Psych 101 Midterm

statistics do NOT involve...

Identification of data

Who is associated with the humanistic perspective?

-Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers

First ancient cultures that focused on natural and physical disorders...

-Greeks -Egyptians

Developmental psychologists are interested in age related changes in behavior from conception until...

Death

The two are seen as interdependent

East

Humanism focuses on ---

Growth and meaning

Who is the psychologist that opened the first experimental psychology lab in the U.S, founded A.P.A, and started the first psychological journal?

Hall

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in the application of electronic interactions for the relaying of well being information?

Health psychologist

Who made key contributions to the study of memory, physiology, and color vision?

Helmholtz

Popular in the 1940s and 1950s, this psychological theory emphasized personal growth and meaning...

Humanistic psychology

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussion and rewarding

Who established the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany devoted to psychological research?

Wilhelm Wundt

Most associated with the functionalist movement...

William James

Who is the founder of psychology in the United States?

William James

A --- might study learning through conditioning

behaviorist

Structures or features that preform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called...

by-products

A psychologist who studies logical reasoning is likely an...

cognitive psychologist

Debriefing

consistent of explanations of the purposes of the study following data collection

--- studies are useful when variables cannot be manipulated

correlational

Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called ___

correlational research

Evaluating various perspectives and explanations before drawing conclusions is a good example of...

critical thinking

Axon

long projection that extends from a neurons soma and transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron

When conducting a naturalistic observation, it is important that researchers...

not change the situation that they are observing

Correlational research involves gathering data...

on two or more variables

A --- sample is a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying

representative

Scientific thinking

set of cognitive skills that generates, tests, and revises theories

Insula

small structure in the cerebellum that is involved in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, and addictive behavior

Pseudoscience

studies that do not rely on the scientific method but claim to be scientific

Biological Psychology

study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought

The Humanistic Perspective

suggests all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

The Behavioral Perspective

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

Informed consent

telling researchers what to expect

Psychophysics

the first scientific form of psychology. It included laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations

Dependent variable

the outcome or response to experimental manipulation

Dualism

the separation of mind and body

Developmental Psychology

the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span

fMRI

uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the activity of the brain

Hippocrates

was the first physician to document the fear of heights

Psychoanalysis

understanding and treating psychological disorders

Distinct "flavors" of science...

-Physical -Social -Biological

Two strategies for answering questions about psychology and how information is connected...

-Science -Critical thinking

NOT commonly used self-report measures in psychology...

-case study -placebos

Cerebrum

-divided into two large hemispheres -folded into convolutions

Amphetamines are known to...

-increase paranoia -evaluate mood

During the observation and prediction stages of the scientific method, researchers...

-monitor the behavior of their participants -propose a hypothesis based in theory

Identify the types of descriptive designs...

-naturalistic observation -case study -Interview/survey

Where might you find folk or popular psychology related information?

-news reports -talk shows -Internet sites

Scientific attitude

-open to skepticism -being intellectually honest -questioning authority

Aphasia

-produce meaningful speech -comprehend language

Clinical psychologists...

-promote psychological health -research ways to treat mental disorders

Crucial components to an experiment...

-random assignment of participants to conditions -manipulated independent variable

Drawbacks of naturalistic observation...

-study conditions cannot be controlled -cause and effect relationships cannot be demonstrated

What is true of the research technique of surveys and questionnaires?

-this technique is most useful when a researcher is unable to manipulate variables -they are reliant on self report

Personality psychologists study...

-ways that people's behavior stays the same in different situations -what makes people unique -ways that people's behavior stays the same over time

Correct order of the scientific method...

1. Observe 2. Predict 3. Test 4. Interpret 5. Communicate

What is an example of survey research?

A study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about people of different ethnic groups

What we call fear evolved because it helps us deal quickly and efficiently with danger. This is an example of what?

An adaptation

In what ways is the mind-body dualism similar to the nature vs. nurture debate?

Both represent false dichotomies; the concepts are intertwined

Which psychologist was a student of James, taught at Wellesley College and conducted research in the area of dreaming, attention, and self image?

Calkins

Which psychologist is most closely tied to humanism?

Carl Rogers

Which psychologists would be most interested in how drivers pay attention to driving and carry on a cellphone?

Cognitive

Example: Males tend to be more promiscuous than females

Evolutionary psychologist

NOT a type of descriptive design

Experiment

Who was the father of psychophysics?

Fechner

--- variable is expected to change as a result of experimental manipulation

Independent

The branch of psychology that applies psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems...

Industrial/organizational

Who collected data on various kinds of psychological disorders and began developing a classification system was?

Kraepelin

Who is the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Scores on an exam go as the time spent studying goes down is an example of what?

Positive correlation

Which psychologist was largely responsible for making behaviorism the major approach in experimental psychology?

Skinner

Barlett

Stated that memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's beliefs , ideas, and point of view

Wundt's approach --- focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness and thinking

Structuralism

If you take a class in personality psychology which of the following topics is most likely to come up?

The influence of consciousness on grades

In the ---, the mind-body problem is seen as a dichotomy

West

Evolution

a change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species

What piece of equipment has a lot in common with the human minded being associated with cognitivism?

a computer

Meta-analysis

a research technique for combining the results of all published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic

Positive psychology

a theory of psychology that uses a scientific approach to study psychological well-being

Confounding variable

additional variable that cannot be separated from the independent variable being studied

Moral treatment

an approach to treatment for mental illness that began in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries with a focus on care in a relaxing environment

Inferential statistics

analyses of data that allow us to test hypotheses and make inferences

Hypothesis

based on a theory

Behavioral neuroscience is the study of how the brain and nervous system influence...

behavior

A psychologist who studies how the mind works by recording brain activity while a student studies for a test is a...

behavioral neuroscientist

Gestalt psychology

emphasizes that humans perceive a whole image as more than the sum of its parts

Change over time in frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species is called...

evolution

Functionalism

historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment

Natural Selection

is a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction

Industrial/Organizational psychology

is the application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings

Synapse

junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron

The position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do is called...

nature through nurture

Double-blind studies

neither the participants nor researchers know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group

A social psychologist is interested in the impact of --- on behavior and mental processes

others

Adaptations evolved to solve problems in --- generations, not in --- ones

past ; current

Evolutionary psychologists believe that natural selection determines our...

personality traits

Empiricism

philosophical point of view that describes all knowledge and thoughts com from experience

Trephination

prehistoric shaman approach that which involved drilling a small hole in a person's skull

In terms of electronic social interactions, if you are ___ you connect with many other people while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are

privately public

Personality psychology

the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual

Gestalt psychologists believe that, when it comes to perception...

the whole is different from the sum of its parts