Psych 1001 Final

Some research has shown that stimulating parts of the temporal lobe can produce vivid autobiographical memories. Others have suggested that these are not true memories, but rather are more like hallucinations that do not reflect real past experiences. To date, the true answer has not yet been solidified. This uncertainty in research findings demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation vs. causation c. Extraordinary claims XXX d. Falsifiability

Ruling out rival hypotheses

When an excitatory signal reaches a neuron, the resting voltage of ____________ becomes ________________. Select one: a. -60 millivolts becomes less negative b. -60 millivolts becomes more negative c. +60 millivolts becomes more positive d. +60 millivolts becomes less positive

a. -60 millivolts becomes less negative

What is the Chicago Longitudinal Study? Select one: a. A comprehensive preschool program that sought to improve student achievement. b. A study that tracked individuals over 50 years to measure the stability of personality. c. A study that tracked the effects of Type A personality on health outcomes. d. A study that tracked stages of cognitive development in a group of children aged 6 months to ten years. XXX

a. A comprehensive preschool program that sought to improve student achievement.

What is the Flynn Effect? Select one: a. A rise in the average IQ of the population over time. b. A significant effect of nutrition on IQ. c. A rare genetic mutation affecting IQ. d. A correlation between poverty and IQ.

a. A rise in the average IQ of the population over time.

The lecturer described a model of "theory land" and "data land." One important idea that this simple model tries to communicate is that _____________________________. Select one: a. What one thinks about a thing and what is observed objectively may be different. b. Correlation does not equal causation. c. Theory and data are both useful, but of the two, theory is better. d. Data should be created to promote our theories and opinions.

a. What one thinks about a thing and what is observed objectively may be different.

Charlotte got only 50% on her last Psy 1001 exam. Which of the following attributions about that event would be characteristic of a depressive thinking style? Select one: a. An internal, stable, global attribution such as "I always do badly on exams." b. An external, specific attribution such as "This exam was unfair. It was too hard!" c. An external, global attribution such as "University faculty are out to get people like me." d. A pattern of uncertainty and negativity such as "I just didn't care enough about that exam to study for it." XXX

a. An internal, stable, global attribution such as "I always do badly on exams."

When Max talked to his friend Jessica about his undergraduate experience at the University of Minnesota, he said he believed that most of the students at UM majored in Psychology. Max concluded this because when he thought about kinds of majors, he thought about his friends and most of whom were psychology majors. So Max has made a judgment based on how easily he could think of examples. This reasoning error is known as the _______________. Select one: a. Availability heuristic b. Representativeness heuristic c. the either-or fallacy d. the bandwagon fallacy

a. Availability heuristic

What is the Flynn Effect? Select one: a. Average IQ increases with each generation. b. When given any personality feedback, people tend to think it describes them well. c. Moral emotions tend to be more powerful than other types of emotions. d. As hunger and thirst increase, higher order motivations become less powerful.

a. Average IQ increases with each generation.

Howie's stroke made it difficult for him to speak, suggesting that the damage in his brain was to which of the following? Select one: a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. right hemisphere d. limbic system

a. Broca's area

According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from: Select one: a. Catastrophic thinking about oneself or ones life conditions b. Conditions of worth that are imposed on us by othersXXX c. An unintegrated set of gestalts d. Unconscious motivational conflicts

a. Catastrophic thinking about oneself or ones life conditions

According to the Hart & Risley (1995) study, how does SES affect children's experience of language? Select one: a. Children with higher SES hear more words overall and more words of praise than children of lower SES b. Children of lower SES hear fewer words overall but more words of praise. c. SES did not seem to make a difference in the number of words that children hear. d. Children of lower SES hear more words overall but fewer words of praise.

a. Children with higher SES hear more words overall and more words of praise than children of lower SES

At what stage have children acquired the ability to pass conservation tasks? Select one: a. Concrete operational b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. formal operational

a. Concrete operational

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is best characterized by: Select one: a. Flashbulb memories, difficulty sleeping, and increased arousal b. Flashbulb memories, malingering, and increased arousal c. Panic attacks, difficulty sleeping, and increased arousal d. Panic attacks, anxiety, and startling easily

a. Flashbulb memories, difficulty sleeping, and increased arousal

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique b. Door in the face technique c. cognitive dissonance technique d. cold calling

a. Foot in the door technique

Children receiving chemotherapy for cancer may develop a conditioned food aversion to foods they have eaten just preceding chemotherapy. The most effective way of treating this unintended side effect of chemotherapy is _______________________. Select one: a. Have the patient eat unfamiliar or exotic food prior to chemotherapy. b. Have the patient fast for five hours before chemotherapy. c. Repeatedly serve the food that produces the nausea without following it with chemotherapy.XXX d. Reinforce eating behaviors by serving a meal with many sweet foods after chemotherapy.

a. Have the patient eat unfamiliar or exotic food prior to chemotherapy.

As described in lecture, the cellular phenomena of long-term potentiation (LTP) is most consistent with which of the following? Select one: a. Hebb's rule b. the use of lie detector tests c. visual illusions such as the Necker cube d. the topographical map found in the somatosensory cortex

a. Hebb's rule

Your lecturer believes that internal mental representations affect external behavior. Her perspective is most similar to that of which of the following theorists? Select one: a. Jean Piaget b. BF Skinner c. William Wundt d. JB Watson

a. Jean Piaget

Which of the following candidates is most likely to win, given that optimism predicts elections? Select one: a. Laura, who says she can restore the health care system b. Eddie, who says the next couple of years are going to be tough and require sacrifice c. John, who says that cutting spending is the only way to restore the economy d. Denise, who promises to raise taxes by only a small percentage to fund education

a. Laura, who says she can restore the health care system

________ is any change in an organism's behavior or thinking brought about by experience or practice. Select one: a. Learning b. Adaptation c. Memory enhancement d. Accommodation

a. Learning

Ron Swanson heads the Parks and Rec department. His friends would describe him as practical and down-to-earth. He doesn't daydream and doesn't enjoy discussions about art or philosophy. However, he is cooperative, respects authority, is sympathetic to the feelings of others and avoids imposing his will on others. Based on these traits, Ron might score _______________________ on the BFAS. Select one: a. Low on Openness, High on Agreebleness b. High on Openness, Low on Neuroticism. c. Low on Openness, High on Conscientiousness d. High on Openness, High on Extroversion

a. Low on Openness, High on Agreebleness

The diathesis-stress model proposes that people develop mental disorders __________________________. Select one: a. due to interacting biological vulnerability and environmental factors. b. as a result of a genetic predisposition. c. as a result of adverse life circumstances. d. when a certain threshold of interacting environmental factors is reached.

a. due to interacting biological vulnerability and environmental factors.

A sociologist has a large sample of participants, and gives them a wide variety of surveys and questionnaires that measure political attitudes and beliefs. She conducts a factor analysis and finds that nearly all of the correlation among the measures is explainable by two factors, which she interprets as "fiscal conservatism" and "social conservatism." She concludes that individual differences in political attitudes can be most parsimoniously explained by two independent (unrelated) factors. Which of the following, if TRUE, would most STRENGTHEN her conclusion? Select one: a. Many of her measures have high loadings (correlations) on both factors b. The two factors are themselves highly correlated XXX c. The two factors are themselves nearly uncorrelated d. Several of her measures only weakly correlate with the rest of her measures

a. Many of her measures have high loadings (correlations) on both factors

Which of the following would be an example of an obsession? Select one: a. Mary is distressed because she just can't stop thinking about all the germs in her environment that might make her dirty. b. Every time Jane locks her front door, she tests the knob 17 times, to make sure it is well and truly locked. c. Mike hears voices whispering in his head. d. Despite evidence to the contrary, Jake is convinced that the government agents--"men in black"--are looking for him.

a. Mary is distressed because she just can't stop thinking about all the germs in her environment that might make her dirty.

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and a phobic disorder? Select one: a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. b. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger while phobic disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. c. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women and phobic disorder is more common in men. d. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in men and phobic disorder is more common in women.

a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger.

Raphael scores two standard deviations below the Psy 1001 class on the BFAS scale of Neuroticism. Which of the following behaviors is consistent with that score? Select one: a. Raphael keeps his emotions under control and rarely feels blue. b. Raphael is not interested in the problems of other people and loves a good fight. c. Raphael is easily distracted and dislikes routines. d. Raphael doesn't like poetry and avoids reading.

a. Raphael keeps his emotions under control and rarely feels blue.

John creates a personality test that is supposed to measure extraversion. He finds that people have pretty consistent scores on the test, but it seems to be measuring openness to experience rather than extraversion. In psychometric terms, Johns test is _______________. Select one: a. Reliable, but not valid b. Valid, but not reliable c. Both valid and reliable d. Neither reliable nor valid

a. Reliable, but not valid

A Psy 1001 student completed the Twenty Statements Test. At first she had trouble thinking of words to describe herself, but when she was given a context ("With friends, I am _______", "With my family, I am _______"), she found it easier to describe herself. What could account for this finding? Select one: a. She comes from a culture that emphasizes self as interdependent. b. She comes from an individualistic culture. c. She comes from a culture that stresses self as independent. d. She comes from a culture that values analytical thinking.

a. She comes from a culture that emphasizes self as interdependent.

Which of the following would be a symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? Select one: a. Spending more than an hour a day washing your hands, showering, and cleaning money. b. Fear of a situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat. c. Spending 60% of your waking hours worrying about the small things in life. XXX d. firmly believing that your coworkers have tapped your phone in a plot to get you fired.

a. Spending more than an hour a day washing your hands, showering, and cleaning money.

Inspired by the events of World War II, which famous study looked at the question of whether ordinary people would obey the orders of leaders to the point of committing atrocities against innocent people? Select one: a. The Milgram Obedience Study b. The Asch line experiment c. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment d. The Robbers Cave Study

a. The Milgram Obedience Study

Among the primary functions of attachment is that the attachment figure serves as a "safe haven." To what does this term refer? Select one: a. The attachment figure provides comfort. b. The attachment figure allows the child to explore his or her environment more confidently. XXX c. The child does not wander away from his attachment figure. d. The attachment figure provides shelter and food.

a. The attachment figure provides comfort.

Transduction refers to ___________________. Select one: a. The process of converting environmental energy into neural information. b. Interpreting neural information in the brain. c. How the brain registers difference in intensity between two signals. d. The inferences that the brain makes in the process of sensation and perception.

a. The process of converting environmental energy into neural information.

Which of the following statements illustrates the thinking style of someone with depression? Select one: a. Things are terrible, they will always be terrible, and it's all my fault. b. I don't understand what is going on. c. I can do anything, I am invincible, everything is great! d. My roommates are out to get me--I think they have been recruited by the CIA.

a. Things are terrible, they will always be terrible, and it's all my fault.

You may notice that the number of words in this item is just slightly different from that of the previous item. However, you won't detect a difference between the second and third edition of your heavy psychology textbook until the difference is proportional to the size of the textbook--thousands and thousands of words and many, many pages. You need fewer words to detect a change in a short text and many more words to detect a change in a fat textbook. This proportional relationship between the size of the original text and your ability to detect a change in it is an example of _____________. Select one: a. Weber's Law b. a false alarm c. a miss d. an absolute threshold

a. Weber's Law

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in your _________ memory long enough for you to become aware that the lecturer just said something important. Then, you can write it in your notes. The memory that holds the lecture long enough for you to become aware that something important point was said is called ____________________ memory. Select one: a. echoic b. iconic c. eidetic d. procedural

a. echoic

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting as a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Select one: a. When Artur talks, his language is so jumbled it is almost impossible to understand. He skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way b. Claudia scarcely speaks at all. She uses few words and seems to have few thoughts. c. Joe seems to have no interest in the things that most people value--social relationships, work, hobbies--and he doesn't even seem to care that he has no "get up and go." d. Aram seems to take no pleasure in being around people. He spends most of his time by himself.

a. When Artur talks, his language is so jumbled it is almost impossible to understand. He skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way

Gerald was certain that the doctors who were trying to help him were intending electrocute me for the sins he had done. This fixed false belief is an example of ____________. Select one: a. a delusion b. an hallucination c. asociality d. alogia

a. a delusion

Trish is feeling fantastic. She is racing about, full of energy, highly talkative and having an intensely good time. She is full of goals and plans, her brain just races with grandiose ideas. When her friends bring her to an emergency room because she hasn't slept in days, the doctor diagnoses Trish as having _________________. Select one: a. a manic episode. b. a schizophrenic episode. c. panic disorder d. tardive dyskinesia

a. a manic episode.

Hakan has lost interest in all things--friendship, work, hobbies, dating--and he doesn't even seem bothered by the fact that he has no job, no goals, no get up and go. A clinical psychologist might diagnose Hakan's striking lack of interest as _______________. Select one: a. a negative symptom of schizophrenia. b. a florid symptom of schizophrenia c. a positive symptom of schizophrenia XXX d. a differentiating symptom of schizophrenia

a. a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event stored in memory is known as _________________________. Select one: a. a schema b. a cluster c. a stereotype d. category

a. a schema

Computers are good at solving problems using the step by step method known as ________________. Select one: a. algorithms b. heuristics c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning

a. algorithms

As described in lectures on emotion, the primary motive system of defensiveness is associated with the __________________ in the brain. Select one: a. amygdala b. somatosensory cortex c. nucleus accumbens d. pre-frontal cortex

a. amygdala

Edward would be the first to say that people of all races should be treated equally, but he unconsciously acts differently around people of a different race than his own. Edwards behaviors are best explained by ____________. Select one: a. aversive racism b. modern racism XXX c. explicit racism d. minimal racism

a. aversive racism

Random assignment is an important component of an experiment because it _______________________. Select one: a. cancels out preexisting differences between groups. b. ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of participating. c. avoids the perception of a statistical association between two variables where no exists. d. ensures that the dependent variable is the only variable manipulated in the study.

a. cancels out preexisting differences between groups.

Emotional conditioning refers to: Select one: a. classical conditioning which results in an emotion as CR. b. operant conditioning which results in punishment. c. when some emotion serves as a discriminative stimulus d. When an organism learns that a neutral stimulus signals an Emotion (such as fear or love) as UCS.

a. classical conditioning which results in an emotion as CR.

A cult in Edina, MN, claimed to have received messages from "the Guardians", a group of superior aliens, that the world was going to be destroyed on Dec 21. In preparation, group members had sold all their worldly belongings and quit their jobs. Researcher Leon Festinger and Stanley Schacter were curious to see how group members would react when the world didn't end on doomsday. They thought the gap between what the group members had done and their belief that the world was going to end would produce ____________________. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. diffusion of responsibility c. social contagion d. groupthink

a. cognitive dissonance

Pigeons are very good at discriminating differences in color, have good visual acuity and are most active during daylight. If scientists looked at the retina of a pigeon, they would be most likely to find ________. Select one: a. cones b. rods XXX c. rhodopsin d. feature detectors

a. cones

The difference between conformity and obedience is Select one: a. conformity is influence from peers or colleagues and obedience is influence from authority. b. conformity occurs to most anything while obedience is unquestioning devotion to a single cause c. conformity is the result of inoculation while obedience is the result of fear. d. nonexistent since there is no difference.

a. conformity is influence from peers or colleagues and obedience is influence from authority.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of information flow within the neuron? Select one: a. dendrites to soma to axon. b. axon to soma to dendrites. c. glia to dendrites to axon. d. dendrites to synapse to axon

a. dendrites to soma to axon.

Important components that are considered when diagnosing abnormal behavior include all of the following except _______________________. Select one: a. disagreeing with authority b. a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning c. difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles d. behavior that is unacceptable to one's social group or culture

a. disagreeing with authority

When they meet new people, Emma tends to be reserved and quiet whereas Jane tends to be outgoing and talkative. In all situations, in fact, Emma tends to be more reserved and Jane tends to be more outgoing. The observation that people react differently to the same situation refers to __________ of personality. Select one: a. distinctiveness b. consistency c. universality d. consequence

a. distinctiveness

As discussed in lecture, the neurotransmitter released by rewarding stimuli is ________________. Select one: a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. DCS

a. dopamine

Research on flashbulb memories finds that ______________________________. Select one: a. flashbulb memories change over time just like other memories. b. over time flashbulb memories are more accurate than other memories. c. flashbulb memories are more susceptible to the misinformation effect than other memories. d. flashbulb memories are less susceptible to the misinformation effect than other memories. XXX

a. flashbulb memories change over time just like other memories.

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was Select one: a. food. b. noise. c. salivation. d. joy.

a. food.

Bill's therapy sessions are very free form and his therapist encourages him to speak his mind. The therapist wants Bill to learn more about what he thinks and feels through the process of: Select one: a. free association b. dreaming c. hypnosis d. unconditional positive regard e. rational emotive therapy XXX

a. free association

Fun-loving Sally decides to go to a concert at First Avenue - a music venue in Minneapolis - with her boyfriend, daring Dan. When the first band starts to play, Sally covers her ears because the noise is so deafening, but as the show continues, she no finds that she no longer pays attention to the music. Sally's change in reaction to the noise is an example of ______. Select one: a. habituation b. sensitization c. auditory acclimatization d. classical conditioning

a. habituation

Gerald hears voices inside his head that tell him that he needs to leave the hospital where he has been placed for treatment. Gerald's voices are an example of a ___________. Select one: a. hallucination b. delusion c. compulsion d. obsession

a. hallucination

Paul Ekman's research indicates that, across cultures, people can usually identify the following emotional expressions: Select one: a. happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust b. happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, remorse, suspicion c. fear, disgust, love, anger, surprise, disappointment d. anger, fear, happiness, sadness, remorse, disgust

a. happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

As described in lecture, the appetitive motive system in the brain is activated by IAPS pictures that are: Select one: a. high on the arousal dimension, high on the pleasure (valence) dimension. b. low on the arousal dimension, high on the pleasure (valence) dimension. c. high on the arousal dimension, low on the pleasure (valence) dimension. d. low on the arousal dimension, low on the pleasure (valence) dimension.

a. high on the arousal dimension, high on the pleasure (valence) dimension.

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________. Select one: a. improved; social facilitation. b. improved; attribution c. got worse; prosocial interference d. got worse; social awareness

a. improved; social facilitation.

To answer a research question, psychologists might collect data from lots of people, then analyze it to find the trends that they have in common. In other words, they are using specific examples to determine a general rule. According to lecture, these psychologists are using what kind of reasoning? Select one: a. inductive b. deductive c. algorithmic d. conceptual

a. inductive

Signals along the WHAT pathway from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe produces ________________________________. Select one: a. information about the identity of an object b. information about where an object is in space c. inhibition or activation of an emotional response d. activation or inhibition of a motor response

a. information about the identity of an object

Emma is more likely to become depressed after breaking up with her boyfriend if she attributes the breakup to ______________________ . Select one: a. internal, stable, global causes. b. external, stable, specific causes. c. internal, unstable, global causes. d. external, unstable, global causes.

a. internal, stable, global causes.

The thalamus... Select one: a. is the relay station to which sensory information goes first for most senses (vision, hearing, touch, taste.) b. is involved in emotion and motivation. c. plays a key role in arousal. d. conveys signals between the brain and the body.

a. is the relay station to which sensory information goes first for most senses (vision, hearing, touch, taste.)

Sensitization can be viewed as an evolutionary adaptation that keeps humans safer because ______________________. Select one: a. it allows people to become increasingly aware of potentially dangerous stimuli. b. It allows people to stop paying attention to stimuli that are harmless. XXX c. it allows people to detect when a stimulus has changed. d. it energizes an escape response to one-time dangerous stimuli.

a. it allows people to become increasingly aware of potentially dangerous stimuli. ???

Approximately what percentage of the general population will experience schizophrenia? Select one: a. less than 1% b. 3% c. 10% d. 25%

a. less than 1%

Lou is classified as an LL because he was born with two long alleles of the 5HTTLPR gene. This particular genetic factor makes Lou ___________________. Select one: a. less vulnerable to depression than an individual classified as SS. b. more vulnerable to depression than an individual classified as SS. XXX c. more vulnerable to schizophrenia in combination with stressful life events. d. less vulnerable to schizophrenia even if Lou experiences stressful life events.

a. less vulnerable to depression than an individual classified as SS. ???

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA) response of Individuals who have been diagnosed with unipolar depression _____________________. Select one: a. may look as if they are under chronic high stress. b. may be suppressed in the face of threat. c. appears normal. d. inhibits serotonin production. XXX

a. may look as if they are under chronic high stress.

Joan was placed in charge of planning her sorority's spring formal but she couldn't think of alternatives to what had been done the previous year. Joan could be considered to be encountering the ___________ barrier to effective problem solving. Select one: a. mental set b. availability c. surface similarities barrier d. functional fixedness XXX

a. mental set ???

One statistical procedure allows researchers to aggregate the findings of many similar studies. In this procedure, known as ______________________, results are weighted by sample size and then averaged across studies. Select one: a. meta-analysis b. factor analysis c. the strange situation test d. structural equation modeling

a. meta-analysis

Harlow conducted his research on children's attachments to their mothers using ___________. Select one: a. monkeys b. turtles c. humans d. dogs

a. monkeys

In terms of social cognition, members of an In-group tend to view themselves as ________________ Out-group members. Select one: a. more diverse than b. more similar than c. superior to XXX d. less prejudiced than

a. more diverse than

Research in the area of individual differences is typically based on Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. experimental methods c. correlational methods d. case studies XXX

a. naturalistic observation ???

On occasion, Priscilla, the cute dog, arrives at her water dish only to discover that her owner has forgotten to fill it. When this happens, Priscilla has learned to bark and clatter her metal water dish noisily against the floor with her paw. The commotion brings her owner, the owner fills the water dish, and Priscilla is able to drink. Priscilla's owner has learned that filling Priscilla's water dish will remove her irritating barking in the process of ______________. Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment XXX d. negative punishment

a. negative reinforcement

The name for the electrical current that passes along the axon and produces the release of neurotransmitters is ____________. Select one: a. nerve impulse b. resting potential c. excitation d. the reflex

a. nerve impulse

Sai, who is from Japan, can easily tell whether another Asian person appears to be from China or Thailand. However, he has trouble distinguishing among White people and thinks they all look basically the same. This is due to what psychological tendency? Select one: a. out-group homogeneity b. in-group bias c. discrimination d. illusory correlation

a. out-group homogeneity

Luke (16 months) and Mo (12 months), are sitting side by side playing with blocks. Mo watches Luke attentively. Luke watches Mo attentively. But both continue to work on their own stack of blocks. At what stage of play are the two boys? Select one: a. parallel play b. onlooker behavior c. associative play d. solitary play

a. parallel play

As described in lecture, Walter Mischel launched the 20-year old Person-Situation debate after his research found that: Select one: a. personality does not predict how people will behave in different situations. b. personality can be described using five basic traits. c. genetic factors explain behavior that is shared across different situations. d. personality traits predict how people will behave in very different situations.

a. personality does not predict how people will behave in different situations.

Someone commits the Fundamental Attribution Error when he or she Select one: a. says that Ziyi is clumsy (when she slipped on some ice.) b. believes that Ka got a high score on the exam because she studied hard for it. c. says that Ka got a low score on the exam because the exam was hard. d. excuse themselves by saying, "I slipped because the sidewalk is icy."

a. says that Ziyi is clumsy (when she slipped on some ice.)

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal. Select one: a. schema b. heuristic c. algorithm d. syllogism

a. schema

As discussed in lectures and discussion sections, models of intelligence that include "g" are based on the observation that: Select one: a. scores on various tests of mental ability tend to correlate positively. b. people can excel at one thing and be quite average on another. c. some people have more and better schooling than others. d. some children are at high risk of failing in school.

a. scores on various tests of mental ability tend to correlate positively.

Dr. Federico studies how the attitudes held by members of your social group influence your political judgments. Dr. Federico is likely to be a ______________________ psychologist. Select one: a. social b. personality c. developmental d. cognitive

a. social

In the history of psychology, the experimental tradition Select one: a. sought to identify patterns, or laws, that applied to all human behavior. b. sought to understand why people's behavior varies and the consequences of those differences. c. attempted to develop broad theories to help people change their behavior d. tried to differentiate between genetic influences on behavior and environmental influences.

a. sought to identify patterns, or laws, that applied to all human behavior.

Ta-Nehisi was walking back to his dorm after studying until midnight. When a car filled with four drunks slowed down and began to trail him, he began to feel fear. He broke into a sweat and began to breath faster. His heart began to pound. He quickened his pace and thought of a different, safer route home. According to Dr Gewirtz's definition, in this incident, the autonomic aspect of Ta-Nehisi's emotional response was _______________________________. Select one: a. sweating, shortness of breath and his pounding heart. b. feeling fear c. quickening his pace d. finding a different, safer route home

a. sweating, shortness of breath and his pounding heart.

The lateral geniculate nucleus and the medial geniculate nucleus are found in the ______________, an area of the brain which serves as a gateway between the sense organs and primary sensory cortex. Select one: a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. temporal lobe d. medulla

a. thalamus

When the hypothalamus receives signals of fear, the sympathetic nervous system activates ____________________ which secretes the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Select one: a. the adrenal gland b. the hippocampus c. the amygdala XXX d. nucleus accumbens

a. the adrenal gland

Part of the reason Social Psychologists took so long to investigate how the dimensions of culture affect behavior, emotions, cognition and attention was because ____________________. Select one: a. the experimental method they used is concerned with how people are alike. b. the correlational method they used did not allow them to draw cause and effect conclusions. c. they could not investigate cross-cultural differences until they had a base line of the behavior and attitudes of their WEIRD population. XXX d. at first they were concerned with solving social issues raised by World War 2.

a. the experimental method they used is concerned with how people are alike.

Scientists attempt to minimize confirmation bias through ____________________. Select one: a. the experimental method. b. the criteria of parsimony. c. naturalistic observation. d. the criteria of falsifiability.

a. the experimental method.

The idea that language will have words for all important personality characteristics (so a researcher can uncover the structure of personality using the dictionary) is known as ____________________. Select one: a. the lexical hypothesis b. linguistic relativity c. factor analysis d. the Big Five

a. the lexical hypothesis

When a dog eats food, the food automatically and always produces saliva. In classical conditioning, this automatic reflex is known as the __________________. Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus -- unconditioned response b. conditioned stimulus -- conditioned response c. behavior--consequence d. discriminative stimulus -- behavior

a. unconditioned stimulus -- unconditioned response

Sydney had an operation on his right eye and has to wear an eye patch for three weeks. While he is wearing the eye patch, Sydney will lose his ability to Select one: a. utilize binocular depth cues b. perceive colors accurately c. utilize any depth cues d. perceive motion parallax

a. utilize binocular depth cues

Greg is playing a slot machine at the casino. He inserts a coin, and wins some money. He inserts another coin, and wins even more money! Then, the next 25 coins he inserts do nothing, but, bingo!, he wins again when he inserts the 26th coin! Greg's gambling behavior is being reinforced on a _______ reinforcement schedule. Select one: a. variable ratio b. variable interval XXX c. fixed ratio d. fixed interval

a. variable ratio

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. Select one: a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7 XXX

b. 4 ???

When reasoning about other people, the flawed scientist uses ______________, the kind of conscious, voluntary, and effortful reasoning that processes all the information available. Select one: a. Automatic processing b. Controlled processing c. Top-down processing XXX d. Bottom-up processing

b. Controlled processing

Your friend asks you to volunteer to counsel juvenile delinquents for two hours a week for two years and you refuse, but then your friend asks you to chaperon juvenile delinquents on a one-day trip to the zoo, and you agree. In this case, your friend has persuaded you using which technique of persuasion? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique b. Door in the face technique c. Low ball technique d. prosocial altruism appeals

b. Door in the face technique

Which of the following statements was most likely said someone who was reared in a collectivist culture such as China? Select one: a. I am a unique and self-contained person. b. I am ashamed because I have not lived up to my obligations. c. I value competence more than harmony. If I'm right about something, then I don't care if others are bothered. d. I am angry because my rights have been violated.

b. I am ashamed because I have not lived up to my obligations.

What does it mean to say that intelligence is a theoretical construct? Select one: a. Intelligence is not especially practical except at predicting success or failure in school. b. Intelligence is not a thing that can be observed; it is inferred from observable differences in behavior. c. People who are intelligent are better able to understand and use abstract ideas. d. Researchers cannot agree on a definition of intelligence.

b. Intelligence is not a thing that can be observed; it is inferred from observable differences in behavior.

What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time? Select one: a. Geese b. Monkeys c. Pigeons d. Rats

b. Monkeys

Which of the following is true about neurotransmitters? Select one: a. Neurotransmitters can bind to any receptor site. b. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites that are specific to that type of neurotransmitter. c. Neurotransmitters are responsible for communication within one neuron. d. Neurotransmission may be enhanced by reuptake of the neurotransmitter back into the axon terminal.

b. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites that are specific to that type of neurotransmitter.

Marta is talking to her advisor about her career goals. She has good interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to form stable, authentic relationships. She also has strong academic potential. Marta would like to become a therapist for individuals who may be experiencing disruptions in their daily functioning--career choice, life transitions, couples counseling--but she also wants to do research on how our cultural backgrounds influence the choices that we make. Pursuing which of the following degrees will give Marta the best opportunity to do both research and clinical work? Select one: a. M.SW. b. Ph.D. c. Psy.D. XXX d. M.D.

b. Ph.D. ???

What did Thorndike mean by the Law of Effect? Select one: a. Changes in an animal's level of motivation can alter its speed of learning. b. Responses that are following by reinforcement become more probable. c. The easiest way to train an animal to do a difficult trick is to start with easier tricks. d. The rate of responding depends on the schedule of reinforcement.

b. Responses that are following by reinforcement become more probable.

Short-term memory: Select one: a. maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form XXX b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time c. is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time d. has an unlimited storage capacity

b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and the poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision? Select one: a. The central route b. The peripheral route c. The afferent route d. The efferent route

b. The peripheral route

Americans "know" that the proper way to celebrate the 4th of July is with fireworks and the way to celebrate Thanksgiving is with turkey and pumpkin pie. They know this through which way of knowing? Select one: a. Rational b. Traditional c. Empirical d. Intuition

b. Traditional

If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to your _____________. Select one: a. pituitary gland b. Wernicke's area. c. corpus callosum d. Korsakoff's area.

b. Wernicke's area.

Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use Select one: a. a client-centered approach in therapy. XXX b. a cognitive approach in therapy. c. a psychoanalytic approach in therapy. d. a holistic approach to therapy.

b. a cognitive approach in therapy.

After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the CS by itself, without the UCS. Which of the following is likely to occur? Select one: a. extinction b. acquisition c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization XXX

b. acquisition ???

Yamka hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. Select one: a. chronic stress phase b. alarm phase c. exhaustion phase d. resistance phase

b. alarm phase

During lecture, Psy 1001 students saw an experiment in which participants were told either that they would experience intense and painful shocks or mild shocks that were not painful. Then, while waiting for the shock treatment, participants answered survey questions on whether they would like to spend time waiting alone or with another person. In this study, the questionnaire that students completed served __________________. Select one: a. as the independent variable. b. as the dependent variable. c. to randomly assign participants to groups. d. as experimental control.

b. as the dependent variable.

When Vikas tried to understand why Aisling lied to him about going to Chicago last weekend, he assigned causes to her behavior in the process known as _____________. Select one: a. impression management. b. attribution. c. the self-serving bias. d. behavior assignment.

b. attribution.

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the ________ nervous system. Select one: a. somatic b. autonomic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

b. autonomic

The largest and most complex part of the human brain is the ____________. Select one: a. medulla b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. limbic system

b. cerebrum

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________. Select one: a. blocking b. conditioned taste aversion c. operant taste conditioning d. non-contingent conditioning

b. conditioned taste aversion

Dr. Garonski is testing his hypothesis that people use hand gestures more in communication when emotionally aroused than when calm. When his results were reviewed, it was noted that Dr. Garonski sometimes missed seeing small gestures in the calm condition. This is an example of Select one: a. conjunctive fallacy. b. confirmation bias. c. attribution error. d. a single-variable explanation.

b. confirmation bias.

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.
 Select one: a. individuation b. deindividuation c. demoralization. d. demonification.

b. deindividuation

Abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role in which of the following? Select one: a. hyperactivity b. depression c. high anxiety d. increased appetite

b. depression

Spearman, an early intelligence researcher, observed that scores on many different kinds of intelligence tests were correlated. He determined that one general concept, "g," could account for these correlations by using the statistical approach known as ________________. Select one: a. scatterplot analysis b. factor analysis c. inferential analysis d. central tendency

b. factor analysis

________ refers to the tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences on others' behavior. Select one: a. group think b. fundamental attribution error c. ultimate attribution error XXX d. conformity

b. fundamental attribution error

Imagine that biologists have discovered an animal that has eyes very similar to human eyes, except the only receptor cells in its retina are rods; there are no cones. Based on what is known about human vision you might expect that this animal would ___________________. Select one: a. have poor vision in low illumination b. have no color vision c. have poor peripheral vision d. be able to detect extremely fine details

b. have no color vision

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to Dr. Gewirtz's definition, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that _________________________. Select one: a. his heart rate decreased XXX b. he gave her a big smile c. he said, "I am so happy to see you." d. he felt relief.

b. he gave her a big smile

Benoit's internal working model--"I cannot depend on others"-- Select one: a. helps him lower and contain his distress in stressful situations. b. increases his distress in stressful situations. c. causes him to use dysfunction conflict resolution tactics when trying to resolve major relationship problems. XXX d. makes him more likely to give support when his girlfriend is upset.

b. increases his distress in stressful situations. ???

While taking the SAT, Jack puzzled over verbal analogies such as "cow:barn as chicken:____________." To correctly solve these analogies, Jack must infer a relationship between a set of words and then apply his conclusion to another set of words. As described in lecture, this kind of reasoning, from specific examples to general rules, is known as: Select one: a. framing XXX b. inductive reasoning c. heuristic reasoning d. deductive reasoning

b. inductive reasoning

Sally, in frustration exclaimed, "I came across the most wonderful shoes when I was shopping online yesterday! I thought I found them on Zappo's, but now I can't find them there." A psychologist might say that Sally: Select one: a. is suffering from source monitoring confusion. b. is suffering from the misinformation effect. c. is suffering from retroactive amnesia. XXX d. is suffering the tip-of-the tongue phenomena.

b. is suffering from the misinformation effect.

The confirmation bias Select one: a. is the tendency to stick to ones initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them b. is the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs. c. refers to the tendency to overestimate the frequency of events based on how easy it to remember examples of that event. d. refers to how decision issues are posed, and how choices are structured.

b. is the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.

Dr. Fletcher discussed the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis, which is also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes: Select one: a. language has a deep structure and a surface structure b. language affects how we perceive, reason and remember. c. all the important personality characteristics will be encoded in language d. the meaning of words is a function of the context in which you hear them

b. language affects how we perceive, reason and remember.

The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts that Select one: a. people should have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in words b. language and thought should develop differently c. people in all cultures will think in similar ways, despite language differences XXX d. language development should consistently lag behind cognitive development

b. language and thought should develop differently ???

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities are symptoms of __________________. Select one: a. agoraphobia. b. major depressive disorder c. schizophrenia d. social anxiety

b. major depressive disorder

For the past month, Lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. He is having trouble concentrating and is certain that he is a worthless sinner. He feels irritable, and has had difficulty sleeping. Lawrence's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in: Select one: a. bipolar disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder.XXX d. disorganized schizophrenia.

b. major depressive disorder. ???

Eva was very stressed and feeling constant anxiety. Recently she discovered an on-line game of Tetris, and soon she was playing for hours a day. While Eva plays Tetris, her anxiety is removed, or at least out of her awareness, and when she stops, the anxiety returns. Thus, Eva has learned to play Tetris through the mechanism of ________________________. Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishmentXXX d. negative punishment

b. negative reinforcement

In Pavlovs experiments, the dogs had learned to salivate at the sound of the metronome. If Pavlov then began to present the metronome without the food, this would most likely have led to _______________. Select one: a. an increase in salivation when the sound was presented.XXX b. no change in salivation when the sound was presented. c. a decrease in salivation when the sound was presented. d. the dogs becoming angry with Pavlov for tricking them.

b. no change in salivation when the sound was presented

Research on ________ racism suggests that society is more egalitarian than it has been in the past, but research on __________ racism suggests that plenty of people are still prejudiced. Select one: a. implicit; explicit b. old-fashioned; modern c. prejudicial; stereotypical d. cognitive; emotional

b. old-fashioned; modern

In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located? Select one: a. frontal b. parietal. c. temporal d. occipital

b. parietal.

When evaluating hypotheses, one should choose the explanation that best accounts for findings without adding unnecessary elements. This criterion is known as ____________. Select one: a. verifiability b. parsimony c. falsifiability d. converging evidence

b. parsimony

The voltage of -60 (ot -70) millivolts is known as the neuron's __________________. Select one: a. postsynaptic potential. b. resting potential. c. action potential. d. graded potential.

b. resting potential.

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing most of the work while the others get the same grade as she. This is an example of ___________. Select one: a. the bystander effect b. social loafing c. pluralistic ignorance d. deindividuation

b. social loafing

As a requirement of her Medieval Cities class, Anna and three others have to make a presentation. Anna is struggling with another class (Calculus 2) and, since the presentation is a group grade, she decides to let the other group members do most of the work. In this situation, Anna is engaged in the phenomena that Social Psychologists call ________. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. social loafing c. conformity d. the bystander effect

b. social loafing

Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of Select one: a. deviant behavior. b. sociology. c. social influence. XXX d. social situations.

b. sociology.

An independent variable in an experiment refers to Select one: a. the variable that is held constant across experimental conditions XXX b. the variable deliberately manipulated by the experimenter c. the variable that the experimenter believes will change in value because of systematic correlations that exist in the experiment d. the variable that provides an alternative explanation for the results of the experiment

b. the variable deliberately manipulated by the experimenter

What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths Select one: a. to please others on whom they depend. b. to fit in with others. c. to assert their independence. d. to convince others of their points of view.

b. to fit in with others.

Marcus visits a career planning website multiple times to complete a quiz to help him choose a career that fits with his personality. But, while he always gets the same score, the results seem vague and don't match what Marcus knows about his personality traits. He suspects there are problems with the quiz's _____________. Select one: a. reliability b. validity c. generalizability d. operational definition

b. validity

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus discrimination when Little Albert... Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. was nervous near, but did not cry, when he saw cotton balls. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

b. was nervous near, but did not cry, when he saw cotton balls.

If a 100-Hz tone had to be increased to 110 Hz for a subject to just notice the difference, you would predict that a 1000-Hz tone would have to be increased to __________________. Select one: a. 1010 Hz to be noticed XXX b. 1050 Hz to be noticed c. 1100 Hz to be noticed d. 1200 Hz to be noticed

c. 1100 Hz to be noticed

Blake has ADHD. His teachers and parents reward him with stars for desirable behaviors. The more stars he receives, the greater the reward he can get. This is known as: Select one: a. A broken economy b. A reward economy c. A token economy d. Messed up e. A nonaversive economy

c. A token economy

Do these scenes differ? When searching for differences between these two scenes, which of the following statements best describes how participants from the United States (an Individualistic culture) responded? Select one: a. American students paid more attention to spatial orientation, objects and context. XXX b. American students focused on objects that they associated with airports such as windows, doors, and landing gear. c. American students spotted differences more quickly than Japanese students. d. American students preferred to solve the problem independently.

c. American students spotted differences more quickly than Japanese students. ???

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement____should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. Select one: a. Token therapies b. Aversion therapies c. Assertion therapies d. Modeling therapies

c. Aversion therapies

Psychologists and psychiatrists most likely to use _____________________ to classify autism. Select one: a. Etiology XXX b. Pathogenesis c. Behavioral manifestations d. Clinician expertise.

c. Behavioral manifestations ???

The psychologist B. F. Skinner was most famous for his work in which of these approaches to psychology? Select one: a. Cognitive b. Structuralism c. Behaviorism d. Psychodynamic

c. Behaviorism

James claims that he can read minds, but he refuses to tell anyone what he has learned so there is no way to test whether his claim is true or false. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking best describes this situation? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation versus Causation c. Falsifiability d. Occam's razor

c. Falsifiability

Janelle is a 23-year old woman who is living happily in the United States. She has a relative who recently developed the symptoms of schizophrenia. Janelle has the highest chance of developing the illness if that relative is Select one: a. Jameson, her 23-year old fraternal twin b. Jamie, her 52-year old biological mother c. Janette, her 23-year old identical twin d. Jerivicious, her 75-year old grandmother

c. Janette, her 23-year old identical twin

Going to the Mall of America for an hour each day for two weeks to record interactions between teenaged shoppers at Urban Outfitters would be an example of which research method? Select one: a. Case study b. Survey c. Naturalistic observation d. Experiment

c. Naturalistic observation

Computer programmers often use binary codes (strings of 1s and 0s) to write programs for computers. These codes are then changed into patterns that the computer recognizes as words, pictures, sounds, and so forth. Which process does this most resemble in humans and other animals? Select one: a. Transduction b. Bottom-up processing XXX c. Top-down processing d. Conversion

c. Top-down processing

In which of the following scenarios would you predict to see the greatest obedience? Select one: a. When the experimenter gives instructions to the "teacher/participant" by telephone. b. When the "teacher/participant" is required to hold the "learner's" hand on a shock plate. c. When the "teacher/participant" directs someone else to administer the shock. d. When the "teacher/participant" has no verbal feedback from the "learner." XXX

c. When the "teacher/participant" directs someone else to administer the shock.

Ted is personable, charming and engaging but when people get to know him better, they find that he is also dishonest, manipulative and self-centered. Given this distinctive set of personality traits, Ted might be diagnosed as __________. Select one: a. having a Borderline personality disorder XXX b. having an Antisocial personality disorder c. a Psychopathic personality d. narcissistic personality disorder

c. a Psychopathic personality

John loves feeding cattle, and he whistles while he works. The cattle are so accustomed to this routine, that as soon as they hear John whistling, they all run to the food trough. In this example, John's whistling is: Select one: a. a positive reinforcer b. a unconditioned stimulus c. a discriminative stimulus d. a secondary reinforcer e. A negative reinforcer

c. a discriminative stimulus

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called ____________. Select one: a. sensory memory b. procedural memory c. a flashbulb memory d. a memory illusion

c. a flashbulb memory

According to our lecturer, the quickness with which someone can think of the characteristics associated with stereotypes (when prompted) is ___________________________. Select one: a. not correlated with prejudice b. highly correlated with prejudice XXX c. a function of age and level of education d. a function of personality traits such as agreeableness and openness

c. a function of age and level of education ???

When an individual's attitudes do not match up with his/her behaviors, ________ is likely to occur. Select one: a. compliance b. discrimination c. cognitive dissonance d. prejudice

c. cognitive dissonance

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance b. social loafing c. diffusion of responsibility d. evaluation apprehension

c. diffusion of responsibility

When a certain young man enters the room, Vivian becomes very animated and lively. She does not behave this way around other young men. A behavioral psychologist might observe that the certain young man serves as a _____________________ for Vivian's behavior. Select one: a. positive reinforcer b. conditioned reinforcer c. discriminative stimulus d. conditioned stimulus

c. discriminative stimulus

After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________. Select one: a. memory distortion b. linguistic determination c. functional fixedness d. confirmation bias

c. functional fixedness

Rates of crime and ice cream sales are strongly correlated. A Psy 1001 scholar would interpret that amusing fact as __________________________. Select one: a. evidence that something about ice cream (sugar?) causes people to lose self-control. b. due to the finding that criminals eat more ice cream than other people. c. most likely due to a the effect of a third variable, hot weather. d. anecdotal evidence and, therefore, unreliable.

c. most likely due to a the effect of a third variable, hot weather.

At the Walker Art center in Minneapolis, you can see an American flag with stripes of green and black and black stars on a yellow ground. When you stare at this flag, and then look away, the afterimage is the familiar American stars and stripes in red, white and blue. This complementary afterimage is consistent with which of the following theories of color? Select one: a. trichromatic theory of color vision b. additive color mixing XXX c. opponent process theory of color vision d. subtractive color mixing

c. opponent process theory of color vision

Even though the cars at the end of the train look miniature, we know they are full-size due to Select one: a. binocular cues. b. monocular cues. c. perceptual constancy. d. perceptual illusion.

c. perceptual constancy.

The Big Five model of personality is considered real because Select one: a. it describes individual human behavior at a deep level and manages to capture the uniqueness of each person. b. Traits such as achievement motivation and need for affiliation can predict behavior. c. scores on traits are very stable over time and from different perspectives. d. genes appear to determine the different traits.

c. scores on traits are very stable over time and from different perspectives.

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. Select one: a. the central and somatic systems are activated b. neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones d. synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles

c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

A light that we perceive as red, one that we perceive as green, and one that we perceive as blue differ in ____________. Select one: a. amplitude b. complexity c. wavelength d. purity

c. wavelength

As described in lecture, what is tetanus? Select one: a. A physiological response to a guilty conscience used in lie-detector tests. b. The difference in the magnitude of neural impulses between a low intensity response and a high intensity response. c. Muscle spasms experienced as a side effect of heroin withdrawal. d. A high-frequency stimulation to increase the ability of cell A to activate cell B.

d. A high-frequency stimulation to increase the ability of cell A to activate cell B.

Alan (an inexperienced pool player) and Ben (an experienced player) were playing a game of pool at the local bar. A group of girls came over to watch them. Based on what Social Psychologists have learned about "social facilitation" you would predict that ______________ with other people watching them. Select one: a. both Alan and Ben's performance will improve XXX b. both Alan and Ben's performance will get worse c. Alan's performance will improve and Ben's performance will get worse d. Alan's performance will get worse and Ben's performance will improve

d. Alan's performance will get worse and Ben's performance will improve

Bernie has made a career of stealing older peoples retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. Bernie explains he has done nothing wrong-if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest their money in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. Bernie's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with _____ personality disorder. Select one: a. Borderline b. Independent c. Entrepreneurial d. Antisocial

d. Antisocial

Which of the following individuals is likely to be at the highest level of sympathetic arousal? Select one: a. Melissa, who is daydreaming and staring out the window b. Keith who is concentrating on a lecturer and taking careful notes c. Professor Trong who is lecturing d. Bill who is anticipating an exam he will take within the hour and for which he is unprepared

d. Bill who is anticipating an exam he will take within the hour and for which he is unprepared

A study in 1999 found that children who slept with the lights on were more likely to have myopia as adults. Therefore, the researcher concluded that sleeping in a well-lighted room leads to myopia. This study was later found to be flawed because researchers discovered that parents who have myopia were more likely to leave on the lights in their children's bedrooms. Which of the principles of scientific thinking applies in this case? Select one: a. Extraordinary claims b. Occam's razor c. Falsifiability d. Correlation is not causation

d. Correlation is not causation

Based on what you have learned about infant core concepts, what is the impact of experience on development? Select one: a. Development is largely determined by a child's genetic make-up. b. Children move through distinct stages of development with or without environmental experience. c. Cognitive skills drive environmental experience. d. Experience in the environment is needed for the child to develop cognitive skills.

d. Experience in the environment is needed for the child to develop cognitive skills.

After suffering a brain injury by falling from a ladder, Zack's wife continues to tell the doctor that his personality has changed. He used to be fun loving and care-free, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason. Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the ________ of his cortex. Select one: a. Occipital lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe d. Frontal lobe

d. Frontal lobe

When Peta met Jake for the first time, she knew that the two of them would be best friends forever. It wasn't something she could explain, just a feeling. The way that Peta "knows" Jake is right for her illustrates which of the "ways of knowing?" Select one: a. Rational b. Traditional c. Empirical d. Intuition

d. Intuition

Akosua is talking to her advisor about her career goals. An excellent and hard-working student with particular ability in the biological sciences, Akosua is interested in how drugs can be used to help individuals with severe mental disorders (such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or various anxiety disorders) function in daily life. Given her interests and abilities, obtaining which of the following degrees seems best for Akosua? Select one: a. M.SW. b. Ph.D. c. Psy.D. XXX d. M.D.

d. M.D. ???

Richard seems to vacillate between periods of extreme productivity and periods of deep depression. During his productive periods he sleeps little, feels good, and he talks a lot and very quickly. Another way to describe Richards productive periods might be: Select one: a. ADHD b. Manic depressive disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Manic episodes e. Depressive episodes

d. Manic episodes

Dr. Therapy treated 32 patients with depression with his new counseling technique. After one month, he found they had all improved so he concludes that his new technique is effective. In failing to consider other explanations for their improvement, Dr Therapy has violated which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Occam's razor XXX b. Replicability c. Falsifiability d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

Which of the following statements is illustrated by this scatterplot? Select one: a. Exam scores tend to be higher when students have earned more chapter quiz points. b. People who are tall tend to have bigger feet than people who are short. c. A recent study found that people who eat a diet high in animal fat tend to weight more. d. School districts with high math proficiency scores tend to be those with low poverty rates

d. School districts with high math proficiency scores tend to be those with low poverty rates

Which neurotransmitter has NOT been linked to depression? Select one: a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

Rats that have a damaged ________ will show no fear when placed next to a cat. Select one: a. hippocampus b. corpus callosum c. pons d. amygdala

d. amygdala

Dan recently watched a television program about rabies, and those animals that are typically vectors for the disease. Last night, when he stepped outside to call his cat, he saw a raccoon waddling across his yard. The animal acted strangely and came straight toward him. Dan immediately decided it must have rabies. He made his decision based on ________ Select one: a. exemplars. b. an algorithm. c. a representativeness heuristic. XXX d. an availability heuristic

d. an availability heuristic

Jenny and Mark are divorcing and cannot reach an agreement over the custody of their four sons; Each wants full custody. The case has been taken to a family law court. To help the judge understand the problems associated with joint custody, Jenny's lawyer offers to bring a family who has been living under a joint custody arrangement. To help the judge understand why maternal custody is so bad for sons, Mark's lawyer offers to bring in a family in which the mother has sole custody. A Psy 1001 scholar will recognize that both lawyers are attempting to use ___________________, a personal story about a specific incident or experience, to support their client's case and influence the judge. What is the problem with this kind of argument? Select one: a. anecdotal evidence...while it can establish cause and effect relationships, sampling bias can affect results. XXX b. naturalistic observation...while it can establish cause and effect relationships, sampling bias can affect results. c. naturalistic observation...while vivid, concrete and memorable, a sample size of one is not large enough to derive broad principles. d. anecdotal evidence...while vivid, concrete and memorable, a sample size of one is not large enough to derive broad principles.

d. anecdotal evidence...while vivid, concrete and memorable, a sample size of one is not large enough to derive broad principles. ???

To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations, a psychologist might test whether the child can Select one: a. understand that objects maintain certain properties despite changes in their shape. b. speak in complete sentences. c. understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight. d. answer hypothetical and abstract questions.

d. answer hypothetical and abstract questions.

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of ________. Select one: a. centration b. egocentrism c. object permanence d. conservation

d. conservation

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____. Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. did not cry when he saw men with brown or black beards. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that after prisoners and guards had been assigned roles that deemphasized their individuality, they adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined as a consequence of ______________. Select one: a. conformity b. obedience c. influence d. deindividuation

d. deindividuation

You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory? Select one: a. iconic memory b. procedural memory XXX c. episodic memory d. echoic memory

d. echoic memory

The Minneapolis police force sent a group of officers to a special program to train them in the facial signs—the "micro-expressions" —of deception. The developer of this special program believes that facial expressions are simply a visible display of specific categories of emotions—anger, contempt, disgust, and so on—and that people can be trained to read facial expressions just as one can read a book. The developer of this course evidently believes that: Select one: a. emotions are a psychological construct. b. emotions are separate from cognition. c. emotions are not measurable. d. emotions are discrete categories of feelings.

d. emotions are discrete categories of feelings.

After damage to his hippocampus and temporal lobes, Clive Wearing (seen during a video in lecture) experienced loss of what kind of memory: Select one: a. procedural memory b. sensory memory c. echoic memory d. episodic memory

d. episodic memory

Clive Wearing can remember how to write, speak, play cards and conduct music, but he does not remember meeting his wife before or writing the frequent entries in his journal. Based on what he can remember, Wearing's amnesia affected which kind of memory? Select one: a. short term memory b. sensory memory c. procedural memory d. episodic memory

d. episodic memory

Melvin and Leigh are interviewing students at their campus to determine if the students agree or disagree with a proposed policy change. Melvin believes the proposed policy change is a good idea, but Leigh believes the change will be bad for students. Nearly all the students interviewed by Melvin supported the policy change, but nearly all the students interviewed by Leigh disapproved of the change. The differences in the results illustrate the potential impact of ________________. Select one: a. the placebo effect b. double-blind research studies c. confounded dependent variables d. experimenter bias

d. experimenter bias

Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered abnormal because it creates __________. Select one: a. deviance b. distress c. disapproval d. impairment

d. impairment

Rather than carefully review policies, previous experience or public statements, for many voters just knowing that this candidate is endorsed by the Republican or Democratic party is sufficient for decision making. When this happens, party affiliation serves as the kind of shortcut to making decisions known as _______________. Select one: a. heuristics b. algorithms c. confirmation bias XXX d. inductive reasoning

d. inductive reasoning ???

When an _________ message reaches the dendrites of a neuron, the cell becomes more negative and the likelihood that a nerve impulse will occur is _________________. Select one: a. excitatory...increased XXX b. inhibitory... increased c. excitatory...decreased d. inhibitory...decreased

d. inhibitory...decreased

A rat has learned that when a light turns on, the floor will be electrified. The rat learns to walk to the other side of the cage before the floor is electrified. The behavior of walking to the other side of the cage is an example of which kind of learning? Select one: a. social learning theory and vicarious reinforcement b. habituation and desensitization c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

The diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT ________________________. Select one: a. persistent deficits in social communication b. excessive adherence to routines c. highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity of focus d. persistent social anxiety

d. persistent social anxiety

At the end of lecture one day, you are completely confused by what your professor has been trying to teach you. When the professor asks whether anyone has questions about the material, you notice that no one else raises their hands. You assume everyone else has understood the lecture perfectly, and you dont want to appear dumb by asking some simple questions. But, when talking to your friends after class, you realize that they had been just as confused. This situation is likely the result of Select one: a. diffusion of responsibility XXX b. evaluation apprehension c. the bystander effect d. pluralistic ignorance

d. pluralistic ignorance

The ability to identify the origins of a memory is known as Select one: a. encoding. b. memory detection. c. sensory memory. d. source monitoring.

d. source monitoring.

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio XXX c. fixed interval d. variable interval

d. variable interval ???