Psych 101

Which statement does NOT present an example of learning?

A baby reflexively pulls back her hand when it is exposed to a hot burner.

Which pattern BEST describes learning during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

It starts slowly, rises quickly, and then tapers off.

Britney's parents are taking her to her favorite theme park over the weekend because she got straight A's on her report card. Britney's parents are using _____ to affect her study behaviors.

Positive reinforcement

Which person would be part of a diffusion chain?

Renee, who teaches her younger sister how to solve algebra problems

Parker used to get startled every time the family dog would bark. Now he continues whatever he is doing and appears to not even notice the dog's bark. Parker has probably:

become habituated to the dog's bark.

The idea of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help the organism's survival.

biological preparedness

A possible explanation for distributed practice being an effective learning strategy versus massed practice is that when we engage in massed practice, retrieving recently studied information is relatively _____, whereas during distributed practice, it is _____ to retrieve information that we studied.

easy; more difficult

The Rescorla-Wagner model shows that classical conditioning actually involves a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:

expectations.

Individual differences are more commonly found in _____ tasks than in _____ ones.

explicit; implicit

Patients with amnesia show deficits in _____ memory but not in _____ memory.

explicit; implicit

In Shawn's experiment, a monkey must push a lever to get a reward. If the monkey is successful, it gets a piece of banana every 2 minutes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed-interval

Mirror neurons in humans are mostly located in the _____ and _____ of the brain.

frontal lobe; parietal lobe

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1000-hz tone due to its pairing with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone. Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____, and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.

generalization; discrimination

What types of learning have been found in simple organisms like the sea slug Aplysia?

habituation and sensitization

In studies done on trustworthiness, when participants were told that their partner was trustworthy, they

ignored the additional feedback they received, acting as if the partner was trustworthy.

Toni's best friend frequently speaks Spanish around her. Toni barely knew Spanish before she met her best friend and one day realizes that she has just followed a short and simple exchange between her best friend and their waiter. Toni's ability to pick up some rudimentary Spanish without trying to do so is a good example of:

implicit learning.

Viktor has read and reread a chapter in preparation for a test, and the material feels quite familiar, which convinces Viktor that he's learned the material well enough that he does not need to study it further. He later finds that he did not do well on the test. Victor realizes that his JOLs may have been:

inaccurate.

Mirror neurons contribute to observational learning through the influence of rote imitation and the influence of the awareness of:

intentionality.

Rereading a chapter can be a poor tool for learning, since it may lead to inaccurate:

judgments of learning.

Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the 11th day of their maze running. Tolman called this:

latent learning.

Fabrizio is an 8th-grader and studies for his social studies exams using distributed practice, which will MOST likely result in improved _____ of actual classroom learning

long-term retention

Dunlosky and colleagues (2013) evaluated the overall usefulness of popular study techniques: highlighting, rereading, summarizing, and keyword mnemonics. Which utility assessment rating did these techniques receive?

low

Due to the powerful effects of _____, many parents monitor the content of their children's video games, television shows, and movies so that they will not imitate violent behavior.

observational learning

Cultural traditions and customs are generally passed down through:

observational learning.

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are often a result of _____ in our learning ability.

overconfidence

Money gains its power to control behavior through

second-order conditioning.

Rhesus monkeys readily learn a fear of _____ through observational learning. This is probably due to a biological predisposition for this fear.

snakes

Meng believes that he does things that make him feel good and avoids things that make him feel bad. His views are consistent with:

the law of effect.

What part of the brain is MOST associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement?

the limbic system

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, conditioning should be MOST powerful when stimuli are:

unfamiliar.