Psych 110 Final Exam Study Guide

the cells of the zygote begin to differentiate

A brother just found out that his sister became pregnant about seven days ago. He rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that he can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

embryo

A cousin's pregnancy terminated in the seventh week after conception. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?

object permanence

A game of peak-a-book with his dad excited William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks:

teratogen

A neighbor is five months pregnant and still smoking a pack of cigarettes every day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a(n) ______ for the fetus of a mother who smokes heavily.

no, she is not wasting her time. Her baby can hear her and will likely recognize her voice immediately after birth.

A person reads about a woman who is seven months pregnant and has been reciting poems and singing to her fetus. Is she wasting her time?

formal operational

According to Jean Piaget, children during this stage of cognitive development use abstract logic and have the potential for mature moral reasoning.

concrete operational

According to Jean Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

sensorimotor

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence and stranger anxiety develop during this stage of cognitive development.

postconventional morality

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people who develop an abstract level of reasoning where they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self have developed what is known as ______.

preconventional morality

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a ___ of self-interest.

accommodation

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

the sound of the mother singing

Based on research into the responses of infants immediately after birth, we can be MOST certain that the human fetus is aware of and learns to recognize:

fetus

Because of complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. In what stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

teratogen

Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she was pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks; however, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she was excited to be pregnant, she was concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a _________.

more likely to develop a sense of self reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence

Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are:

conventional

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast, and she should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ____ morality.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Denise has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small, and slightly disproportioned. Denise did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has:

formal operations

During adolescence, most people achieve Jean Piaget's intellectual stage known as:

preoperational

During this stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.

more self assured, popular and independent

Early maturation in boys tend to produce boys who are:

trust vs. mistrust

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. According to this theory, the first task that infants wrestle with is:

generativity vs. stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

intimacy vs. isolation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love.

conservation

Five-year-old Otto complained to his mother that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy as he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:

sense of object permanence

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in this sensorimotor stage acquire a:

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

intimacy vs. isolation

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights along and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in this stage of development called:

identity vs. role-confusion

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by the pairings of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Jeremy is in this stage of development called:

role confusion

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her friends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing:

authoritative

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Some psychologists would say Luca's parents have this type of parenting style:

insecure attachment

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter may display signs of:

postconventional

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrate ______ morality.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking known as:

when one is maturing sexually

Puberty is a time:

authoritarian

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. He allows no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Sharon's father has this type of parenting style:

zygote, embryo, fetus

The correct order of prenatal development is:

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory

The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by:

a critical period

The process of attachment occurs during a brief developmental phase known as:

Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:

secure attachment

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:

moral intuitions

To most people, the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This BEST illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:

assimilation

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel and not a kitty. This BEST illustrates the process of:

concept of conservation

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a :

permissive

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5-years-old. His father moved out of state, and his mother is busy trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to comes and go when he wishes, she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and that he does not have a father. Some psychologists would say that Ty's mother has this type of parenting style:

rooting

When a baby's cheek is touched, the baby will turn toward the touch and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the ______ reflex.

accommodation

When children adapt their current understandings to incorporate their new experience, this is known as:

assimilation

When children use their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:

integrity vs. despair

Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made as well as his dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Wilbur is in this stage of development called:

differentiate

Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____, specializing in structure and function.

teratogens

____ are agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and do it harm.