PSYC TEST QUESTION CHPT 1-3

One of the most important functions of correlational methods is that their use allows researchers to

. make predictions about one variable based on information from another variable.

a researcher who is investigating the possibilites that some mental illnesses have a genetic basis

Biological

. Psychologists who accept a biological explanation of behavior make certain assumptions. Which of the following would NOT be one of these assumptions?

Experience cannot alter underlying biological structures and processes.

Compared to Edward Titchener, William James was more interested in what?

James focused his attention not on the elements of mental processes, but on their purpose.It was called functionalism

1st women to receive a Phd in psychology

Margaret Washburn

1st women president of APA

Mary caukins

When the axon hillock depolarizes to the threshold for an action potential what happens first

Na+ channels open

imaging technique shows where different types of activity are occuring in the brain and involves the use of safe radioactive substances

PET

Which of the following illustrates the use of a within-subjects design?

Participants are given a spelling test, asked to meditate for ten minutes, and then given another spelling test.

In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus wrote the "Psychology has a long past, but only a short history". What did he mean?

People have been asking questions about human behavior but it is not till recently that we have been uncovering it

What characterizes the current view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior?

Psychologists borrow and blend from different perspectives

developed psychodynamic principles?

Sigmund Freud

Historically speaking, why is the case of Phineas Gage a railroad worker who was injured in 1848, importants?

The behavioral changes following the dramatic piercing of his brain prompted his doctor to hypothesize brain bases for aspects of personality and rational behavior

What is determinism?

The doctrine that all events—physical, behavioral, and mental—are determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable.

children in a classroom are playing the role of different parts of a neuron and arranging themselves in the order that info follows along the neuron. Beginning with incomming signals, what is the correct order?

The neuron receives nerve impulses through its dendrites. It then sends the nerve impulses through its axon to the terminal buttons, where neurotransmitters are released to stimulate other neurons.

A psychologist believes that music affects a person's mood. He has some participants listen to waltzes and others listen to military marches, and then measures each participant's mood with a paper-and-pencil test. What are the independent and dependent variables?

The type of music is the independent variable and the participant's mood is the dependent variable.

While rummaging in your grandfather's attic, you come across what appears to be a previously undiscovered early manuscript of Sigmund Freud. Although you can't read German, you guess that it most likely entitled something like

Unconscious motivations

guidelines create model?

Utopian communities

taught Philosophy at Harvard and wrote the Principle of Psychology

William James

A clinical psychologist is working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation to develop an understanding of serial killers. She decides to focus her attention and measurements on a particularly brutal murderer who is serving a life sentence. Her approach is referred to as a

a case study

. Suppose you were interested in the kinds of movies your friends like to watch. You develop a simple questionnaire that asks them about their attitudes toward different film genres and then record which films they actually attend. This measurement technique is best described as a

a combination of self-report and behavioral observations

. A researcher is testing whether caffeine makes people more talkative. Some of his study participants are given regular coffee to drink and some are given warm milk. His assistant then interviews the participants and counts the number of words each speaks during the interview. What seems to be missing from the design?

a placebo control

. One study described in your book examined the effects of ginkgo biloba as an answer to one's memory problems. The study highlighted the importance of utilizing which one of the following controls?

a placebo control

A psychologist has collected data on the physical agility of young adults and now wishes to collect similar responses from elderly people. On the basis of sampling theory, he should attempt to recruit research participants from

a representative of sample elderly people

The results of a research study would be confounded if

a variable other than the independent variable has influenced a participant's behavior.

the nerve impulse activated in a neuron that travels down an axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released into a synapse

action potential

How many psyc labs in the 1900s?

around 40

A teacher wants to determine whether smiling at children if they raise their hands after she asks a question increases the likelihood that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedent environmental condition is ________ and the consequence is ________.

asking a question, smiling

Taking a shortcut through the park late one night, you catch a glimpse of movement in the shadows. Automatically, your _____ mobilizes your body into action and you____ tells the muscles to moves

autonomic nervous system; sympathetic division

the extended fiber of a neuron through which nerve impulses travel from the soma to the terminal buttons

axon

why are endorphins the key to paradise

because of their pleasure-pain controlling properties.

The professor in a Theories of Psychology class asks the students to read the section of the textbook in which antecedents, responses, and consequences are described. No doubt the next topic for discussion in this class will be the ________ perspective.

behaviorist

Which perspective looks for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine systems

biological perspective

Imagine that the size of structures within people's brains grow as skills are developed. If this were true, you can predict that the size of the ________ in a ballerina or gymnast would be larger than normal because of their ability to coordinate bodily movements, control posture, and maintain equilibrium.

cerebellum

A student is walking through an exhibit at the science museum entitled the "Living Brain". The exhibit takes her from the outer layers of the brain to its deepest recesses. What is the route she will follow

cerebrum, limbic system, brain stem

A friend's curiosity about how the human mind works is coupled with her fascination with computer science and artificial intelligence. It sounds as though your friend's interests are consistent with which emerging area

cognitive neuroscience

hows is the PNS organized

composed of two sets of nerve fibers The somatic nervous system and the autonamic nervous system

a stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces into a research setting that affects a participants behavior

confounding variable

Ever since she was little, she was a trouble maker, how would a behavioral perspective explain the behaviors?

consequences of behavior in the past

How are different explanations of behavior usually judged?

creativity in synthesizing what is known and not yet known.

In the context of the goal of explanation, the concept of "informed imagination" most closely refers to what?

creativity in synthesizing what is known and not yet known.

one of the branched fibers of neurons that receive incoming signals

dendrite

While looking for a reference in the psychology section of the library, you come across an interesting book that emphasizes the "whole" person. It includes references to historical figures, artists, and authors. You are most likely looking at a book that is taking a ________

double blind

If we can apply Mark Rosenzweigs research on rats raised in impoverished or enriched environments to humans, then how would we encourage humans to live

enriched environments even after childhood

information entering a neuron telling it to fire

excitatory input

Imagine that you have been hired to assist in an experiment investigating the verbal abilities of boys and girls. In preparing for the experiment, you read a research study that found higher verbal abilities in girls than boys. If this information about gender leads you somehow to communicate to the girls in the experiment that they should do better than the boys, we say that the ________ effect is operating.

expectancy

"if an athlete imagines having a good performance, then that athlete is more likely to be successful in an event" This statement is a description of what

expectancy effect

A researcher wants to be able to make precise claims about both the structure and the function of the brain. Which technique would be the best for her to use in order to accomplish both goals

fMRI

cells that hold neurons together

glia

While looking for a reference in the psychology section of the library, you come across an interesting book that emphasizes the "whole" person. It includes references to historical figures, artists, and authors. You are most likely looking at a book that is taking a ________ perspecitive

humanistic

determination that humans are inately good and capable of choice

humanistic

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are closely associated with which perspective in psyc?

humanistic perspective

which structure in the brain serves as a relay station between the endocrine system and the central nervous system

hypothalamus

The limbic system includes

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

A store owner is trying to determine how much advertising increases her overall profit. If she conducted an experiment, amount of advertising would be the ________ variable.

independent

Suppose you were a research assistant in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory. After observing his experiments, you would probably conclude that

independent observers could replicate the experiments.

information entering a neuron telling it not to fire

inhibitory input

Myelin Sheath

insulating material that surrounds axons

When Edward Titchener brought Wundt's psyc to the U.S , his method for examining conscious mental life involved the use of which experimental technique?

introspection, the systematic examination by individuals of their own thoughts and feelings about specific sensory experiences.

resting potential or polarization?

litte Na+ in cell

. Before giving its approval, an institutional review panel is attempting to ascertain the benefits of a study that will involve some degree of physical discomfort for the participants. The issue before the committee relates most directly to

making a risk/gain assessment of the study in question

A man is convicted of being a serial killer. What would a psychologist who favor the biological perspective MOST likely to look for the determinants of the killers behavior

man's brain and nervous system processes.

With respect to the lobes of the brain, the frontal lobe is involved in____ and the occipital lobe is the ____destination for____

motor control; visual information

carries messages away from the CNS toward the muscles and glands

motor neurons

where are the nodes of Ranvier found

myelin sheath

the image of a key fitting into a keyhole is most useful in understanding what

neurotransmitters bind to receptor molecules.

During the absolute refractory period

no amount of further simulation can induce another action potential to develope

A seafood distributor hires a researcher to determine whether eating oysters makes one more passionate. The researcher collects data that show that the people who eat the most oysters have the most active love lives. What can be concluded from this research?

nothing

A researcher believes that boys are more aggressive than girls. He goes to a playground to watch children plan and finds support for his viewpoint. This researcher's data collection may be subject to what?

observer bias

Imagine a situation in which a researcher is hired by a pharmaceutical company to test a new cancer drug. The researcher finds the drugs to be effective, but other scientists cannot replicate the original findings. One possible explanation for the original results that should be considered is what?

observer bias

A player slips and hits the back of his head so hard that he sees stars. Which lobe of the brain was stimulated?

occipital

What is the goal of the Human Genome Project

providing a complete sequencing of the human genome.

A friend who has been studying psychology a lot longer than you tells you that your habit of biting your nails is the result of an inner conflict between your personal need to stay a child and society's demand that you grow up. You should recognize this advice as stemming from the ________ perspective.

psychodynamic

A psychologist who explains a rapists behavior in terms of the rapists displaced hostility toward his mother is most likely to prefer which perspective in psychology

psychodynamic

Psychologists who accept a biological explanation of behavior make certain assumptions .What might those assumptions be

psychological and social phenomena can be ultimately understood in terms of biochemical processes:

functionalists like James and Dewey emphasized the importance in _____ in their approach to behavior

purpose

the rTMS technique allows researchers to create?

reversible lesions

Imagine that you have gone to the garden to a pick a rose. Unfortunately, when reaching for a flower, your thumb encounters a horn and you jerk your hand away. What is the order in which information is communicated?

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, brain

carries messages from sense receptors toward the CNS

sensory neurons

cell body of a neuron

some

You remember as a child seeing a insect buzzing on a flower and trying to catch the insect. You may also remember the pain in your hand automatically jerking away. Although you didn't know it at the time, your reflexive withdrawal was controlled by what

spinal cord

Definition of Psychology

study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes

A friend is taking a drug awareness class. One of the things he learns is that LSD, a hallucinogeni drug that produces bizarre sensory experiences is believed to work because it does what?

suppresses the effects of serotonin neurons

a bulblike structure at the branched ending of an axon that contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

terminal buttons

With respect to the notions of reliability and validity, it can be concluded that

tests or experiments can be reliable without being valid

A classmate informs you that, while conducting a naturalistic observation study of children's play behavior, she had to ask the children to limit their play activity to only one area in the playground in order to make more accurate observations. Being familiar with observational methods, you should tell her that her study did not involve naturalistic observation because

the play behavior was not naturally occuring

One explanation for new species is that they emerge when two populations from the original species become geographically separate. With respect to this explanation, what has contemporary research shown

there are many examples of new species that have emerged without geographic isolation.

the first task in psychology is to make accurate observations about behavior. What does this mean?

they must be able to describe the behavior first

In a study by Cappalletti described by your authors, the different parts of the brain associated with producing spoken nouns and spoken verbs were examined. Which technique was used to temporarity lesion specific brain areas in this study

used rTMS

For functionalists, what was the key question to be answered by research

ways in which consciousness functions to help people adapt effectively to their environments

The approach known as structuralism was most concerned with the ________ of mental contents.

what

An educational psychologist has decided to do research on reading behavior. If he were to approach this topic from the broadest of levels of analysis, what would he be most likely to study?

whether attitudes toward reading vary around the world.

Father of Psyc?

william Wundt

Matt is participating in a two day experiment. On Day 1, he takes a memory test after running on a treadmill for 2 minutes. On Day 2, he takes a similar test after running for 10 min. The experimenter plan to compare Matt's perfomances on the two tests. This sounds like

within subject design

A classmate has missed class again and is copying your notes. Unfortunately, she can't figure out which research design uses each participant as his or her own control. Which should you tell her?

within-subjects