Study Questions Midterm 2

How was work organized in American slave families - what kind of work were women, men and children expected to do.

.Together with the men, the women; plowed, dropped seed, pitched hay, hoed picked and sorted cotton, repaired roads, put up posts and fences, washed horses, slopped cows, milled flour. Old women disciplined children, helped with childbirth, brewed medicine. Men were only trained as artisans e.g. carpenters, mechanics, shoemakers, black smiths. Children hoed, tended cows, carried water.

Fair labor standards act

For the first time, minimum ages of employment and hours of work for children are regulated by federal law. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. The provisions include restrictions on hours of work for minors under 16 and lists of hazardous Fourteen is the minimum age for most non-farm work. However, at any age, youths may deliver newspapers; perform in radio, television, movie, or theatrical productions; work for parents in their solely-owned non-farm business (except in manufacturing or on hazardous jobs); or gather evergreens and make evergreen wreaths.

What are the different types of slavery seen in the world today

Forced labor, Bonded Labor or Debt Labor, Sex Slavery, Child Slavery and Domestic Servitude.

Child labor

Forms of child labor, including indentured servitude and child slavery, have existed throughout American history. As industrialization moved workers from farms and home workshops into urban areas and factory work. Children often preferred. Factory owners viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike. Growing opposition to child labor in the North caused many factories to move to the South. By 1900, states varied considerably in whether they had child labor standards In some states with child labor laws, the statutes weren't enforced. By early 1900s, large numbers of American children worked: mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, and peddlers. Some boys sold newspapers or worked as shoe shiners. In the early decades of the twentieth century, the numbers of child laborers in the U.S. peaked.

Child labor

Forms of child labor, including indentured servitude and child slavery, have existed throughout American history. As industrialization moved workers from farms and home workshops into urban areas and factory work, children were often preferred, because factory owners viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike. Growing opposition to child labor in the North caused many factories to move to the South. By 1900, states varied considerably in whether they had child labor standards and in their content and degree of enforcement. By then, American children worked in large numbers in mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers

What kind of work did slave women and men perform?

Slave women & men performed the same work with the distinction of men being trained as carpenters, mechanics, shoemakers, blacksmiths. They were forced to work the soil at a set pace, They would pick cotton, plow, drop seed, pitch hay. Repair roads, put up posts & fences, wash horses, milled flour. If they were not sufficiently productive they were both whipped.

Throughout American history, many different groups of people have lived and worked in the country. What was working life like for Mexican Immigrants?

Some Mexicans were pulled in to work on the building of railroads, Other Mexican immigrants worked in mines, some worked in constructions and of course many worked on farms.

How men got out of doing housework and childcare

Some just refused 2. Others resisted passively - they just didn't do it even when asked. 3. Some offered their wives an understanding ear. 4. Some screwed it all up so their wives wouldn't ask them again.

Cross national differences

Virtually all "industrialized economies saw increases in women's labor force participation" with the corresponding changes in the structures of the family in the latter half of the 20th century. As a result, of the pressures experienced by working families, the governments were induced to provide working families with some sort of aid. When it comes to the United States, individuals spend far more time at work than they do in other post industrial economies. "Regardless of whether work is measured in weekly or annual hours, American workers put in more hours on the job than their European and Canadian counterparts." (Text, p.283) - study conducted by Jacobs & Gerson 2004 Jacobs and Gerson found that "American women, in particular, had the longest work weeks of any country in their study. (Text, p. 283) But the US economy provides working families with very little support. Only three industrial economies which are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation of Development -- the US, South Korea, and Australia - did not have government policies which mandated paid maternity leave. The US, did institute the Family Medical Leave Act which President Clinton signed into law in 1993. This act requires employers having fifty or more workers to provide up to 12 weeks unpaid leave per year to eligible employees. This leave can be used for: Caring for a newborn Caring for a newly adopted child or foster child Caring for a elative with a serious medical condition The employee taking time off because of her or his own medical condition. Although this legislation has benefited many workers, it is important to note that it covers only about half of all US workers - and the law does not mandate that the worker that it does cover be paid while on leave. The text used for the PowerPoint states state that while the benefits other industrial nations are quite helpful to working families, they do not solve all of the many pressures working families face. Some of these countries attempt to alleviate these pressures by encouraging women to work part-time. Your text states, that in the end, there are no simple policy solutions that will put an end to the dilemmas that working families endure.

What is Welfare Capitalism?

Welfare capitalism is capitalism that includes social welfare policies

Welfare capitalism

industrialists were first very unhappy with the changes Ford made, "they became the model that large corporations modeled and expanded upon during the 1920s." (Text, p. 92)There were homeownership plans, stock purchase plans, accident, life and health insurance plans, pension programs, paid vacations. But the workers were still treated in a tough and brutal manner ...and everything came crashing down with the advent of the great depression.

What is the Fair Labor Standards Act and when was it instituted

federal regulation of wages and hours signed 1938

When did the federal government regulate child labor?

1938

What type of work did poor and immigrant children do and what year did the federal government establish child labor laws?

1938, mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, and peddlers

The Great Depression

Began with stock market crash of 1929.Horrible for blue collar workersMany lost jobs. If they remained employed, they suffered wage cuts.Ford and General motors cut workforce in half between1929 and 1932. By March of 1933 one out of every three US workers was unemployed There was no unemployment insurance at this time.Families in need of help forced to rely on private charities. Many people ate in soup kitchens."Protests against low wages, hunger, and unemployment were met with corporate indifference." (Text, p.94) The workers saw that corporations really didn't have any loyalty toward them at all. So much for welfare capitalism The workers began to protest against their former employers.Henry Ford went from being a corporate hero, to a corporate villain.

Mass immigration

Between 1880 and 1920 there was a mass wave of immigration. People from Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe moved to the United States The individuals immigrating were from countries like Italy, Poland, and Russia. Agents looking for cheap workers would travel to these companies and induce peasants to come to the US to work in factories - even agreeing to pay their ship fare.

Mass immigration

Between 1880 and 1920 there was a mass wave of immigration. People from Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe moved to the United States The individuals immigrating were from countries like Italy, Poland, and Russia. Agents looking for cheap workers would travel to these companies and induce peasants to come to the US to work in factories - even agreeing to pay their ship fare. Seventy-one percent of the Ford Motor company's workers were foreign born with - one third of them came from Poland and russia In 1900, one half of all US factory workers were foreign born. For most immigrants, the working conditions of the factory were both strange and hostile. The foreman who ran the factories used ethnic stereotypes when they did their hiring.

Black migration north

Between 1914 and 1925 many southern black people migrated to the North. They were seeking better working conditions, an escape from Jim Crow laws, and greater educational opportunities for their children. And at this point in time, the North was looking for cheap labor, as the immigration population began to dwindle. There were recruiters who went to the south who gave blacks train passes to the North. But some of these recruiters were seeking people to help break the unions. "Those migrants who did not find themselves being used as pawns in labor disputes soon discovered that the only work available to African-Americans were the jobs their white counterparts did not want. Although the came seeking work in higher paying positions, they were forced to work in "factories, slaughterhouses and foundries, where working conditions were arduous and sometimes dangerous. Female migrants had a harder time finding work, spurring heated competition for domestic labor positions." But the Northern labor unions began to organize against the blacks because they were seen as economic competition. This animosity led to discrimination and race riots broke out in 1917 and 1919. Blacks became segregated once again. "Because white property owners and Realtors refused to sell or rent African-Americans homes or apartments in so-called white neighborhoods, African-Americans found themselves relegated to specific areas within the cities of the North." John D. Some of the blacks that migrated North were able to open up businesses that catered to Black Clientele. Key Point. Most Blacks in the South worked in rural occupations between 1880 & 1929. But over one million moved to cities in the North and most ultimately took work in low-paying industries. Although life continued to be harsh in the North for black people, they still made more money there than if they had remained in the South.

After emancipation, how did the typical black husband and wife support their families?

Both husband and had work, women would work as domestic servants or washer women and refused to return to the fields.

What kinds of jobs did children largely do at the turn of the 20th century?

By the early 1900s, large numbers of American children worked: mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, and peddlers. Some boys sold newspapers or worked as shoe shiners.

Why does Piketty think that social inequality is increasing

Changes in Tax laws. The rise of super managers who pay themselves stellar salaries. Slowdown in growth of the economy. Reductions in taxes on the wealthy has seen massive increases in social inequality.

In slave times, which family members were the most likely to be sold?

Children were most often sold

Why the labor vacuum?

Chinese Exclusion act of 1882, the gentleman's agreement act of 1907 and the Immigration acts of 1921 and 1924 Some Mexicans were pulled in to work on the building or railroads and "It can be said with a fair amount of certainty that the American railroad system played an integral role in the Mexican immigration that took place from 1900 to 1930." John Schmal Other Mexican immigrants worked in mines, some worked in constructions and of course many worked on farms. And although some of these Mexican immigrants came illegally, many people immigrated to the US through legal immigration programs. Some families remained poor by American standards, and others entered into the American working class.

Sources of cheap labor

During the second half of the 19th century, there was a great need for agricultural workers as cotton fruit and vegetable farms were expanding. In the early 20th century Mexican people left their poverty-stricken country to take advantage of work opportunities in the United States. Although their were restrictions on immigration, it was easy for Mexicans to cross the uncontrolled border. One of the first large-scale migrations from Mexico occurred between 1910 and 1914. During this period over one million Mexican people seeking to escape the Mexican Revolution, immigrated northward into the United States. The majority of these immigrants were of indigenous decent and from poor and working class backgrounds. Still, while much of this immigration may have been provoked by the horror of the Mexican Revolution, there were also significant incentives for American business interests to invite Mexican laborers to fill the labor vacuum. Some Mexicans were pulled in to work on the building or railroads and "It can be said with a fair amount of certainty that the American railroad system played an integral role in the Mexican immigration that took place from 1900 to 1930." John Schmal. Other Mexican immigrants worked in mines, some worked in constructions and of course many worked on farms. And although some of these Mexican immigrants came illegally, many people immigrated to the US through legal immigration programs. Some families remained poor by American standards, and others entered into the American working class.

Sources of cheap labor

During the second half of the 19th century, there was a great need for agricultural workers as cotton fruit and vegetable farms were expanding. So Mexican people left their poverty-stricken country to take advantage of work opportunities in the United States. Although their were restrictions on immigration, it was easy for Mexicans to cross the uncontrolled border. One of the first large-scale migrations from Mexico occurred between 1910 and 1914. During this period over one million Mexican people seeking to escape the Mexican Revolution, immigrated northward into the United States. The majority of these immigrants were of indigenous decent and from poor and working class backgrounds. Still, while much of this immigration may have been provoked by the horror of the Mexican Revolution, there were also significant incentives for American business interests to invite Mexican laborers to fill the labor vacuum.

Earliest Factories Textile mills established in New England in the 1790s Over the course of the next 70 years - to 1860 - factory system extended to manufacture products such as: steel, shoes, firearms, sewing machines, carriages, wagons, watches, agricultural tools.

Factory life often a compromise between old methods of craft production in workshops and the new system of factory production. Although foreman were given responsibility for production decisions, they absolutely needed to gain the cooperation of skilled craftsmen to get the job done. These skilled craftsmen followed their own well established work rules and practices.

Which federal act regulates child labor

Fair labor standards act

The family friendly workplace

Family Friendly Policies: Working conditions, company policies that studies have shown to reduce the pressures faced by working parents. EXAMPLES on-site child care, telecommuting, flexible work schedules, generous leave-time for birth or adoption, paid or unpaid leave to care for sick family members, compressed work week Some benefits, like family leave, is required by law. But most people who work for US companies are not awarded the family friendly benefits listed above - "this is especially true among employees making low hourly wages." (Text, p.279) And "Even when work-family benefits and policies are in place, employees' access to them is likely to be uneven." (text, p.280) One's place in the organizational hierarchy matters a lot when it comes to being awarded benefits. Many companies only grant family friendly benefits to full-time workers. In the end, families who have the greatest need for family benefits, those who are poor and working class, are the least likely to have access to them. Oftentimes, people who are higher up in the company's hierarchy are the only individuals who get these benefits - managerial and professional workers. Larger companies with greater visibility are also more likely than smaller companies to offer family friendly benefits. And when they are highly visible, they face greater public pressure to offer their employees family friendly benefits.

Working an extra month a year

Findings: 20% of men shared housework and childcare equally with their wives. 70% of men did less than half, but more than a third. 10% of men did less than a third. Men who shared the second shift equally with their wives were just as pressed for time as their wives. The were torn between the demands of career and small children. However, the majority of men did not share the load at home. Husbands saw the conflict between employment & housework and childcare as their wife's issue.

The government began to intervene

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a democrat, was elected in 1932 along with other democrat law makers.They began to institute programs to help the workers.They enacted legislation that supported unions.The Wagner act, for example, "prohibited employers from firing workers who engaged in union activities. Worker anger toward corporations, along with pro labor government legislation served to revitalize the labor movement. 15 states such as California and Massachusetts established minimum wage laws aimed at women.But these laws didn't last as the supreme court deemed them unconstitutional in 1923 (Adkins v. Childrens Hospital)The Fair Labor Standards Act established a federal minimum wage at 25cents an hour

Henry Ford and the assembly line

Frederick Taylor paved the way for Henry Ford's assembly line. On June 16, 1903 Henry Ford and 11 other stockholders formed Ford Motor Company. The early Ford autos were expensive cars constructed by a lone skilled craft workers who would assemble an entire auto. This was a large an expensive car that sold for $2000 But Ford believed that he needed to increase the affordability of the car. He and his engineers eventually developed the Model T which began to be sold in 1908. This was a light weight car that sold for $850 and it was so popular that he had a hard time keeping up with consumer demand. "In 1910 ford opened a new factory in Highland Park Michigan to produce Model Ts and model T parts." Text p. 85 It was here that Ford developed the assembly line. Rather than one assembler building a car by himself, lots of workers crafted and assembled different parts of the auto. The assembly line increased the amount of speed in which the car could be built and resulted in an era of mass production. With workers engaging in one specific part of the car, the assembly line allowed for fewer steps in making a car. These workers no longer needed to be highly skilled. "And instead of tasks being performed by a singled skilled worker, the work was now subdivided among different assemblers who performed a tiny number of standardized and repetitive operations." Text, p.86 By the Summer of 1913 the engineers had developed a conveyer belt. The conveyer belt allowed "management to control the pace at which the assemblers worked." Text, p.86 Now, with the work subdivided, the knowledge about how to build the care was in the hands of management rather than the the worker. As a result, management was no longer dependent The assembly line allowed Ford to produce cars very quickly - in 13 hours. As production went up, prices went down -- from $850 in 1908 to $360 in 1914. The Ford motor company had thus, "established a method of making goods that transformed manufacturing processes around the entire world." Text p. 86

Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor, and what conditions did he try to impose on the worker?

Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He tried to raise their productivity by cutting their wages or even firing them.

Attempts to regulate child labor

Groups of Americans attempted to regulate child labor for over 100 years (since 1832) before Federal legislation was finally enacted in 1938. Before that time, some states had child labor laws and others did not.

Attempts to regulate child labor

Groups of Americans attempted to regulate child labor for over 100 years (since 1832) before Federal legislation was finally enacted in 1938. Before that time, some states had child labor laws and others did not. Fair Labor Standards Act For the first time, minimum ages of employment and hours of work for children are regulated by federal law.

Wage gap in workplace and leisure gap in the home

Hochschild also asserts that just as there is a gender wage gap in the work place, there is a gender leisure gap in the home. When wives return home from the workplace, they are primarily responsible for the housework and childcare. Hochschild discovered that wives work around 15 more hours per week than their husbands do. Hence women work a second shift!!! One shift at the office or factory, and a second shift doing housework and childcare. If you add this up, over a course of a year Working mothers work an extra month of 24 hour days. Over a 12-year period, it's an extra year of 24 hour days. Hochschild: Studies show working moms have: Higher Self-Esteem & Less Depression than non-working moms. Yet compared to their husbands, working moms, are far more fatigued and get sick more often than non working moms. It's Important to remember that single mothers and single fathers may also work a second shift - especially if they can't afford a housekeeper or nanny to help them out. Hochschild studied families that included a mother and father who both worked fulltime. She interviewed 52 families all with children under six.

According to Hochschild when compared to their husbands, how many extra hours do women perform doing the second shift?

Hochschild discovered that wives work around 15 more hours per week than their husbands do.

Unhappy marriages

Husbands who refused to help were just as deeply affected by the situation as were the wives. Wives resented husbands who didn't help. Expressed their rage and frustration by losing interest in sex or becoming overly involved with the kids.Whether or not a woman worked outside the home did not explain marital happiness. What made women especially unhappy was husbands neglect of home and children. In Hochschild's study, happiest two parent families where the ones in which the husband shared the housework and childcare equally.

Who were the happiest couples in Arlie Hochschild's "Second Shift" study?

In Hochschild's study, happiest two parent families were the ones in which the husband shared the housework and childcare equally.

What is the general difference between Capitalism, Socialism, & Communism

In a capitalist economy, production is determined by free market forces such as supply and demand. In a communist economy, the government determines which goods and services get produced and how much is available at any given time.Socialism believes that the means of making, moving, and trading wealth should be owned or controlled by the workers. communism refers to a society where everyone shares equally in the country's wealth

The second shift

In contemporary American society, housework devalued. But housewives provide goods and services that would otherwise have to be bought .... that is.... supplied by someone else's labor. Housecleaning Childcare Laundry Cooking Transporting kids around A housewife is usually the chief family consumer. She contributes to the family's wealth and the family's standard of living by.... making smart purchases Cutting coupons. But if something should happen to the husband, there isn't much of a safety net for the housewife ... especially if she has few marketable job skills.

Farm jobs ( youth employment )

In farm work, permissible jobs and hours of work, by age, are as follows: •Youths 16 years and older may perform any job, whether hazardous or not, for unlimited hours; •Youths 14 and 15 years old may perform any nonhazardous farm job outside of school hours; •Youths 12 and 13 years old may work outside of school hours in nonhazardous jobs, either with a parent's written consent or on the same farm as the parent(s); •Youths under 12 years old may perform jobs on..

Describe the U-shaped curve as discussed in the Piketty lecture.

In the 1910's to 1920's top earners claimed 45-50% of national income in the US. By the end of the 1940s they claimed 30-35% of national income. Inequality stabilized at that level from 1950-1970. From the 1980s to the 2000s we see a rapid rise in inequality and the top earners control 45-50% of our nation's income once again - just like they did in the 1910's & 1920's.

What is the difference between income and wealth?

Income is money received in exchange for providing a service Wealth is an abundance of valuable material possessions or resources

American federation of labor

Set up in 1896 as an umbrella organization for individual unions.In this way they could, "come together to speak with a single voice on a variety of issues." (Text, p.88)These craft unions, only allowed skilled craftsmen to enter into their organizationsThese unions established things like work rules, days off, and how much the employees were to be paid

By the 1970s, a large number of married women with children found paid employment outside the home. What historical factors led to this change?

It was now much more difficult for a man to support his wife and children. As a result, wives moved into the labor force to make up for this loss of income.

Which countries did the European immigrants, who came to the United States en mass between 1880 and 1920, come from - and what type of work did they typically do?

Italy, Poland, and Russia. Work in factories.

Workers' Response to Factory Work/Second Industrial Revolution- Assembly Line

Jobs in mass production industries were dirty, hard, dangerous, repetitive and fast paced." (Text. P. 87)So workers didn't show up for work - absenteeism, or they quit altogether.Ford Motor Company had the largest number of people who quit.

Push/ pull factors

Men's earning power was eroding. It was now much more difficult for a man to support his wife and children. As a result, wives moved into the labor force to make up for this loss of income. While women's paychecks were not equal to that of their husbands, the money they brought in helped to ease the family's economic burdens. The Divorce Rate began to rise which pushed women into the labor force. As divorce became more common, young people began to realize that their own potential marriages might fail. So women began to plan their futures differently - meaning they looked to develop skills that would sustain them if an impending marriage ended in divorce. 3. Women had far more employment options. "Prior to the 1970s, most employed women worked in a narrow range of low-paying occupations." These jobs, moreover, provided them with few intrinsic rewards. So they only worked for pay if they were poor, divorced, or were unmarried. But changes in the law as well as social movements, such as the Women's Liberation Movement, helped to expand their employment options. Equal Pay Act of 1963 Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Educational amendments such as Title IV These amendments outlawed sex discrimination in It was now easier for women to move into fields like law and medicine because there was far less discrimination within US educational systems. Hence many more women began to enter into the professions - jobs which offered intrinsic rewards. More women began to earn college degrees. In 1970, only 1 out of 10 employed women had a college degree. By 2004, 1 in 3 employed women had college degrees. In Fact, in 2003 58 percent of all bachelors degrees were awarded to women. 59 percent of all masters degrees were awarded to women. 47 percent of all doctoral degrees were awarded to women. And because of the Women's Liberation Movement, women learned about ideologies which promoted gender equality while in college. Remember: ideologies are very powerful social forces. Other women gravitated towards feminism while they were involved in the Civil Rights movement and Anti-War movements. 4. Changes in the Economy expanded service sector occupations - jobs that were open to women. So employment for women outside the home became normative even if you weren't desperately poor and even I you were married with children. "Gender, Work, and Family are inextricably intertwined." &... "Changes in work and family give rise to changes in gender relations." For example, women who bring in a pay check, generally, have more power in the family. And when both parents are in the labor force there is less time for housework and child care. Hence tensions arise over who will do this work. This "second shift" most often falls on the mother which creates tension between the husband and wife. Housework and caring, and caring for children, AKA domesticity, is work!!!! And women (and men) who work in the home provide goods and services that would otherwise have to be purchased. The problem is, the money is saved rather than something that you can see and count. A paycheck therefore leads to power. "The vast majority of women and men today work for pay, and the majority of [females and males] work full time." (Text, p. 273) "A majority of households containing married couples with children now include two wage earners." (Text, p. 273) "Over 50 percent of married mothers with children under 1 year of age are in the labor force." (Text, p. 273) "In addition, higher divorce rates have resulted in larger numbers of single mothers in the labor force than ever before." (Text, p.273) And the nature of the kind of work we do "has changed in important respects, as the post-WWII industrial economy gave way to one based on service." (Text, p. 274) "People in dual-earner households with children or in single-parent households are likely to feel greater time pressures than those households containing one wage-earner, children and a full-time home maker." (Text, p. 275) Families with a full-time home maker tend to be upper middle or upper class. Families with a wage earner who makes a lot of money can afford to allow one parent to be home with the children. So what happens in the house hold when both mothers and fathers are working in the paid labor force? Women continue to do the work associated with wives and mothers and men tend to perform the traditional work associated with husbands and fathers. Women's traditional work in the home tends to be far more time consuming than that of men's traditional work in the home. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild referred to this as the "Second Shift." Working mothers work one shift in the office or factory, and then another one when they return to their homes. Arlie Hochschild estimated that married women with children work an extra month of 24 hour days doing housework and caring for their children. She said the women were forced to cut into their sleep time and they talked about sleep the way a hungry person talks about food. Hochschild discovered that men got out of doing housework and childcare by "screwing household tasks up" or continually forgetting to do their assigned chores. Sometimes husbands/fathers simply refused to partake in domestic activities. Women perform 80% of the child care - fathers will do a little more when kids reach school age, but mothers still have more care giving responsibilities than fathers. Men are still in charge of the outdoor activities such as mowing the lawn. They are also more likely to take care of the family cars. These are the types of tasks that can wait for a while if the man doesn't feel like doing them. Women, on the other hand that cannot wait to engage in domestic tasks such as... getting the children their dinner, giving them their bath, putting them to bed, getting them up in the morning, getting them dressed, giving them their breakfast etcetera. Unsurprisingly, the more money a woman brings into the household, the more housework and childcare a man will perform. But parents who work for pay still spend a lot of time with their children. Working mothers, however, have less leisure time, do less housework, and get less sleep than mothers who are homemakers. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild states that just as there is a gender wage gap in the workplace, there is also a leisure gap in the home. Still, fathers spend more time with their children than they once did. According to Hochschild, working parents do not find their homes to be a "haven in a heartless world" Because they have so much work to do when they return home from their jobs. Hochschild argues that they now have to deal with a "third shift" as they "cope with the emotional consequences of the compressed second shift. (Text, p.277) And Hochschild notes that both husbands and wives experience this time bind. But this "time bind" tends to be different for women and men. "Because of lingering expectations to be a good provider, it is hard for me to cut back on their work hours to take more time for family life." (Text, p. 277) Many of the men that Hochschild interviewed, "were reluctant to display concern for their families because they feared it would be costly at work, signaling to their employers that they were not committed workers." (Text, p.277) What's more, the term "family man" tacitly calls into question a male's masculinity.

Care work

Now that the majority of middle class mothers work, they need to purchase the services they once provided for their families. This work includes: Preparing and serving food, caring for children and the elderly, and cleaning. These low paying jobs, are filled primarily by women.

What happens to men who display concern for their families while they are at work?

Signals to their employers that they're not committed to work

Making use of benefits vs. being seen as an ideal worker

Some managers and professionals are expected to show they are committed to their company by making their work the focus of their lives. This is sometimes referred to as an "overtime culture." As a result, many professionals refrained from making use of the taking family benefits their companies offered for fear of violating this norm. (Text, p.180) The authors of the text used for this PowerPoint hypothesize that men rather than women are judged harshly for taking advantage of family friendly policies. The evidence they cite a study by Cordero (2003) that ask college students to rate their feelings about women and men who make use of family leave policies. " The results showed that fictitious female employees who took a family leave for any reason were not viewed more negatively than employees who did not take family leave." (Text, p.280) But the raters viewed the the fictitious men who took leave "either for the birth of a child or to care for an elderly parent" more negatively. Your text states that, "These findings illustrate how closely peoples' ideas about workers are tied to their conceptions of gender." "Because women [are still] expected to have family caregiving responsibilities, women who take leave are not viewed more negatively than other women."

What changes might employers make to help alleviate the stress that working mothers and fathers experience?

Some of these countries attempt to alleviate these pressures by encouraging women to work part-time.

Fredrick Winslow Taylor 1878

Taylor did not think the workers were working as hard as they were capable of - they were producing only a third of what they could have. He tried to raise their productivity by cutting their wages or even firing them. Some workers responded by sabotaging the machines, and Taylor would in turn fine them But Taylor could never get a handle on the workers and thus concluded that the..... "real barrier to raising productivity was that workers knew far more about production processes than did their supervisors." Text p.83 So he implemented a technique he referred to as scientific management in which managers selected, trained, instructed and supervised workers. Taylor thought of workers as Beasts of Burden. He wanted managers to seek employees that would be willing to work like oxen. Taylor also conducted studies in which managers and engineers would carefully observe workers, "recording every action or step" it took to accomplish the task as well as how long each step took. In this way the manager could discern where time was being wasted.

The growth of nonstandard employment contracts and the 24/7 economy

The US economy is changing which will have an effect on all of our career prospects. Some social commentators note that the US is shifting from a place where companies have permanent long-term ties with workers to a place where companies and institutions have short-term temporary ties with workers. These temporary workers are known as: Contingent workers. The reason why employers seek temporary workers is because they are less likely to have to provide them with expensive benefits.... & they can bring workers in, and let workers go as they please. The 24/7 Economy refers to non-standard schedules. "The growing number of people with non-standard employment contracts, who often work alongside more permanent, core workers, has created the beginnings of a two-tiered labor force. (Text, p.268) In general, people with non-standard contracts / schedules are earn less pay and have fewer opportunities for promotion. People who work in these types of jobs are prone to stress, depression and sleep disorders. The question is: Can non-standard work opportunities help working families? This is sometimes called the "gig economy." Your text states that, "Women with nonstandard employment contracts are only slightly more likely to have children than other women, and such men are less likely to have children than other men. (Text, p.287) And "many of these workers would prefer regular, full-time employment." (Text, p. 287) How might parents achieve a work/family balance? Your text states that this can be achieved by work places that provide "job security, skill development, mobility into jobs that facilitate work-life balance, income stability, flexibility, and predictability, and benefits that support families as well as" the individual workers themselves. (Text, p. 288) The gig economy fails to provide workers with these things. Stephanie Land, author of the book Maid, worked in the "gig" economy. As she states in her book, as a worker, she was easily replaceable. And with the money that she did make, she was hardly able to survive. She often went without food.

The industrial workers of the world / the Wobblies

The Wobblies ultimate goal was to organize all workers whether they had skills or not.They also had a radical set of political goals including the overthrow of capitalism.The Wobblies/IWW were very aggressive while the AFL was more cautious.Despite a few success, the Wobblies/ IWW had a hard time organizing workers because the employers refused to negotiate with it. Despite a few success, the Wobblies/ IWW had a hard time organizing workers because the employers refused to negotiate with it."Federal, state, and local authorities {also} harassed, arrested, and jailed IWW organizers." (Text p.89)Workers also disapproved of its radical philosophy and tactics.Hence the IWW was "virtually eliminated But the labor movement was still able to move forward. Labor Union membership doubled between 1910 and 1920 -- between 2 to 5 million workers.Unions demanded an 8-hour day / 48 hour work week, and half of all workers had this by 1919.But during the 1920s the unions lost ground as a result of employer counter offenses. But labor union membership picked up again during the 1930s/Great Depression as a result of Pro Labor Legislation during Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal

Arlie Hochschild

The book The Second Shift, by Arlie Hochschild, focuses on what happens in the home when both a mother and a father work outside the home for pay. Hochschild says been a in the family revolution in that it is now common for middle class mothers to work in the paid labor force. But this revolution stalled inside the home, as women are still forced to perform all of their traditional housework and child care duties What's more, the American Workplace is inflexible to working mothers and fathers. It is difficult for her to take off child gets sick or needs to take time off for a parent teacher conference. As we saw in our work lectures, employers penalize mothers because they assume that commitment to children will prevent them from being completely dedicated to their jobs.

Work and family

The majority of American Women and Men work full-time & Men and women who are parents are also likely to work for pay. Peoples' primary childbearing years are between the ages of 25-45, and 70% of individuals in this age group are working. As we've learned, for most of the nineteenth century men gradually moved into a paid labor force system and out of joint household production with their wives. As a result, many men no longer had continuous involvement with their families. But by the 1970s, women also began to move into the paid labor force en mass.

Employers provide the workers with carrots

These Carrots were "designed to punish workers who would not cooperate with employers and to reward those who would." (Text, p. 90)"Employers took on the responsibility of providing for the well being of their employees." (Text, p.90)They began to pay the workers wages and provide them with benefits that would help lift them out of poverty. This new was of treating the employees was referred to as "Fordism because the person who initiated the change was Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company. Ford initiated these changes to quell absenteeism and high turn over rates among his workers.Previously, "Companies had relied on the waves of immigrants entering the country to provide a constant flow of workers to their factories and to compensate for the high turnover" among workers. (Text, p.91)But the new laws making it very difficult for people to immigrate dried up this continuing source of cheap labor.So Ford needed to court the workers He wanted to turn workers into allies rather than opponents.He wanted the workers to be able to purchase the low priced cars that they were producing.He established the 8-hour day that the unions were demandingHe increased their pay. In doing Ford also "hoped to undermine "the appeal of the unions. As a result people flocked to his company with the hopes of being hired. People cam from all over the company seeking employment.Some of these people included the blacks who had migrated North in search of work and better living conditions Although Ford instituted a "5 dollar day", but $2.50 of that money came from a profit sharing plan. In order to receive this money, people allowed Ford to "regulate their behavior and activities while not at work ... which include ... submitting to a company investigation where neighbors and family workers were interviewed by Fords Sociological Department." (Text, p.92) Please see your text for greater detail.Ford saw the results of these changes as highly satisfactory with lower absenteeism and higher productivity among workers The workers now had a higher standard of living, but work on the assembly line was still incredibly harsh.Ford sped up his assembly line and fired workers who could not keep pace.He maintained "an unforgiving work rate and draconian work rules." (Text, p.93) For Example no breaks including lunch. No talking or even saying hello.No talking to unions.

Idea of sleep

Women talked about sleep the way a hungry Person talks about food. They were fixated on it. How much can I get by on? 6 hours. 5 hours.

Different kinds of chores

Women's Chores: Fixed and Rigid. As such, mom's become lightening rods for family tension. Men's Chores: Things that can wait

How workers responded to the assembly line

Workers hated the assembly line. They responded with absenteeism and by quitting altogether. In 1913 Ford had a turnover rate of 1000 percent. The work in mass production industries was not only fast-paced and repetitive, but hard and dangerous. In 1914 an estimated 35,000 individuals working in American factories were killed on the job. An estimated 700,000 individuals working in American factories were injured in industrial accidents. Foreman would make use of the "drive system" to get workers to produce as much as they possibly could and the drive method included intimidation and threats of being fired.

Craft unionism

Workers were no much more likely to join labor unions and to strike.There were lots of craft unions for people to join.e.g.Carpenters, butchers, machinists, cigar makers, bricklayers, stonemasons, coal minters, iron molders, window glass makers etcetera.

What U.S. employment trends put stress on families?

Working in a nonstandard contracts/schedules that earn less pay and have fewer opportunities for promotion

What types of work did slave children perform?

children hoed, tended cows, carried water. The girls would have to comb the mistress's hair, lace her corset, stand & fan the mistress.

How did Henry Ford treat his workers?

designed to punish workers who would not cooperate with employers and to reward those who would." "Employers took on the responsibility of providing for the well being of their employees." They began to pay the workers wages and provide them with benefits that would help lift them out of poverty. This new way of treating the employees was referred to as "Fordism because the person who initiated the change was Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company."