PSYC INTRODUCING LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
Simone is conducting research about how psychosocial factors relate to relationship satisfaction. She has all the potential research participants review a written description of the procedures to be used in the research and any expected risks or benefits. If they sign this ________, it serves as a contract stating that they agree to participate in research.
informed consent statement
Dr. Petersen designed a correlational study to determine if time spent playing video games is related to obesity. What was the objective of this research?
to formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables
Dr. Carlton conducts evaluation research of language enrichment programs for preschool children from low-income families. The objective of this research is to ________.
assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program
In a study of children, let's suppose that researchers found a positive correlation (r= .63) between creativity and resilience. How is this finding interpreted?
children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience
Parents express amazement that their baby seemed to go from crawling to standing up and walking, as if it occurred overnight. For them, the change seemed so sudden. Their view reflects an approach to change that human development theorists refer to as ________ development.
continuous
To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for depression, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?
depression
Dr. Thompson uses observation and surveys to study how much time children spend playing outside. The objective of this research is to
describe the occurrence of the spent playing outside
Childcare practices differ across cultures, and different practices have been found to influence when and how children reach certain developmental milestones, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Which approach to human development is conveyed by this finding?
development can follow a different course for each child
While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.
development is lifelong
In a conversation with her aging mother, Angela, now entering her 80s, tells her daughter that she wants to continue all of her same activities, but is feeling physically less able to do everything she wants. She needs to reassess what activities are most important for her. This statement reflects which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
development is multidimensional
Parents concerned about their middle schooler tell the child's pediatrician, "So much is going on for our child right now. His body is changing, he's trying to sort through so many feelings, and he's trying to find where he fits in with other kids." The pediatrician normalizes their concerns about puberty and the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors involved in this stage of development. This illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
development is multidimensional
Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.
development is plastic
Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect?
discontinuous development
Teresa believes her cultural practices are the best and right ones, and it is difficult for her to understand the cultural practices of other societies. Tanya expresses an appreciation for cultural differences and a willingness to consider the perspectives of people in other cultures. Teresa's view demonstrates ________, while Tanya's view demonstrates ________.
ethnocentricity, cultural relativity
Suppose a group of researchers wants to investigate the relationship between daily mindfulness meditation and cortisol (stress hormone) levels in the body over a 20-year time period. Which research design would allow them to measure changes with age and within individuals over time, even though it would be expensive, limited to one cohort, take a long time, and they might have people drop out of the study?
longitudinal research design
In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist normalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. Adrienne is in the ________ period of human development.
middle adulthood
Generation X describes people born between roughly 1965 to 1980. Those in this generation experienced life during the Cold War, enjoyed the rise of MTV, and were often left unsupervised, hence the nickname, the "latchkey" generation. This describes what Baltes' calls:
normative history graded influences
Let's suppose that researchers who study social-emotional development from young adulthood to older adulthood found a correlation coefficient of -.75 between empathy and age. What conclusion would you draw from this finding?
older adults tend to have lower empathy scores
In a psychotherapy session, a client describes how her feelings, identity, and relationships changed from adolescence to adulthood. This client is sharing information about which domain of human development?
psychosocial
Researchers studied frequency and amount of marijuana use in three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) over five years. With this ________, researchers can examine age-related changes and changes within the same individuals as they age. In addition, researchers can account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects.
sequential research design
A team of researchers is interested in studying changes in parenting style over time, as children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a ________, then it would be less time consuming and expensive. Another researcher comments, "If we choose that design, then we have measurements of parenting style for one point in time, and we can't be sure about changes with age over time." They are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of which research design?
cross sectional research design
A research team designed a study of parenting style that included three groups: parents in their 30s with preschool-age children (2-5), parents in their 40s with children ages 6-11, and parents in their 50s with adolescents ages 12-18. This design is considered by the researchers to be less-time consuming and expensive than other potential designs, but they acknowledge the limitation of having only one measurement of parenting style for one point in time. As such, they cannot conclude that changes between parent groups indicate changes with age over time. Which research design does this describe?
cross sectional study
A researcher wants to understand parents' attitudes and opinions toward residential school programs for academically gifted students. This researcher would likely choose a ________ research method.
survey
To reduce the academic achievement gap, school administrators implemented a language enrichment program for preschool children from low-income families. Now they want to know if the program is working. They ask Dr. Carlton to conduct an evaluation research study. What is the objective of evaluation research?
to assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program
College students are often recruited for research studies of young adult development, but this is often discussed as a limitation of those studies. How do you explain this?
College students are not randomly selected from the larger population, and they may not represent all young adults in our society.
During an Infant CPR and Safety class for new parents, healthcare providers review the most current, research-based advice about safe sleeping positions for babies. This demonstrates which aspect of the scientific method?
The scientific method allows for continuous updating of information to support best practices.
A researcher conducted an in-depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this?
case study
Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the ________ of human development.
cognitive domain
A graduate student research team is giving an oral presentation of their research on resilience in young adults. They note that a downside of their study is that participants were recruited from the university that they attend. What makes this a study limitation?
college students are samples of convenience that are not randomly selected from the wider population and may not represent all young adults from our society.
An author on a new book tour markets the book with messages such as, "Do you constantly think about your love life and work? Are you deciding if you'll get married and have children? Are you in the process of finishing up your formal education and launching your career? Are you still struggling to feel like an adult? Then this book is for you." This author is marketing to people in which period of human development? Early adulthood
early adulthood
A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between sensitivity to negative information over positive (i.e., negativity bias) and hours of sleep at night (i.e., average total sleep time). Correlational research would allow this researcher to ________.
identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time
As an elementary school student, Hayden's life revolves around learning and testing new academic skills, refining motor skills, and developing social relationships with friends and students outside of the family. Hayden is in the ________ period of human development.
middle childhood
Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials are defined by characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part of their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent?
normative history graded influences
A pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents a ________ in human development.
physical domain
DeShawn has a hunch that people eat more pizza during football season. He and his friends want to test this theory, so they ask everyone they know about their pizza consumption and determine that, yes, pizza consumption does increase during the fall. DeShawn first wrote down his hypothesis, then surveyed his friends, and drew conclusions. DeShawn's research is
biased because he only asked his friends and family
In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of a child who was raised in isolation without contact with same-age peers until age 10, a researcher would be likely to use which research method?
case study
In order to minimize the number of participants that drop out of scientific research, a scientist studying infants in encouraged to:
design the study to be as short as possible
A professor tells students, "In order to understand human development, you can't just study infants, children, or teenagers. You need to study people over the course of their entire lives." Which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development is this professor supporting?
development is lifelong
A talk show host likes to interview guests who thought their course in life was set and determined by challenges they experienced as children and teens, but who later encountered situations and opportunities that transformed their lives into something they could not have envisioned earlier in life. This talk show host's approach is aligned with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.
development is lifelong
A teenager bemoans, "My life is a roller coaster. I've got all this new stuff to think about and I'm not as good at things I used to do well. I think I'm making progress in one area, but I'm losing ground in another." This statement about alternating between gains and losses reflects which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
development is multidirectional
An elderly person is experiencing age-related memory decline. A healthcare provider recommends brain training programs based on research indicating that dimensions of cognitive decline are partially reversible because the brain retains a lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue. This healthcare provider's recommendation is aligned with which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
development is plastic
The results of an experiment on the effects of sleep training on sleep quality showed that participants who received eight sessions of sleep enhancement training had longer sleep duration and better sleep quality than participants who did not receive the training. This led the researchers to conclude that an eight-week sleep enhancement training program is effective for improving sleep quality. What advantage of experimental research does this demonstrate?
experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships
In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomly assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours) is the ________.
independent variable
There is a growing concern that Americans are not getting enough good quality sleep. A researcher hypothesizes that playing video games before bed may have something to do with this. The researcher conducts a study to randomly assign some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researcher assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the ________ is time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours).
independent variable
Question The National Institutes of Health released a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, or the ABCD Study. Now researchers from around the world have access to this data and can conduct ________ on various factors related to brain, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
secondary content analysis
Researchers who study adolescent health were excited to read the announcement that The National Institutes of Health released a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, considered the largest long-term study of brain development. When scientists use this database to study the various factors that influence adolescent brain, cognitive, social, and emotional development, what type of research method are they doing?
secondary content analysis
Researchers wanted to study alcohol use by teenagers and observe if there were any differences between cohorts over time. They compared three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) and focused on the frequency and amount of their alcohol use over a five-year period. They collected useful information about age-related changes, changes within the same individuals as they aged, and were able to account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects. This is an example of ________.
sequential research
