psych 101 test 1
If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of ________.
0
Francis is studying the relationship between personality traits and drug abuse. If she determines that there is a significant relationship between these two variables, that means her study would have a p-value of ________ or less.
0.05
If Greg's mother has a cleft chin (genotype Bb) and his father does not (genotype bb), what are the chances that Greg has a cleft chin?
50%
________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.
B.F. Skinner
You spend weeks teaching your new dog how to roll over. The rewards and reinforcers you use to shape her behavior are based on which early school of psychology?
Behaviorism
According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.
Biopsychological
Extinction is part of which type of learning?
Classical conditioning
Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior?
Clinical psychology
Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motives are important in understanding human behavior and that more than just observable actions should be studied.
Cognitive
________ psychology is the field within psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.
Cognitive
Wyatt wants to see if there is a relationship between sex and driving skills. He looks at government data on people who are pulled over for reckless driving and what sex they are. What type of study is this?
Correlational
Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________.
Cross-sectional research
Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon
In a neuron ________ contains the neurotransmitter receptors
Dendrites
________ psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior.
Evolutionary
Which type of psychologist would most likely be asked to serve as an expert witness during a court case?
Forensic psychologist
The loudness of a sound is shown in sound waves based on.
Height
Which part of the brain is involved in learning and memory?
Hippocampus
Ryan notices that a lot of people he sees avoid making eye contact while they walk by him on their cell phones. He develops a tentative explanation that people are too focused on their conversation to be distracted by an outside passerby. Ryan's observation is an example of a
Hypothesis
The unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression is the
Id
Which type of method was not invented by Freud to access unconscious?
Introspection
What is the function of the part of the eye identified by the arrow?
It contains photoreceptor cells
Which psychologist founded functionalism?
James
The basic idea behind observational learning is that
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Ethan is doing an experiment to study if different colored light affects the germination rate of seeds. To do this he uses a colored film (red, blue, green, and clear) to change which light is absorbed. He then measures how many seeds from each color germinate each day to see which is fastest. What is the independent variable?
Light color
Tina wants to condition her children to come inside when she flashes her porch light twice. On day one she does this then yells for the boys to come in and they come running home. After doing this several nights she just flashes the light without yelling and the boys come home. In this case yelling for the boys is the...
NS
Sarah is a researcher. She has decided to do a study to determine what factors may affect if a person stops at a stop sign or not. To do this she picks a stop sign and sits out there several days at different times recording data. What type of study is this?
Naturalistic observation
Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology?
Neuroscience
________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.
Nociceptors
Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that ________.
One variable causes another
What lobe does the dorsal stream of vision go to in the brain?
Parietal lobe
Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology?
Perception and language
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind?
Seemingly innocent slips of the tongue
What does the word Psyche mean?
Soul
As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the
Sport psychologist
A person's conscience and voice of reason and goodness is the
Superego
Which part of the unconscious is fueled by moral values?
Superego
Heather is conducting a study on music and memory. She plays different types of music while students memorize lists of words, then tests them on their retention after 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week. In this example, which is the independent variable?
The type of music
What happens to testosterone levels of those who lose chess tournaments?
They fall.
The color white is made by seeing all colors in the visible light spectrum
True
Which area of the brain controls language comprehension?
Wernicke's Area
Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.
a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
There is ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel.
a negative
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
associate events that repeatedly happen together.
Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?
being told "nice work!" after completing your homework
Subliminal messaging
can mildly influence behavior.
Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered ________.
chemical senses
Each of our 46 ________ have a sequence of DNA, made up of ________, which determine traits and physical characteristics.
chromosomes; genes
If you are studying depression rates during the cold winter months, a potential ________ could be the stress of the busy holiday season.
confounding variable
Jonas wants to understand the relationship between head size and intelligence. What type of study might he perform?
correlational
What measures the effects of the independent variable?
dependent variable
One reason the nature-nurture debates continues is because it is
difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions.
Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.
dim
3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.
discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup
The study of how the same genotype may lead to different phenotypes is known as
epigenetics
Ivan Pavlov
established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.
If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform?
experimental
The biggest part of the brain, called the ________, contains the cerebral cortex, which is ________ in humans that other animals.
forebrain; larger
Political attitudes, how much television people watch, and whether or not people get divorced are all influenced by
genetics
The temporal lobe specializes in
hearing
A measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences is called the
heritability coefficient.
Jessica Witt's study tested ________.
how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.
learning
If a researcher found a correlation coefficient of -.85 between amount of exercise and weight, this would indicate that the more people exercise, the ________ they weigh.
less
Following a group of kindergarteners every other year until they graduate and evaluating their performance is an example of ________.
longitudinal research
Which best describes the basic steps of the scientific method?
make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis
The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the
midbrain
Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called ________.
neuropathic pain
Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of ________.
olfaction
The most visible part of the ear is the
pinna
Which correctly describes the process of hearing?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.
place
The unconscious and early childhood experiences are emphasized by the ________.
psychodynamic school of psychology
Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.
reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.
salivation; salivation
Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?
secondary
When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?
sensory adaptation
A theory is a(n) ________.
set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
shaping
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as
shaping.
During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.
sodium
Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system.
somatic
Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the
somatosensory cortex
If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are ________.
statistically significant
What is wavelength?
the distance from one wave peak to the next
Physiological changes such as those activated when Sarah hears spooky sounds while she's out for a run (her pupils dilate, her heart rate and blood pressure increase, etc.) are known as
the fight-or-flight response.
Perception is ________.
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced
The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.
tympanic membrane
Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.
unconditioned stimulus.