psych 101 chp 5

opioids

- similar to the chemical makeup of endorphins, "natural pain reducers" - slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance - opium, morphine, heroin

hallucinogens

- similar to the neurotransmitters seratonin and epinephrine (mimic them) - altered consciousness, hallucinations - marijuana, LSD

caffeine

a bitter psychoactive drug found in the beans, leaves, and fruits of plants

psychoactive drug

a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods

alcohol

a colorless liquid, produced by the fermentation of sugar and starch, which is the intoxicating agent in fermented drinks

non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep

a deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, which is further subdivided into three substages, labeled as stages N1, N2, and N3

narcolepsy

a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off"

barbiturates

a family of depressants that are commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and painkillers

benzodiazephines

a family of depressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms

heroin

a powerful and addictive drug derived from opium

morphine

a powerful and addictive drug derived from opium

nicotine

a psychoactive drug found in tobacco products

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep

insomnia

a sleep disorder that involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

a sleep stage characterized by the presence of fast eye movements and dreaming

amphetamine

a stimulant that produces increased wakefulness and focus, along with decreased fatigue and appetite

hypnosis

a trance-like state of consciousness, usually induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which consists of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

codeine

a weaker analgesic and less addictive member of the opiate family

sensory deprivation

intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility if resulting changes in consciousness

withdrawl

negative experiences that accompany reducing or stopping drug use, including physical pain and other symptoms

biological rhythms

regularly occurring cycles of behaviors caused by biological factors

addiction

when the user powerfully craves the drug and is driven to seek it out, over and over again, no matter what the physical, social, financial, and legal cost

stimulants

- block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS - enhanced mood and increased energy - caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

depressants

- change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine - reduces the activity of the CNS - calming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate, and respiration - alcohol, toxic inhalents

_____ are frequently known as "psychedelics" A. Hallucinogens B. Benzodiazepines C. Opioids D. Barbiturates

A. Hallucinogens

_____ is a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of 'nodding off.' A. Narcolepsy B. Hypersomnia C. Polyphasic sleep D. Insomnia

A. Narcolepsy

Which of the following is an occurrence during the N1 stage of Non-REM Sleep? A. There is a possibility of experiencing jerks, twitches, and vivid hallucinations. B. There is an increased proportion of very slow delta waves. C. Theta waves intersperse with bursts of rapid brain activity. D. Conscious awareness of the environment fully remains.

A. There is a possibility of experiencing jerks, twitches, and vivid hallucinations.

An increase in the dose of a drug that is required to produce the same effect is _____. A. tolerance B. addiction C. withdrawal D. dependence

A. tolerance

The ganglion cells in the retina send signals to a brain area above the thalamus called the _____. A. cell nucleus B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. chromosome D. atomic nucleus

B. suprachiasmatic nucleus

_____ is a bitter psychoactive drug found in the beans, leaves, and fruits of plants and which is often found in coffee and soft drinks. A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Cocaine

B. Caffeine

_____ is the intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility of resulting changes in consciousness. A. Apophenia B. Sensory deprivation C. Meditation D. Hindsight bias

B. Sensory deprivation

Which of the following is an occurrence during the N3 stage of Non-REM Sleep? A. There is a possibility of experiencing jerks, twitches, and vivid hallucinations. B. There is an increased proportion of very slow delta waves. C. Conscious awareness of environment is lost. D. Theta waves intersperse with bursts of rapid brain activity.

B. There is an increased proportion of very slow delta waves.

_____ is a negative experience that accompanies reducing or stopping drug use, including physical pain and other symptoms. A. Addiction B. Withdrawal C. Dependence D. Tolerance

B. Withdrawal

Nicotine is _____ A. an addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. B. a psychoactive drug found in the nightshade family of plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide. C. a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapses of the central nervous system. D. a psychotic drug that operates by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

B. a psychoactive drug found in the nightshade family of plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide.

When the user powerfully craves the drug and is driven to seek it out, over and over again, no matter what the physical, social, financial, and legal cost, it is said that the person had developed a(n) _____. A. dependence B. addiction C. tolerance D. withdrawal

B. addiction

Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep is known as _____. A. somnipathy B. insomnia C. hypersomnia D. narcolepsy

B. insomnia

_____ is a stimulant that produces increased wakefulness and focus, along with decreased fatigue and appetite. A. Nicotine B. Cocaine C. Amphetamine D. Caffeine

C. Amphetamine

Which of the following refers to a need to use a drug or other substance regularly? A. Withdrawal B. Tolerance C. Dependence D. Addiction

C. Dependence

_____ is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep. A. Hypersomnia B. Insomnia C. Sleep apnea D. Somnipathy

C. Sleep apnea

_____ is a sleep disorder in which the person leaves the bed and moves around while still asleep. A. Hypersomnia B. Somnipathy C. Somnamulism D. Narcolepsy

C. Somnamulism

_____ are psychoactive drugs that operate by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapses of the central nervous system. A. Nicotine B. Cocaine C. Stimulants D. Caffeine

C. Stimulants

Which of the following is an occurrence during the N2 stage of Non-REM Sleep? A. There is no loss in awareness of environment. B. There is an increased proportion of very slow delta waves. C. Theta waves intersperse with bursts of rapid brain activity. D. Most sleep abnormalities occur during this stage.

C. Theta waves intersperse with bursts of rapid brain activity.

_____ is a sleep disorder in which the sufferer grinds his or her teeth during sleep. A. Somnipathy B. Somnambulism C. Narcolepsy D. Bruxism

D. Bruxism

Which of the following sentences about hypnosis is true? A. The least susceptible people to hypnosis are those who are willing or eager to be hypnotized. B. Under hypnosis, people are under the complete command of the hypnotist. C. Everyone can be easily hypnotized. D. The hypnotized state results from a combination of conformity, relaxation, obedience, and suggestion. E. If one is capable of fantasy, one is not a good participant for hypnosis.

D. The hypnotized state results from a combination of conformity, relaxation, obedience, and suggestion.

cocaine

an addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant

tolerance

an increase in the dose of a drug required to produce the same effect

meditation

techniques in which the individual focuses on something specific such as an object, a word, or one's breathing, with the goal of ignoring external distractions, focusing on one's internal state, and achieving a state of relaxation and well being

circadian rhythm

the biological cycle that guides the daily waking and sleeping in many animals

opium

the dried juice of the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy

dependence

the need to use a drug or other substance regularly

consciousness

the subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

dreams

the succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping