Psych 1001 Chapter 9 Intelligence Note Cards

What is Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient, IQ? What does mental age mean? What is the deviation IQ.

-(Mental age/chronological age)*100 -Mental age: Age at which the child's intellectual performance is typical. -Expresses each person's IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group

What percentage of the population gets an IQ score between one standard deviation below and one standard deviation above the mean? What percentage of the population obtains an IQ score between two standard deviations above and below the mean?

-68% -95%

What is the basic logic of a behavior genetics study? How alike are identical twins genetically?

-Compare correlations in IQ between certain people -Almost completely identical

What is the evidence for "smart brains" in terms of efficiency, reaction time, size, development, location of activity in brain?

-Correlation of intelligence and brain size is only 0.4 -Intelligent brains take longer to mature than others -Density of neural connections between prefrontal cortex and other brain regions -People with a higher intelligence react more quickly when the lights are turned off

What are meta-cognitive skills?

Higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning

What information is gained by behavior geneticists who study adoptive families?

How IQ of individuals can change from biological to adopted families

What are things that correlate with intelligence?

Individual difference associated with genetics, cohort (increased over time), intellectual performance is associated with age

What is the evidence that intelligence is one thing? What is "g"? What is the evidence that intelligence is multifaceted?

- -General Intelligence. Posited to account for the commonality that exists among multiple ability measures.

Why is differential psychology prone to controversy? What was the eugenics movement?

- -Movement in early twentieth century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both.

Reliability? How does one evaluate how good a test is?

-Extent to which scores on a measure remain stable over time

What is the Flynn effect? What are the implications of the Flynn effect? What are some possible causes of the Flynn effect?

-Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade. Suggests that our IQ are a full 10 to 15 points higher than those of our grandparents. -Increased test sophistication, better nutrition, changes at home and school etc.

How alike are fraternal twins? Siblings? What does MZ refer to? What is the correlation between IQ for MZ twins?

-Fraternal twins are no more alike than siblings -Monozygotic twins have a a correlation of .7 to .8 for their IQs

Who was Francis Galton? Who was Alfred Binet? What were their contributions to intelligence research?

-Galton: Proposed a radical hypothesis: Intelligence is the by-product of sensory capacity. Reasoned that most knowledge first comes through the senses, especially vision and hearing. People with better eyesight, should acquire more knowledge than will other people. -Binet: Co-developed the first intelligence test. Developed systematic/objective way of identifying children in a classroom who would or would not benefit from normal courses. Children who struggle in school perform academically like children of a younger age.

What is Howard Gardner's theory? How did Gardner come up with his eight different intelligences? What are the characteristics of people who score high on verbal/linguistic, body kinesthetic and logical/mathematical intelligence? What are criticisms of Gardner?

-Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill. -Linguistic: Speak and write well -Logical/mathematical: Able to solve scientific and mathematical problems -Body/kinesthetic: Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavors -Criticisms: If a child has weakness in a specific skill domain, it may make more sense to try to teach "to" that domain rather than "away" from it. Much of his model is vague and difficult to test (hard to falsify).

How is intelligence defined? What does it mean to say that "intelligence" is a psychological construct? What is the difference between intelligence, g, and IQ?

-Not defined as a physical thing, but a theoretical construct -It's defined as WHAT intelligent people DO . Understand and use complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in abstract reasoning.

What is the study of individual differences (also known as differential psychology) and what kinds of questions does it study? What methods does it use?

-Our species shares a basic human nature, but people are not all the same -Answer questions about the ways in which human beings differ from each other

What is the content validity of IQ tests? What was Project Talent? How do sub-tests correlate? What can researchers conclude from this finding?

-Refers to extent to which a test measures what it supports to measure - -

How is genius defined? What was the Terman study? What is the role of practice?

-Terman tracked 1,500 junior high school students with IQs over 135

Describe the approach measured by the following commonly used IQ tests: the WAIS, the Ravens, the WISC. Why would you choose to use one or the other?

-WAIS: Most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities -Ravens: Best-known culture-fair test used widely in Great Britain as a measure of intelligence, especially fluid intelligence. Culture-fair tests are abstract reasoning measures that don't depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are. -WISC: Widely used IQ tests for children

What are crystallized and fluid intelligence?

-accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time -capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

In the Project Talent study, what was the correlation between scores on the Information subtest and socio-economic class (SES)?

.42

What three criteria are used to define mental retardation?

1. Onset prior to adulthood 2. IQ below approximately 70 3. Inadequate adaptive functioning (dressing and feeding oneself, communicating with others, managing other basic life skills)

In terms of environmental effects on IQ, what evidence suggests that school affects IQ? What evidence suggests that socioeconomic deprivation and nutrition affect IQ?

Number of years of schooling correlates between 0.5 and 0.6 with IQ scores. Children who've attended an extra year of school tend to have higher IQs, despite being nearly identical in chronological age Children's IQs tend to drop significantly during summer vacations Students who drop out of school end up with lower IQs than do students who stay in school, even when they start out with the same IQ

On IQ tests, what kinds of behaviors are measured by Verbal items, Spatial items or Quantitative item?

Verbal: Vocabulary, reading comprehension, information Spatial: 2D visualization, 3D visualization, mechanical reasoning Quantitative: Arithmetic reasoning, introductory mathematics, advanced mathematics

How stable is IQ over time?

Very stable over short periods < 1 year (>.90). Over long intervals of > 5 years, IQs for majority change little, some may change 10-20 points, but IQ remains fairly stable for the most part.