Psych 101 Exam 2 Iowa State
dispositions
(traits) are relatively stable and enduring over time
The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called
The Flynn effect
Can damage to the brain lead to changes in the specific personality behaviors?
Yes
Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of
a heuristic
A bell-shaped pattern that characterizes the distribution of a large sample of intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of
a normal curve
drop in metabolic rate is most likely the result from
a semistarvation diet
Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates
a situational attribution
what are examples of a social psychological definition of a group
a sports team, family or small choir
Amanda is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents
a trait
conformity is best described as
adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard
A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
agreeableness
The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is
alarm
a drive refers to
an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need
Dr. Chen believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation. When the level is too low, we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences. When it is too high, we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment. Dr. Chen's views are most consistent with
arousal theory
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called
attitudes
social-cognitive perspective
behavior influenced by interaction between people's traits and their context
fixation
being stuck in a stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates
belief perseverance
An integrated understanding of sexual motivation in terms of sex hormones, sexual fantasies, and cultural values is most clearly provided by the
biopsychosocial result
Chandra is very athletic and is able to quickly master new and complex dance routines. Howard Gardner would be most likely to suggest that Chandra demonstrates a high level of
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Oedipus complex
boys develop sexual desires for their mothers and hate their fathers as a rival resolve by identifying with their fathers rather than seeing them as a rival
putting someone in a group
categorization
Personality is best defined as an individual's
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
belief perseverance refers to
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
superordinate goals
common goal for both groups helps make everyone equal
realistic conflict theory
competition for limited resources leads to conflict and prejudice comes from people in the same economic situations
using emotional, behavioral, or cognitive methods to alleviate stress is known as
coping
repression
deliberately forget something that is too painful to remember
major depressive disorder
depressed mood most of the day and/or diminished interest or pleasure in activities signs: insomnia, sleeping too much, disrupted sleep, lethargy, fatigue or loss of energy during the day
psychological disorders are
deviant, distressful or dysfunctional
In a study by David Rosenhan, researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voices." This study best illustrated the negative effects of
diagnostic labels
deviant
differing from the norm
how we behave towards a person
discrimination
scapegoating
displace anger and aggression into groups that one dislikes
Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to ________ on the exam if her physiological arousal is ________.
do well; moderate
Personally distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are considered to be symptoms of a psychological disorder if they are
dysfunctional
personality is developed through...
emphasis on interaction of personality and situation
mood disorders
extremely sad, low-evergy moods or swings between extremely high and low moods
As a member of the diplomatic corps, Alex was given special training in the customs, language, and religions of the nonindustrialized country where he would be living. However, Alex probably needed little training to correctly interpret his hosts' expressions of emotion as revealed by their
facial expressions
After watching a video of his winning game shot in a high school basketball tournament, Jordan was easily persuaded to baby-sit his little sister while his parents went out for dinner. This best illustrates the
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
extraversion
general tendency to seek out stimulation and company of others
what perpetuates a stereotype
generalize the cause of one persons behavior to an entire group ex: that girl is bad at math so all girls are bad at math
the superego is the part of personality that
generates feelings of guilt
Groups have a tendency to shift to a more extreme view after a group discussion. This leads groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members were. This phenomenon is called
group polarization
seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________.
hallucination; delusion
who has been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective?
humanistic theorists
a psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders
identify
A monetary bonus is obviously the best way to motivate someone to do a great job and take pride in their work." This statement best illustrates the concept of ________ in motivation
incentives
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called
insight
The sort of problem solving that demonstrates "school smarts" is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of
intelligence
Id
irrational component, impulsive, ruled by "pleasure principle"
instinctive behavior is one that
is common to an entire species is unlearned is rigidly patterend
Aerobic exercise is an effective way to
lower the blood pressure reaction to stress
Feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with
major depressive disorder
examples of mood disorders
major depressive disorder, mania, bipolar disorder
a concept is a
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
media portrayals
minorities are often shown in negative ways
superego
moralistic component, internalizing parental and societal rules, "morality principle"
Identical twins are somewhat ________ than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation; however, ________.
more likely; because sexual orientation differs in many twin pairs, other factors are also at work
In one study, polygraph experts interpreted the polygraph data of 100 people who had been suspects in crimes of theft. Had the polygraph experts been the judges of guilt or innocence
more than one-third of the truly innocent would have been declared guilty
Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the
need for self-actualization
are stereotypes positive or negative
negative
homosexual orientation is viewed by most psychologist to be
neither wistfully chosen or willfully changed
A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of
neuroticism
flaws in freuds scientific method
no way to prove or disprove his theories,
genuineness
open with feelings, transparent and self-disclosing
O.C.E.A.N.
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that
our attitudes and actions clash
how is understanding a person different than understanding an object
people have hidden, unobservable traits
reciprocal determinism
personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, environment and our behavior
Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test, but she often does so on chemistry tests. She recently stole some merchandise from a local store, but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner. This pattern of behavior should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistent impact of ________ on behavior
personality traits
attitudes
positive or negative feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us to respond in a certain way to people, events or object A= Affective judgenment (prejudice) B= Behavior (discrimination) C= Cognitive generalization/Categorization (stereotypes)
aptitude tests are specifically designed to
predict ability to learn a new skill
how we feel about a person
prejudice
creativity is the ability to
produce novel and valuable ideas
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests
projective
ego
rational component, mediating, ruled by "reality principle"
Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle
reality
According to Albert Bandura, the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment illustrate
reciprocal determinism
patterns
refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, not just a single symptom
childrens prejudice
reflects parents prejudice
type B personality characteristics
relaxed, understanding social worker
tendency to group similar things together
schema formation
what is confirmation bias
seeing what we expect
how do we define ourselves
self-definition me vs not-me
group polarization
shift towards a more extreme view after a discussion
The presence of others improves performance on simple, easy tasks. This is called
social facilitation
Four students put less effort into a team project compared to how much they usually do when working alone. This is an example of
social loafing
Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that
some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking
disorder
state of mental/behavioral ill health
blacks have been found to score lower on tests of verbal aptitude when tested by Whites than when tested by Blacks. This best illustrates the impact of
stereotype threat
generalized belief about a group of people
stereotyping
Estée's legs are paralyzed, but she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might have caused by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of
stress appraisal
Physical and emotional responses to threatening and challenging events are referred to as
stress reactions
A sporting event that participating athletes perceive as highly challenging or threatening is best described as a
stressor
Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promotes
stronger immune functioning
projective tests
structured, systematic exposure to a standardized set of ambiguous prompts, designed to reveal inner dynamics
A mental set is
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
openness to experience
tendency to be imaginative and artistic
neuroticism
tendency to experience negative emotions
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
Out-Group homogeneity effect
tendency to perceive more variability among in-groups than out groups
conscientiousness
tendency to plan, organize, carry out tasks
fundamental attribution error
tendency to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors in explaining other peoples behavior ex: when you yell you have an anger problem, when i yell, its because no one in this house listens to me unless i am firm and loud
Juan and Berta were millionaires who lost half their life savings due to a bad investment decision. Which of the following best explains why after three years Juan and Berta seem to have suffered no permanent loss of happiness?
the adaptation-level phenomenon
After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of
the availability heuristic
A mother's immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced by male fetuses. This is most likely to contribute to
the fraternal birth-order effect
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
the fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
the fundamental attribution error
Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as
the g factor
in response to various stressors, ________ increases your heart rate and respiration
the sympathetic nervous system
In suggesting that the mind is mostly hidden, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of
the unconscious
Marshall has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Because this disorder is included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5
therapist will be able to suggest appropriate treatment
Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie. She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen. When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, however, she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings. Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the
two-factor theory
in-group out-group
us= a group we belong to ex: your race them= a group we dont belong to
cross-race effect
we have difficulty recognizing faces from another race
social identity theory (Tajfel)
we want to be members of the best group in order to boost our confidence enhance our own group or derogate other groups or both
when does autonomic processing occur
when we encounter a member of a stereotyped group (without or intention or awareness)
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
you experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding
Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
