PSYC1300 Chapter 8
_____ is a person's inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither.
Blank 1: Gender Blank 2: identity
According to Piaget, the _______ ________ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Blank 1: formal Blank 2: operational
Rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order.
1. Germinal period 2. Embryonic period 3. Fetal period
Ethel was widowed this year. If she meets the average standard, how long can she expect to be widowed? Multiple Choiceseven years10 years14 years21 years
14 years
An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a ____ ____.
Blank 1: gender Blank 2: role
According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur? Multiple choice question. 12 years through adulthood Birth to 2 years 7 to 12 years 2 to 7 years
2 to 7 years
You meet two adolescents, a boy and a girl, both of whom are entering puberty. One is 11 years old, the other is 13. Without knowing any other information, most likely the 11-year-old is a _____(sex), and the 13-year-old is a ______(sex).
Blank 1: girl, female, or woman Blank 2: boy, male, or man
By _____ of age, infants prefer looking at real faces (compared to scrambled faces) and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face. Multiple choice question. 7 days 3 months 9 months 6 weeks
3 months
Researcher Renée Baillargeon has found that infants as young as _____ expect objects to be substantial and permanent. Multiple choice question. 3 to 5 weeks old 12 to 15 months old 6 to 8 months old 3 to 4 months old
3 to 4 months old
Bradley, age 20 months, is putting together a wooden puzzle. As he picks up each piece, he determines in which slot it belongs and carefully places the piece in the correct space. Bradley is in Substage Multiple Choice 3. 4. 5. 6.
6.
As early as _____ old, if infants are presented with two faces with moving mouths, infants will watch the face whose mouth matches the sounds they hear. Multiple choice question. 7 days 2 hours 9 weeks 3 months
7 days
Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the _______ versus ______ stage of development.
Blank 1: industry Blank 2: inferiority
The _______ _______ approach differs from Piaget's perspective in that it doesn't look for qualitative differences across the lifespan; it examines how people use common cognitive processes at every phase of life.
Blank 1: information Blank 2: processing
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following? Multiple choice question. The ability to problem solving using hypothetical deductive reasoning A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes The ability to use logical reasoning and classification skills Part of the preoperational stage
A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
Which boy is more likely to have a positive self-concept? Multiple choice question. A boy who enters puberty at 17 A boy who enters puberty at 14 A boy who enters puberty at 12
A boy who enters puberty at 12
To experience life in optimal ways, people develop what researchers call ______ _______, which involve activities, social relationships, and life goals.
Blank 1: life Blank 2: themes
An individual would have a ____-_____ gender identity if they identify as a blend of both male and female or neither male nor female.
Blank 1: non Blank 2: binary
Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Being able to speak and understand words Hormonal changes during puberty Imagining a future occupation Solving problems
Being able to speak and understand words Imagining a future occupation Solving problems
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. In this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. An important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.
A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.
Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information The changes in lateralization that may provide adaptation in later life
A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated which of the following? (Select all that apply.)C Multiple select question. A preference for warmth and nestling The importance of proper nutrition in infant development Contact comfort The concept of temperament
A preference for warmth and nestling Contact comfort
Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. A woman has a difficult upbringing, but she is able to enjoy life and accomplish many things as an adult. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners.
A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners.
Which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional process component of development? Multiple choice question. Memorizing a shopping list A teenager's newfound interest in sex and dating Imagining one's future career A young man's newfound aggressiveness in sports
A young man's newfound aggressiveness in sports
Which of the following are involved in life themes? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Genetic markers Activities Social relationships Life goals
Activities Social relationships Life goals
In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by Multiple Choice Piaget. Ainsworth. Erikson. Kohlberg.
Ainsworth.
The American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Office stated that Multiple Choice the organization supports gender nondiscrimination. there is no research on raising a so-called "genderless child." there is no research available regarding potential harms or benefits of raising a "genderless child." All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a big entity that is the consequence of the interaction of multiple low-level factors? Multiple choice question. A teratogen An assimilation An emergent property A schema
An emergent property
Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages. Multiple select question. Anger Confrontation Depression Acceptance Sadness Anxiety Frustration Bargaining Denial
Anger Depression Acceptance Bargaining Denial
Which of the following are features of Bowlby's theory on attachment? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Attachment involves infants discovering that they have a will of their own. Attachment is important in infancy but not later on. Attachment is a natural part of being human. Early relationships become internalized and guide future social behavior.
Attachment is a natural part of being human. Early relationships become internalized and guide future social behavior.
Which parenting style is generally associated with the most positive outcomes for children? Multiple choice question. Permissive Neglectful Authoritarian Authoritative
Authoritative
Joe is 2 1/2 years old and is developing a strong sense of independence. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, he is most likely in which stage of development? Multiple choice question. Autonomy versus shame and guilt Generativity versus stagnation Trust versus mistrust Industry versus inferiority
Autonomy versus shame and guilt
According to Erikson, at what age does the trust versus mistrust stage occur? Multiple choice question. 6 to 12 years 1.5 to 3 years Birth to 1.5 years 3 to 6 years
Birth to 1.5 years
Which of the following are aspects of socioemotional processes in developmental psychology? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. The development of language Changes in motor skills Changes in relationships and personality Changes in emotion
Changes in relationships and personality Changes in emotion
What are typical outcomes that result from parenting styles? (Choose all that apply.) Multiple select question. Children of authoritarian parents tend to exhibit high levels of self-initiative. Children of authoritative parents tend to be self-reliant and to follow social rules. Children of neglectful parents are more likely to have problems with self-control. Children of permissive parents tend to become confident and creative.
Children of authoritative parents tend to be self-reliant and to follow social rules. Children of neglectful parents are more likely to have problems with self-control.
Which of the following developments are typical of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Children must master academic skills such as learning to read. Children's social worlds widen. Children begin to take responsibility for their own actions.
Children's social worlds widen. Children begin to take responsibility for their own actions.
Which of the following refers to experiencing one's psychological gender and gender expression as a match to one's biological sex? Multiple choice question. Homosexual Cisgender Heterosexual Transgender
Cisgender
_______ refers to experiencing one's psychological gender and gender expression as a match to one's biological sex.
Cisgender
What term is used to describe the distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play, and what we are capable of? Multiple choice question. Cognition Puberty Identity Socioemotional
Identity
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? Multiple choice question. Behavioral development Cognitive development Socioemotional development Physical development
Cognitive development
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? Multiple choice question. Behavioral development Socioemotional development Cognitive development Physical development
Cognitive development
Cole is planning to be a physicist; he is an undergraduate working toward that goal. According to Marcia's concept of identity status, what dimension of identity development is Cole involved in? Multiple choice question. Formation Exploration Confusion Commitment
Commitment
Which of the following is the correct description of the prenatal developmental stages? Multiple choice question. Conception begins with the embryonic period; this is followed by the germinal period and finally the fetal period. Conception begins with the germinal period; this is followed by the fetal period and finally the embryonic period. Conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period.
Conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period.
_______ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.
Conception or Fertilization
According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Something that only children can build for themselves to improve cognitive functioning A kind of complex cognitive process, such as thinking, planning, and problem solving Something children are either born with or without Created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development
Created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development? Multiple choice question. Culture Cognition Memory Physical changes
Culture
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development? Multiple choice question. Physical changes Cognition Culture Memory
Culture
What is the cause of the hot flashes associated with menopause? Multiple choice question. Decreased estrogen Increased testosterone Increased estrogen Decreased testosterone
Decreased estrogen
________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
Development
Ian is a 19-year-old who is asking questions such as "who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" Ian is most likely in _____. Multiple choice question. Piaget's preoperational stage Piaget's stage of concrete operations Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
How has Kübler-Ross's stages of dying theory been criticized? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Evidence shows that people don't always go through her stages in the order that she listed them. She didn't account for the fact that men and women tend to grieve in very different ways. It implies that there is a single "right" way to die or grieve. Research shows that depression generally comes before bargaining, not after.
Evidence shows that people don't always go through her stages in the order that she listed them. It implies that there is a single "right" way to die or grieve.
True or false: Brain imaging studies examining brain development in childhood show that the amount of brain material in some areas can nearly quadruple within as little as a year.
False Brain material can nearly double in a year, but it doesn't increase at quite a quadruple rate in a year.
True or false: Kübler-Ross's stages of dying theory has been criticized for taking too much of an individualistic view of how people cope with death.
False: criticized for the notion that everyone goes through the stages in the way that Kübler-Ross envisioned.
True or false: According to Baumrind's parenting theory, parents who are neglectful deliberately rear their children by putting few restraints on them.
False: permissive parenting.
True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.
False: the criticism is that it involved only men.
What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father? Multiple choice question. Male Female
Female
Which of the following statements describes conception? Multiple choice question. The organism's structures are fully formed, and weight is gained. The rate of cell differentiation intensifies and support systems for the cells form. Organs begin to mature. Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.
Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.
According to Baumrind, authoritative parents are which of the following? Multiple choice question. Firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them Rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience Relaxed and inconsistent in giving direction but warm Unlikely to keep track of their children and may not have strong need to care about them
Firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them
Menarche is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Region in the prefrontal cortex Both a neurotransmitter and a hormone First menstrual cycle First nocturnal emission
First menstrual cycle
A now-famous study involved following 700 individuals, and examining their donated brains after their death. The study is called the Multiple choice question. New York Officials Study. Los Angeles Doctors Study. Mankato Nun Study. Stanford Prison Experiment.
Mankato Nun Study.
Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stages of development? Multiple choice question. Concrete operational Formal operational Postconventional level Preoperational
Formal operational
From ages 3 to 6 years, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area of the brain? Multiple choice question. Frontal lobes Cerebellum Occipital lobes Thalamus
Frontal lobes
Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following? Multiple choice question. Developed the capacity for abstract thought Grasped the concept of conservation Grasped the idea of object permanence Moved into the concrete operational stage
Grasped the idea of object permanence
Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. He ignores the role of Individual differences in shaping moral behavior. He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior.
He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior.
Development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following changes? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Hormonal changes Maturation Changes in individual's relationships with others Changes in motor skills
Hormonal changes Maturation Changes in motor skills
What causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence? Multiple choice question. Hormone secretion Peer pressure Parental involvement Sexual maturation
Hormone secretion
Melanie has decided to go to law school because she comes from a long line of lawyers and her family expects her to go to law school. According to Marcia's identity status theory, which of the following identity statuses best describes Melanie? Multiple choice question. Identity moratorium Identity foreclosure Identity achievement Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Ramon is a freshman in college. He doesn't know what his major will be, and he has few ideas of what he wants to do in life. According to Erikson, he is in which of the following stages of development? Multiple choice question. Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair Identity versus identity confusion Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following is the correct culture-based criticism of attachment theory? Multiple choice question. In some cultures, infants are considered healthiest if they are "insecurely attached." In some cultures, infants are expected to not have any attachments. In some cultures, infants show strong attachment to many people, not just a primary caregiver.
In some cultures, infants show strong attachment to many people, not just a primary caregiver.
Which of the following best describes the results of the sticky mitten study? Multiple choice question. Infants who used the "sticky mittens" once cried when researchers attempted to put the mittens back on the infants later. Researchers found no differences between the infants who did and did not use "sticky mittens." Infants who used the "sticky mittens" looked at objects longer and were more likely to explore the objects. Infants who used the "sticky mittens" developed poor motor control compared to infants who didn't.
Infants who used the "sticky mittens" looked at objects longer and were more likely to explore the objects.
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, in which stage do children start forming friendships and taking on greater responsibilities? Multiple choice question. Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and guilt Industry versus inferiority Initiative versus guilt
Initiative versus guilt
How does the information processing approach differ from Piaget's perspective on cognitive development? Multiple choice question. It assumes that infants come into the world with more knowledge than previously expected. It looks for qualitative differences in cognitive processing across the lifespan. It examines how people think, using common processes, at every phase of life. It examines the importance of culture in cognitive development.
It examines how people think, using common processes, at every phase of life.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Infants need to develop more purposeful behavior. It occurs during the first year and a half of life. Infants assert their sense of autonomy. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs.
It occurs during the first year and a half of life. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs.
Which of the following statements apply to Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It occurs in middle to late childhood. The focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually. The danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent. The developmental task is one of forming intimate relationships with others.
It occurs in middle to late childhood. The focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually. The danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent.
Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It refers to social aspects of being male or female. The term gender is synonymous with the term sex. It is complex. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female.
It refers to social aspects of being male or female. It is complex. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female.
Which of these is a major criticism of the nativist approach to infant cognitive development? Multiple choice question. It underestimates the role of the infant's environment in shaping development. It ignores the role of genetics. It focuses on the role of experience, but only for younger babies.
It underestimates the role of the infant's environment in shaping development.
Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a crucial part of the formal operations stage. It emphasizes collaborative learning. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.
Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. It emphasizes collaborative learning. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.
Lucy is 2 years old and is most likely in Erikson's socioemotional developmental stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Which of the following statements are true regarding Lucy in this stage of development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Lucy will now begin to acquire academic skills. Lucy will begin to assert her independence. Lucy is discovering that she has a will of her own.
Lucy will begin to assert her independence. Lucy is discovering that she has a will of her own.
What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father? Multiple choice question. Female Male
Male
Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories? Multiple choice question. Gilligan's care perspective Kohlberg's moral development theory Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment Bowlby's theory of attachment
Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment
______ is the name for a girl's first menstrual cycle.
Menarche
A female who has stopped menstruating and is no longer fertile has gone through what process? Multiple choice question. Menstruation Puberty Egocentrism Menopause
Menopause
Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by "operations"? Multiple choice question. Mental representations that are reversible Physical procedures that are reversible Mental representations that are not reversible Physical procedures that are not reversible
Mental representations that are reversible
Researchers conducted a study involving infants and "sticky mittens." What are "sticky mittens"? Multiple choice question. Mittens that are designed to help children eat hard-to-grasp food Mittens covered in sticky foods, such as jam, to encourage the infants to taste new flavors Mittens that are designed to stick to the edges of toys Mittens that prevent infants from accidental self-harm (such as scratching)
Mittens that are designed to stick to the edges of toys
___ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right. Multiple choice question. Socioemotional Cognitive Moral Instinctive
Moral
________ approaches to infant cognitive development suggest that infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget's theory gave them credit for.
Nativist
Which of the following research studies is an ongoing study of the role of experience in maintaining brain function? Multiple choice question. Bowlby's work Marcia's concepts Nun Study of Mankato Gilligan's study
Nun Study of Mankato
Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages? Multiple choice question. Object permanence in Piaget's sensorimotor stage Operations in Piaget's preoperational stage Operations in Piaget's concrete operational stage Conservation in Piaget's concrete operational stage
Operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation in which parents let their children do pretty much what they want? Multiple choice question. Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Neglectful
Permissive
What are the three domains of development? Multiple choice question. Physical, psychological, and emotional Physical, cognitive, and gender Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional Cognitive, psychological, and socioemotional
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Controls with little verbal exchange Does not get involved in children's lives and choices Places limits Encourages independence
Places limits Encourages independence
Which of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development did this concept clip on conservation focus? Multiple Choice Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
Preoperational
______ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
Puberty or Adolescence
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A reduction in telomere length Rapid skeletal growth Changes in the brain Hormonal changes
Rapid skeletal growth Changes in the brain Hormonal changes
________ are automatic responses such as grasping something that touches the fingers.
Reflexes
According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents are which of the following? Multiple choice question. Relaxed and inconsistent in giving direction but warm Unlikely to keep track of their children and may not have strong need to care about them Firm and set clear limits and reason with their children to explain things to them Rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience
Rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage? Multiple choice question. Preoperational Formal operational Concrete operational Sensorimotor
Sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols? Multiple choice question. Concrete operational Preoperational Sensorimotor Formal operational
Sensorimotor
Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. What does this mean, according to Ainsworth? Multiple choice question. Shanelle is securely attached. Shanelle's parents utilize an authoritative parenting style. Shanelle is in the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development. Shanelle is insecurely attached.
Shanelle is securely attached.
Select the three domains of development. Multiple select question. Socioemotional Cognitive Physical Psychosocial
Socioemotional Cognitive Physical
Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes in development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Bodily changes during puberty Memorizing a list of words Solving math problems Forming relationships with peers Learning to read
Solving math problems Learning to read
______ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
Temperament
Which of the following are examples of teratogens? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Thalidomide Alcohol Folic acid Heroin
Thalidomide Alcohol Heroin
Which of these is the best definition of attachment? Multiple choice question. The second stage in Erikson's eight stages of human development The close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding The first stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development
The close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver
What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate? Multiple choice question. The critical role of fathers Providing milk is the only thing required to create attachment. The superiority of the authoritarian style The importance of a mother providing warmth
The importance of a mother providing warmth
Criticisms of attachment theory include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. The theory does not adequately account for cultural variations. Attachment may be due to shared genes rather than experiences. The theory involves a perspective based on justice or care. The theory does not adequately account for differences in infant temperament, which might affect the nature of the attachment relationship.
The theory does not adequately account for cultural variations. Attachment may be due to shared genes rather than experiences. The theory does not adequately account for differences in infant temperament, which might affect the nature of the attachment relationship.
Which of the following are true of Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. There is an exploration of roles. It occurs from 20 to 30 years of age. Career exploration is important. It occurs from 10 to 20 years of age.
There is an exploration of roles. Career exploration is important. It occurs from 10 to 20 years of age.
Which of the following statements are typically true regarding girls who are "early bloomers" (i.e., enter puberty earlier than their peers)? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. They are more likely to become sexually active. They are more likely to smoke and use drugs. They are more outgoing and popular. They are more likely to engage in academic pursuits. They are less outgoing and less popular.
They are more likely to become sexually active. They are more likely to smoke and use drugs. They are less outgoing and less popular.
How do nativist approaches to infant cognitive development differ from Piaget's theory? Multiple choice question. They believe that the sensorimotor stage ends at age 18 months, not at 2 years. They believe that Piaget greatly overestimated infants' abilities. They assume infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget gave them credit for. They believe that infants come into the world as a "blank slate," ready to learn from the environment.
They assume infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget gave them credit for.
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory? Multiple choice question. Through the principle of reversibility Through an evaluation of object permanence Through hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Through the principle of reversibility
Which of the following refers to experiencing one's psychological gender and gender expression as different from one's biological sex? Multiple choice question. Cisgender Transgender Homosexual Heterosexual
Transgender
_____ refers to experiencing one's psychological gender and gender expression as different from one's biological sex.
Transgender
True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.
True
True or false: Individuals with non-binary gender identities may refer to themselves as genderqueer, genderfluid, transmasculine, transfeminine, or third gender.
True
According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met. Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good. The child (hopefully) develops a positive sense of independence.
Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met. Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good.
Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order.
Trust v Mistrust Autonomy v Shame and guilt Initiative v guilt Industry v Infriority
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver? Multiple choice question. Autonomy versus shame and guilt Trust versus mistrust Industry versus inferiority Intimacy versus isolation
Trust versus mistrust
Which of the following are typical brain changes that occur during infancy and childhood? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Unneeded brain cells are purged over time. Synaptic connections that are used become stronger. The number of synaptic connections increases greatly. The myelin sheath of axons is removed as brain development is completed.
Unneeded brain cells are purged over time. Synaptic connections that are used become stronger. The number of synaptic connections increases greatly.
Early maturation for girls predicts which of the following? Multiple choice question. Vulnerability to a number of problems Higher self-esteem Reduced likelihood of using drugs Positive socioemotional outcomes
Vulnerability to a number of problems
Match the type of temperament with its description. a) Generally in a positive mood; easily establishes routines and adapts to new experiences. b) Often fussy and engages in irregular routines. c) Low activity level and tends to withdraw from new experiences.
a) Easy child b) Difficult child c) Slow-to-warm child
Daniel is an outgoing, popular high school student. He seeks out opportunities to socialize, such as joining various clubs at school and participating in team sports. Daniel's efforts to select experiences that are consistent with his genetic tendencies is known as a(n) ________ correlation. Multiple Choiceactivepassivereactivenonshared environmental
active
The time period of development from around 10 years of age until around age 20 is referred to as _____. Multiple choice question. childhood emerging adulthood adulthood adolescence
adolescence
Recent research has found that the _____, the part of the brain that involves emotions, matures in adolescents well before the frontal lobes, which are involved with higher-order thinking. Multiple choice question. amygdala hippocampus cerebellum cortex
amygdala
The ________ is a brain structure that plays an important role in emotional and instinctual reactions. Multiple Choice amygdala frontal lobe cerebellum occipital lobe
amygdala
Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as _____. Multiple choice question. an insecurely attached infant in the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage in the sensorimotor stage of development a securely attached infant
an insecurely attached infant
Because he is securely attached to both of his parents, Elijah can manage his ______.
anxiety
Kirsten and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Kirsten believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is _____. Multiple choice question. temperament resilience a gender role attachment
attachment
Some developmental psychology researchers use the term "infant " to describe the initial important connection to a caregiver that provides a foundation for later development.
attachment
Jaden's parents have very strict rules for him and do not give reasons for those rules other than "We're your parents, so you need to do what we say." His parents are using a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
If gender refers to a social construct, then sex refers to Multiple Choice biology. masculinity or femininity. identity. a personal label.
biology.
Physical declines in middle and late adulthood _____, Multiple choice question. can be completely prevented if people maintain a healthy diet and exercise level are common in women but not in men are primarily due to genetics; environment plays little role can be moderated through lifestyle choices
can be moderated through lifestyle choices
Gender identity _____. Multiple choice question. is the same thing as sexual orientation is the same as a person's biological sex is the same thing as gender expression can be the same or different from a person's biological sex
can be the same or different from a person's biological sex
A newborn Multiple Choice cannot see anything. can see objects only a few inches away. can see objects about one foot away. can see objects several feet away.
can see objects about one foot away.
Gilligan's approach is called a(n) ______ perspective because it emphasizes moral development in term of connectedness with others and stresses interpersonal communication, relationships, and concern for others.
care
Sam has recently started to learn a second language. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. physical change nurture socioemotional change cognitive change
cognitive change
According to Piaget, ______ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.
conservation
A research design in which a group of people are assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.
cross-sectional design
A(n) _____ in lateralization in older adults may improve cognitive functioning. Multiple choice question. decrease increase lack of change
decrease
When older people in Western societies are reminded of the advantages of age, such as superior wisdom, they tend to Multiple Choice do better on tests of memory. show more memory loss. demonstrate memory decline expected for their age. feel better about the memory loss that they have experienced.
do better on tests of memory.
Many studies suggest that infants and toddlers acquire cognitive skills _____ than Piaget believed.
earlier
Renée Baillargeon disagrees with Piaget's views of object permanence. Baillargeon believes that object permanence abilities emerge _____. Multiple choice question. at the same time as Piaget thought when Piaget believed that they never emerged later than Piaget thought earlier than Piaget thought
earlier than Piaget thought
Boys who mature _____ tend to show more positive socioemotional outcomes. Multiple choice question. later than their peers earlier than their peers at the same time as their peers
earlier than their peers
According to Erikson, each of the _____ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate. Multiple choice question. 12 six five eight
eight
A(n) ______ property is a big entity that is a consequence of the interaction between multiple low-level factors.
emergent
Visual abilities in infants Multiple Choice expand rapidly after birth. do not improve until about six months of age. are quite sensitive at birth. decline in the first two months, then expand rapidly.
expand rapidly after birth.
Lily is in her first year of undergraduate coursework and has not yet declared a major. She has attended a lot of career fairs and undergraduate major "open house" events to investigate her options. Marcia's theory of identity status suggests that the dimension Lily is most concerned with is the _____ dimension.
exploration
Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying. Multiple choice question. three six four five
five
Childhood is the developmental period _____. Multiple choice question. that is described as "prenatal" that Piaget refers to as concrete operational that Piaget refers to as preoperational from birth until 10 years of age
from birth until 10 years of age
The ________ lobes are responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and purposeful actions. Multiple Choice temporal parietal occipital frontal
frontal
Dr. Moran works with adolescents who are working on their understanding or personal identification of themselves, regardless of their biological sex. What type of counseling does he do? Multiple Choice gender identity transgender cisgender intersex
gender identity
Genotype is defined as a person's _____. Multiple choice question. physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes observable characteristics genetic material environmental experiences
genetic material
A person's ______ gives her the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment and may result in a number of phenotypic representations.
genotype or genes
When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a _____. Multiple choice question. boy and seek treatment for the child's destroyed anatomy girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant third gender raise the boy as a boy, indicating that biology determines gender identity
girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant
Puberty typically occurs earlier in _____ than in _____. Multiple choice question. There is no difference by sex. boys; girls girls; boys
girls; boys
Research has found that physical exercise interventions lead to increases in the size of the _____(a structure of the brain) and improved memory function.
hippocampus
Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity. Multiple choice question. identity confusion personality development sense of self identity status
identity status
Kohlberg's theory is called a(n) _______ perspective because it emphasizes the rights of the individual as key to sound moral reasoning.
justice
A decrease in _______(a type of process in the brain) may help improve cognitive functioning in older adults.
lateralization
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other is known as .
lateralization
When a function is specialized in one or the other hemisphere of the brain, this is known as _____. Multiple choice question. myelination optimization with compensation accommodation lateralization
lateralization
A set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing
limbic system
According to Piaget, preoperational children are not yet capable of Multiple Choice symbolic thought. forming schemes. object permanence. logical thought.
logical thought.
Many teachers give students "busy" work that they can complete on their own, which allows the teacher to work individually or with small groups during class. This "busy" work falls into the ________ limit of the zone of proximal development. Multiple Choice upper lower outer under
lower
Generativity vs. Stagnation occurs during Multiple Choice adolescence. young adulthood. middle adulthood. late adulthood.
middle adulthood.
_________ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.
moral
Alan is exploring many alternative paths but has not yet made a commitment. According to Marcia's concept, Alan is in an identity _____. Multiple choice question. achievement diffusion moratorium foreclosure
moratorium
A criticism of the ____ approach to infant cognitive development is that it downplays the importance of environmental experiences the infant has and their impact on development.
nativist
According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as _____ parents. Multiple choice question. neglectful permissive authoritarian authoritative
neglectful
_____, which is consistent with the concept of active correlations, helps explain why identical twins reared apart are often quite similar, despite experiencing different environments.
niche picking
Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____. Multiple choice question. concrete operations object permanence egocentrism formal operations
object permanence
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____. Multiple choice question. object permanence conservation egocentrism the zone of proximal development
object permanence
Phenotype is defined as a person's _____. Multiple choice question. cognitive processes observable characteristics family history only genetic material only
observable characteristics
When Piaget referred to ______, he meant mental representations that are reversible.
operations or operation
Fred and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a _____ parenting style.
permissive
A person's _____ is his or her observable characteristics and shows the contributions of both nature and nurture.
phenotype
Adrianne has recently entered menopause. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. socioemotional change nurture physical change cognitive change
physical change
Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. Multiple choice question. unconventional preconventional postconventional conventional
postconventional
Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. Multiple choice question. postconventional preconventional conventional unconventional
preconventional
Jayden's mother took him to a mother-infant swim class. When she dropped Jayden in the shallow end of the pool, she was surprised to see that he instinctively held his breath and moved his arms and legs in swimming movements. This is an example of a ______.
reflex
According to Vygotsky, ______ is a kind of framework that allows the child's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
scaffolding
As Cindy was learning to write her alphabet, her mom initially helped her hold her pencil and form the letters, soon after this her mom let Cindy hold her own pencil and form the letters. Now Cindy can write her alphabet all by herself. According to Vygotsky, Cindy's mom was engaging the process of Multiple Choice scaffolding. habituation. object permanence. rehabilitation.
scaffolding.
According to Piaget, a ______ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions. Multiple choice question. cognitive; behavioral sensory; physical
sensory; physical
John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that ______ was the main determinant of gender. Multiple choice question. biology physical male and female anatomy socialization genetic inheritance
socialization
Connections between neurons are known as _____ connections. Multiple choice question. myelinated synaptic reorganized neurotransmitter
synaptic
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding? Multiple choice question. temperament parenting style socioemotional style attachment
temperament
Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as _______ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.
teratogens or teratogen
Changes in two hormones, _____ and estradiol, lie at the core of development in puberty. Multiple choice question. cortisol testosterone androgen androdiol
testosterone
The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents _____. Multiple choice question. but only in adolescent girls than the hippocampus, which provides executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions than the prefrontal lobes, which provide executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions
than the prefrontal lobes, which provide executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions
Two-year-old Nick cries whenever he sees his father leave the room. His parents have come to you for help. You tell them Multiple Choice they are right to be concerned. Children should feel securely attached and not be afraid when a parent leaves the room. they are right to be concerned. This crying behavior is not appropriate for boys. they do not need to be concerned. This crying behavior is normal in a child who is securely attached. they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them.
they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them.
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____. Multiple choice question. only through growth throughout life genetically during childhood
throughout life
With regard to changes in brain development, ________ with age. Multiple Choice gray matter increases both gray and white matter decrease white matter increases both gray and white matter increase
white matter increases
The four lobes of the brain Multiple Choice function independently. are located in the left hemisphere. are located in the right hemisphere. work together.
work together.
You are throwing a birthday party for a group of four-year-olds. Piaget would suggest that Multiple Choice you give different size cups to each child so they can keep up with their own cup. you give only the girls cups to drink from because they have better fine motor skills. you give each child the same size cup to drink from. you use small, medium, and large cups depending on the size of the child.
you give each child the same size cup to drink from.