

Proactive inference

Ebbing house found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficulty as his research career progressed. Which of the following best explains his problem. Positive transfer Retroactive interference Retrograde Proactive inference

level off.

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to increase slightly. decrease noticeably. decrease greatly. level off.

cognitive map

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rates running a maze develop a ________ ____ of the maze

Sensation; perception

Experiencing an apple as being red is to _______ as recognizing an apple as being a fruit is to ________ Absolute threshold; difference threshold Sensory adaptation; signal detection Sensation; perception Signal detection; difference threshold

sensation; perception

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____. perception; sensation sensation; sensation sensation; perception perception; perception

repression

Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called _______.

taste-aversion

Garcia and Koelling's ______ - _______ studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus.

figure-ground.

In listening to a concert, you attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of figure-ground. shape constancy. grouping. depth perception.

embodied cognition

In psychological science, _____ is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments. sensory interaction sensory integration precognition embodied cognition

Retina

In visual processing the lens focuses light rays into an image on the Cornea Retina Pupil iris

Negative

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety, her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer Secondary Partial Negative Positive

Pleasure

Jared felt someone touch his arm. Jared's sense of touch is a mix of all the following except. Pressure Pain Pleasure Warmth

Larger difference

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to time sensitivity, Maria apparently has a _________ threshold than does Jennifer. Lower absolute Larger difference Higher absolute Smaller difference

observable behavior.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. emotional outcomes. genetic predispositions. observable behavior.

information; behaviors.

Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring ______ or ______."

Associative learning.

Learning that certain events occur together are called Unconditional responding Respondent behavior Observational learning Associative learning.

an increase in a cell's firing potential.

Long-term potentiation (LPT) refers to emotion-triggered hormonal changes. the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories. an increase in a cell's firing potential. aging people's potential for learning.

right hippocampus.

Lukac suffered hippocampal damage in an automobile accident. They are able to remember verbal information but have no ability to recall visual designs and locations. The damage is to their: right hippocampus. upper hippocampus. left hippocampus. lower hippocampus.

The law of effect

Megans profane language increased frequency when it leads to her friend's approving laughter but decreases on frequency when it leads to her parent's criticism. This best illustrates Respondent behavior The law of effect Spontaneous recovery Shaping

amygdala.

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: amygdala. cerebellum. hippocampus. basal ganglia.

mnemonics

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organization devices are called.

False memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened

Memory construction research has found that Recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past False memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened Hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval It is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.

We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories.

Memory researchers involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with some therapists about which of the following statements? Memories of events that happened before age 4 are not reliable. We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories. Memories can be emotionally upsetting. Sexual abuse happens.

is a risk factor for viewers' increased aggression.

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence makes all viewers significantly more aggressive. has little effect on viewers. is a risk factor for viewers' increased aggression. makes viewers angry and frustrated.

Top-down processing

Once we have formed a wrong idea about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truth. This best illustrates the importance of. Weber's law Subliminal persuasion Top-down processing Prosopagnosia.

the misinformation effect.

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of proactive interference. the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. the forgetting curve.

experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our experiences, assumptions, and expectations. sensory adaptation. priming ability. difference thresholds.

seven

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about _____ bits of information.

grouping.

Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle called interposition. depth perception. shape constancy. grouping.

their words and actions are consistent.

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if their words and actions are consistent. they have outgoing personalities. they do not have outgoing personalities. they carefully explain why a behavior is acceptable in adults but not in children.

90

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing. 75 100 60 90

recall

Psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your

latent learning

Rats explored a maze without any reward were later able to run a maze as well as other rats that have received food rewards for doing so. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated ______ _________.

Memory consolidation

Removing a rat's hippocampus 28 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of The encoding specificity principle State dependent memory Memory consolidation The serial position effects

The research finding involved correlational evidence

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada, homicide rates doubled over a time in which tv with violent programming was introduced. This finding does not prove that viewing violence on tv causes aggression because The findings could not be replicated in another country The researchers randomly assigned viewers to watch either violent or nonviolent programming The research finding involved correlational evidence The research participants knew they were part of a study.

bottom-up processing; top-down processing

Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____. absolute threshold; difference threshold bottom-up processing; top-down processing interpretation; detection grouping; priming

cochlea's hair cell receptors.

Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the: ear drum. anvil and hammer. middle ear bones. cochlea's hair cell receptors.

diminished sensitivity as a result of unchanging stimulation.

Sensory adaptation can be defined as: the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness. the unconscious activation of associations that are linked with memories. the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus. diminished sensitivity as a result of unchanging stimulation.

iconic; echoic

Sensory memory bay be visual ( _______ memory) or auditory ( ________ memory).

mirror

Some scientists believe that the brain has ______ neurons that enable empathy and imitation.

retrieval cues.

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of ________ _________

automatic processing.

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, "Are they following me?" Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as: sensory memory. parallel processing. iconic memory. automatic processing.

desensitizes

Studies have shown that exposure to violence _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent programs on television. desensitizes saddens confuses sensitizes

below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal stimuli are too weak to be processed by the brain. consciously perceived more than 50 percent of the time. strong enough to affect out behavior at least 75 percent of the time. below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

brightness.

The amplitude of a light wave determines our perception of brightness. color. meaning. distance.

the optic nerve leaves the eye.

The blind spot in your retina is located where there are rods but no cones. there are cones but no rods. the optic nerve leaves the eye. the bipolar cells meet the ganglion cells.

wavelength

The characteristic of light that determines the color we experience, such as blue or green is its wavelength. frequency. hue. color.

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.

The concept of working memory clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage. spilts short-term memory into two substages- sensory memory and iconic memory. splits short-term memory into two types: implicit and explicit memory. clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on space, time, and frequency.

small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals.

The gate-control theory of pain proposes that special pain receptors send signals directly to the brain. the pain gate is controlled by the thalamus. small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals. pain can often be controlled and managed effectively through the use of relaxation techniques.

temporary processing site for explicit memories.

The hippocampus seems to function as a temporary processing site for explicit memories. temporary processing site for implicit memories. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories. permanent storage area for unconscious memories.

Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the Hippocampus and basal ganglia Cerebellum and frontal lobes Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus Basal ganglia and cerebellum

variable-interval

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a ___________-___________ schedule. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval

encoding, storage, retrieval

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ________, _________, and _________.

iris.

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: lens. cornea. iris. fovea.

Taste

The sense of ______ is a chemical sense Taste Kinesthesia Equilibrium Pain

nociceptors

The sensory receptors that are found mostly in the skin and that detect painful temeratures, pressure, or chemicals are called ________.

cochlea

The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called ______.

crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth.

The visual cliff experiments suggest that infants have not yet developed depth perception. crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth. we have no way of knowing whether infants can perceive depth. unlike other species, humans are able to perceive depth in infancy.

Albert Bandura

The work of ___ has been used to restrain television violence, reduce unplanned childbearing, protect against aids, and promote environmental conservation

Auditory

Tinnitus is a phantom _______ sensation Visual Auditory Taste Touch

two or more stimuli; a response and its consequence.

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates _______, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ________. two or more responses; a response and its consequence. two or more stimuli; two or more responses. two or more stimuli; a response and its consequence. two or more responses; two or more stimuli.

three types of color receptors; opponent-process cells.

Two theories together account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains ______, and Hering's theory accounts for the nervous system's having ______ opposing retinal processes; three pairs of color receptors. opponent-process cells; three types of color receptors. three pairs of color receptors; opposing retinal processes. three types of color receptors; opponent-process cells.

source amnesia

We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of

a constant minimum percentage.

Weber's law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by a fixed or constant energy amount. a constant minimum percentage. a constantly changing amount. more than 7 percent.

Feeling in love, happy, and content

When Jake is with his girlfriend he feels so in love, happy, and content. Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day. Jake has set up a special ringtone for his girlfriend. Now when he hears the ringtone, he feels happy and content. Which of the following is the unconditioned response in this example. Jakes girlfriend Feeling in love, happy, and content Jakes phone The ring tones

conditioned stimulus.

When Jennifer had leukemia as a child she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became the: conditioned response. conditioned stimulus. neutral stimulus. unconditioned response.

short-term memory into long-term memory.

When forgetting is dues to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from the environment into sensory memory. sensory memory into long-term memory. long-term memory into short-term memory. short-term memory into long-term memory.

Blind spot

When she was learning how to drive, Jennifer's father repeatedly told her not to rely on the rearview mirrors when checking for cars. He has told her that she will also need to turn her head to check for cars because she has a ______ that would prevent her from seeing the cars.

the first items on the list.

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall the first items on the list. the first and last items on the list. a few items at random. the last items on the list.

Classical conditioning

Which form of learning makes dieting especially difficult Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Discrimination

None of these phenomena

Which of the following ESP phenomena is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence? Telepathy Clairvoyance Precognition None of these phenomena

Echoic memory

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory Procedural memory Echoic memory Working memory Short-term memory

There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome."

Which of these about sexual abuse is FALSE? Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to sexual dysfunction. Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to depression. Victims of sexual abuse may be haunted by memories of the event. There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome."

An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning.

Which of these is an example of a biological constraint on conditioning? Stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. Humans and other primates are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish. An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. The general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned.

To savor a taste, you need to breathe the aroma through your nose.

You have had a cold for five days, and your nose is so stuffy you cannot smell anything. When you have your coffee, it seems like it has no taste. What is the most likely reason for this? Your cold has affected your taste buds. To savor a taste, you need to breathe the aroma through your nose. The coffee was too hot to taste. A chemical reaction has occurred between the caffeine and your cold medicine.

retroactive

You will experience less ________ interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it before turning to another subject.

positive punishment.

Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when she barks again." The end of the barking was for your dog a positive reinforcer. negative reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment.

Transduction

_____ is the process in which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals. Perception Transduction Weber's law Priming

Implicit

_____ memories are also called nondeclarative memories. Iconic Explicit Working Implicit

perceptual constancy.

perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example of shape constancy. perceptual constancy. a binocular cue. continuity.

important changes in the environment.

sensory adaptation helps focus on visual stimuli. auditory stimuli. constant features of the environment. important changes in the environment.