PSYCH 120A FINAL

What is a categoery? A. An abstract understanding B. A group of many exemplars C. A single exemplar D. A representation

A group of many exemplars

What best discribes an ad hoc category? A. A group of symbols that represent an entity B. A group of objects that fit together at all times C. A group of objects that fit together based on context D. A group of objects that do not fit together

A group of objects that fit together based on context

Which of the following statements about phonemes is TRUE? a. A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech that can be used to distinguish one utterance from another. b. A phoneme is the smallest unit of meaning within a language c. Which phonemes we can hear is determined at birth d. All languages share the same basic set of phonemes, but combine them in different ways, which is what makes languages unique e. The perception of phonemes can be ambiguous so that, like categories, there are fuzzy boundaries between whether a given sound is one or another phoneme

A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech that can be used to distinguish one utterance from another.

Which is an example of a symbol? A. A smiley face B. A heart C. A poker chip D. A photograph

A poker chip

You need a new radio. Which radio would you buy if you were using the rational decision-making framework? A. A radio that costs $30 when every other radio in that same store is at least $100 B. A radio that is $50 dollars that you have a 50% off coupon C. A radio that costs $30 but you have seen ads about and you know people who bought it D. A radio that costs $10 after you spend $50 at the store

A radio that is $50 dollars that you have a 50% off coupon

Sentences such as, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously," indicate that: A. A sentence can be grammatically correct even if it is meaningless. B. Not all sentences need to have a verb phrase. C. Phonemes are arbitrary and don't contribute to conveying ideas. D. It is possible for a sentence to have an irregular phrase structure. E. The semantic content of a sentence governs its syntactic form.

A sentence can be grammatically correct even if it is meaningless.

You come home to find your house a wreck. Things are torn, furniture overthrown, and stuff missing. You later find a window broken. You conclude your house was robbed. What type of logic would you use to solve this? A. Induction B. Deduction C. Abduction D. Reduction

Abduction

Which of the following best describes induction? A. You were taught that all firetrucks are red, so when you hear one coming, you know it must be red B. After fishing for many years, you always catch fish early in the moring. Therefore, you make sure your next trip is in the morning so you catch some fish C. After reading your textbook chapter on induction, you know how to answer this question D. You have never eaten ambrosia, but it looks very good, so you are compelled to try it

After fishing for many years, you always catch fish early in the moring. Therefore, you make sure your next trip is in the morning so you catch some fish

How does a prototype theorist propose that a person identifies a new object A. After seeing many dogs, a person saves the average looking dog and compares new dogs to them B. A person remembers every single dog ever seen and compares a new dog to every dog they have seen C. A person comes up with a list of features, then from this list creates a prototype dog D. A person will use family resemblance to compare former dogs to the new dog

After seeing many dogs, a person saves the average looking dog and compares new dogs to them

Which of the following is an example of availability heuristic? A. After watching a movie on the Yankees, I name all Yankees when asked to name the best baseball players B. I decide to ride a lime scooter because I used to have a razor scooter and I liked riding the razor scooter C. I walk into a store and see a bike for $2000 when every other bike in that store is $10000, so I buy the bike D. You flipped a coin 50 times, and 50 times it came up heads. You are certain it will come up tails on the 51 flip

After watching a movie on the Yankees, I name all Yankees when asked to name the best baseball players

You are a very analytical person, and you approach each problem systematically. What type of problem-solving approach would you most likely take? A. Algorithm approach B. Insight C. Hill Climbing approach D. Means-end approach

Algorithm approach

You are sleeping then you awake because you are being brutally strangled. You realize it is your own hand strangling you, but you are not trying to strangle yourself. What best describes why you are doing this? A. Extreme depression B. Phantom limb syndrome C. Unconnected behavior D. Alien hand syndrome

Alien hand syndrome

What is a concept? A. An abstract understanding B. A group of many exemplars C. A single exemplar D. A representation

An abstract understanding

Which of these is the best example of a basic level category? a. Tool b. Apple c. Silverware d. Red-wingedblackbird

Apple

You are asked to come up with 12 examples of being assertive and your friend is asked to come up with only 6. After the exersize, your friend feels that she is more assertive than you are. What best explains this? A. Availability bias B. Representativeness bias C. Anchoring bias D. Conjunction Fallacy

Availability bias

Mechs are robots with exoskeletons that are similar to humans but presumably do not have consciousness. Which features are mechs NOT likely to share with humans? A. Awareness of sensory properties like redness, roundness, etc. B. Implicit knowledge of facts or abstract patterns C. Loss of awareness of stimuli in one eye during binocular rivalry D. Fast, stereotyped decisions using so-called 'System 1' judgements

Awareness of sensory properties like redness, roundness, etc. AND Loss of awareness of stimuli in one eye during binocular rivalry

Your friend is really eccentric and smokes a lot of weed. You are asked whether he is an art teacher or a salesman. You say art teacher. What accounts for this assumption? A. Framing effect B. Base rate neglect C. Illusory covariation D. Conjunction fallacy

Base rate neglect

You are told a conclusion that all people will eventually die, as you find this very believable. You take this conclusion as valid when in fact it was part of an invalid argument. What best explains this? A. Mental set B. Syllogisms C. Belief bias D. Confirmation bias

Belief bias

Which simple description matches theories of embodied cognition where the relationship between body and mind are deep? A. Body is a map of the world B. Body is like a tool C. Body is a vehicle D. Body is like an information processing module

Body is like an information processing module

Which of the following is an example of anchoring heuristic? A. After watching a movie on the Yankees, I name all Yankees when asked to name the best baseball players B. I decide to ride a lime scooter because I used to have a razor scooter and I liked riding the razor scooter C. I walk into a store and see a bike for $2000 when every other bike in that store is $10000, so I buy the bike D. You flipped a coin 50 times, and 50 times it came up heads. You are certain it will come up tails on the 51 flip

C. I walk into a store and see a bike for $2000 when every other bike in that store is $10000, so I buy the bike

You are working as a waitress in a cocktail bar, and a man walks in. He has a NYC t-shirt on, you you focus on it, since you don't see too many. As you focus on it and read the words, everything else comes out of focus, and you still choose to look at the shirt. What best describes this scenario? A. Phonological loop B. Visuo-spatial buffer C. Episodic buffer D. Central executive

Central executive

What best describes the dual code hypothesis? A. You are able to simultaneously encode a memory into short term and long term memory B. Certain processes uses different faculties, such as spatial and verbal C. You encode every memory into semantic and episodic memory D. The way you encode something is the same path you must take to retrieve it

Certain processes uses different faculties, such as spatial and verbal

You have the option to go on vacation to Alaska, which you wanted to do, in addition to Texas, which is not as appealing to you. You are going to pick Alaska, but before you do, you are offered 8 more trips. You are now less likely to pick the Alaska trip. What explains this? A. Sunk cost fallacy B. Choice paralysis C. Choice fallacy D. Availability heuristic

Choice paralysis

What best describes embodied cognition? A. Cognitive processes are wholly independent of the body. B. Cognition is highly influenced by the body, but is separate. C. Cognitive structures of the mind are deeply a representation of the body. D. Cognition and the body are the same thing

Cognition is highly influenced by the body, but is separate.

What best describes convergent thinking A. Working to find many open ended solutions B. Concentrating to find the one desired goal C. Repeating something until it is in memory D. Subconsciously acting out

Concentrating to find the one desired goal

You believe all rainbows do have an end. You see many pictures where you can kind of make out where the rainbow touches the ground, so you use this a "proof" rainbows have an end. What are you using? A. Mental set B. Syllogisms C. Belief bias D. Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias

Your neighbor was in the marines and drives a pickup truck. You are asked to rate many things based on the probability that it is true, and you rate the probability that he is a firefighter that supports the Tea Party as higher than being a fireman. What best describes this. A. Framing effect B. Base rate neglect C. Illusory covariation D. Conjunction fallacy

Conjunction fallacy

What are the differences between connected and unconnected processes? A. Connected deals with perceptual and unconnected deals with abstract thought B. Connected deals with consciousness and unconnected deals with unconsciousness C. Connected deals with behavior and unconnected deals with mood D. Connected deals with the present and unconnected deals with the past of future

Connected deals with consciousness and unconnected deals with unconsciousness

Your friend is a book worm and can recite any event and year you can possibly think to ask him. However, he is terrible at finding number patterns. What type of intelligence does your friend have? A. Crystalline Intelligence B. Fluid Intelligence C. General Intelligence D. Emotional Intelligence

Crystalline Intelligence

Meaning can be implied based on word use and context. Which level of vocabulary best encompasses this? A. Prosody B. Discourse C. Morphemes D. Syntax

Discourse

If you want to win the Freestyle Dough Toss Contest at the International Pizza Expo next year, how should you do it? a. You can't - your parents are not expert pizza dough tossers, so you cannot be one b. Read a lot of books about pizza dough tossing c. Engage in many hours of deliberate practice d. Take some anabolic steroids

Engage in many hours of deliberate practice

All your working memory is held in a multidimensional representation. What is doing that. A. Phonological loop B. Visuo-spatial buffer C. Episodic buffer D. Central executive

Episodic buffer

If a conclusion is true, the argument that led to it must be valid. a. True b. False

False

What term is a way to relate categorical members that do not all share the same features? A. Look-a-like theory B. Significant features C. Family resemblance D. Defining feature

Family resemblance

You are really good at figuring out problems when you are camping, however, you have never been able to pass history class. What type of intelligence do you have? A. Crystalline Intelligence B. Fluid Intelligence C. General Intelligence D. Emotional Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence

What best describes intelligence as you age? A. Fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence both increase over time B. Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence both decrease over time C. Fluid intelligence increases and crystalized intelligence decreases D. Fluid intelligence decreases and crystalized intelligence increases

Fluid intelligence decreases and crystalized intelligence increases

You are more likely to register for classes on time if there is a $100 late fee as opposed to if there is a $100 discount for registering on time. What best describes this? A. Framing effect B. Base rate neglect C. Illusory covariation D. Conjunction fallacy

Framing effect

One of your friends is arguing that experts are born, and you are born with your skill. Your other friend argues that anyone can be an expert so long as they practice for a long time at it. Which friend do you agree with? A. Friend one because genetic studies have demonstrated it is nature not nurture B. Friend one because only certain people can become an expert C. Friend two because so long as you perform dedicated practice, you can be one D. Friend two because is not using an availability heuristic like friend one is

Friend two because so long as you perform dedicated practice, you can be one

Even though Evan has heard his professor and TA tell him over and over again that testing yourself can be a learning event, he still thinks that testing can only serve to evaluate what he knows. What is Evan demonstrating? a. Functional fixedness b. Base rate neglect c. Testing effect d. Anchoring

Functional fixedness

You keep looking at the bike chain you have in your dorm.you cant see that it could also be used as a paperweight. What best describes this? A. Insight B. Mental set C. Functional fixedness D. Mental limits

Functional fixedness

It was starting to rain and Marcus did not have an umbrella or a hat. To keep dry, he held his psychology textbook over his head. In this case, Marcus: A. Has made use of the representativeness heuristic. B. Used a mental set. C. Has managed to overcome functional fixedness. D. Used reproductive thinking to restructure the problem. E. Has fallen prey to a logical fallacy.

Has managed to overcome functional fixedness.

Your father uses utilitarianism. What is he most likely to recommend you do? A. He will tell you to do what is easiest B. He will tell you to do the most direct thing C. He will tell you to do what has the most positive outcome D. He will tell you to do what you think of on your own

He will tell you to do what has the most positive outcome

I want to fix my car, so I start fixing every little thing I see as soon as I see it without looking at the whole picture first. What problem-solving approach best represents this? A. Algorithm approach B. Insight C. Hill Climbing approach D. Means-end approach

Hill Climbing approach

Which of the following is an example of the representative heuristic? A. After watching a movie on the Yankees, I name all Yankees when asked to name the best baseball players B. I decide to ride a lime scooter because I used to have a razor scooter and I liked riding the razor scooter C. I walk into a store and see a bike for $2000 when every other bike in that store is $10000, so I buy the bike D. You flipped a coin 50 times, and 50 times it came up heads. You are certain it will come up tails on the 51 flip

I decide to ride a lime scooter because I used to have a razor scooter and I liked riding the razor scooter

Your teacher asks you to solve two problems: figure out a healthy diet and find directions to the supermarket to pick up food. You can only definitively solve one. What types of problems are these? A. Well formed and ill formed respectively B. Ill formed and well formed respectively C. Formal and informal respectively D. Informal and formal respectively

Ill formed and well formed respectively

You find that everyone who wears nice clothes to class tends to do better overall in class as compared to students who dress shabbily. You conclude dressing nice makes you perform better in class. What describes this scenario? A. Framing effect B. Base rate neglect C. Illusory covariation D. Conjunction fallacy

Illusory covariation

If you have already taken 100B, you have likely already heard that there tend to be more murders when people consume more ice cream. This is explained by the fact that both of these things tend to occur more frequently in the summer. This is an example of: A. Inductive reasoning. B. The gambler's fallacy. C. A framing effect. D. Base rate neglect. E. Illusory covariation.

Illusory covariation.

You go to work and are able to build a bike very quickly. You take a sabbatical to go open a brothel, and when you return to bike making, you pick it up again really quick. What type of learning did you present? A. Explicit B. Episodic C. Semantic D. Implicit

Implicit

You walk to class everyday taking the same route. Some day, a friend asks how to get to the Morgan Center. You have never gone, but you know the campus so well that you can give him directions. What type of learning did you do? A. Incidental learning B. Intentional learning C. Cohabitant learning D. Relearning

Incidental learning

You go to a new planet, Zurg. All of the creatures you encounter wear top hats and striped pink bowties. You conclude that on planet Zurg, every living think wears top hats and striped pink bowties. How did you reach this conclusion? a. Abduction b. Deduction c. Induction d. Analogy

Induction

What best describes the modal model of memory? A. Certain aspects of memory do certain things, and the faculties do not interact. B. Input goes through sensory to short term then long term memory C. Things that can be remembered must be emotionally charged D. Memory is complex, and you must repeatedly rehearse to get a memory encoded

Input goes through sensory to short term then long term memory

You are trying to figure out how to fit every thing in your car to go back home when suddenly, you realize you can put the seats down to fit more stuff. You start to feel warmth because you are close to a solution. What problem-solving approach best represents this? A. Algorithm approach B. Insight C. Hill Climbing approach D. Means-end approach

Insight

In class, what was the game example used to illustrate? A. Categories can be easily defined B. The is always a set number of features a category can have C. A category can also be a concept D. It can be hard to define what a category is

It can be hard to define what a category is

What is true about basic level categories? A. They are not used in everyday speech B. They tend to be more general C. It has its own word D. None of the above

It has its own word

Juan thinks that planes are more dangerous than cars. What does the availability heuristic tell us about Juan? a. Juan probably has a fear of flying b. Juan has probably heard vivid news stories about plane crashes c. Juan's family members are probably afraid of planes d. Juan has never been in a car accident

Juan has probably heard vivid news stories about plane crashes

What does displacement refer to in terms of language? A. Language can be used to express things that are not immediately present in time or space B. Words have the ability to take the place of real events and convey that meaning to other people C. Words can be used to consolidate many things into few, short ideas D. Only certain words can be used to demonstrate a thing or an action

Language can be used to express things that are not immediately present in time or space

Your friend grew up an Eskimo and thought about snow often since there are many Eskimo words for snow. You grew up American, and since there is no word for the day after tomorrow, you are not able to think about it. What are the best ways to describe what has happened to your friend and you? A. Availability Heuristic and Representativeness Heuristic B. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Theory Theory C. Language relativity and Language determinism D. Language determinism and Language relativity

Language relativity and Language determinism

Your friend grew up an Eskimo and thought about snow often since there are many Eskimo words for snow. You grew up American, and since there is no word for the day after tomorrow, you are not able to think about it. What are the best ways to describe what has happened to your friend and you? A. Availability Heuristic and Representativeness Heuristic B. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Theory Theory C. Language relativity and Language determinism D. Prosody and Syntax

Language relativity and Language determinism

Which best describes how information is stored in Long Term Memory? A. Once a memory is consolidated, it remains so indefinitely B. Long term memory has limited capacity and over time, new information pushes out the old C. Long term memory is stored for a long time, but eventually, after about 50 years it will be lost D. Every 10 years, your long term memories have been completely replaced by new ones

Long term memory is stored for a long time, but eventually, after about 50 years it will be lost

You found the answer sheet before taking the final, and you want to remember the answer to question 13. You keep repeating the answer over and over without thinking about its meaning. What type of rehearsal are you doing? A. Maintenance rehearsal B. Relational rehearsal C. Rational rehearsal D. Quantitative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal

You are at the zoo and you see a big black and white striped creature in the African savannah exhibit that has a shape similar to a horse. Which of the following describes the creature at a SUPERORDINATE level? a. Zebra b. The species, Plains zebra c. Joe, the creature's name d. Mammal e. Horse

Mammal

Which of the following is not an aspect of prosody? A. Tone B. Stress C. Rhythm D. Meaning

Meaning

You need to write a paper, but you haven't started because you have better things to do with your life than write about some stupid psych theory some old man spent his whole life on. You decide to start with the body, then after you work on the intro, conclusion, then the citations. What problem-solving approach best represents this? A. Algorithm approach B. Insight C. Hill Climbing approach D. Means-end approach

Means-end approach

What neurological evidence gives proof that memory is constructive? A. Memories cannot occur in a person who does not have a hippocampus B. Memories activate the same brain regions as imagination C. Patents with a split brain (Corpus collosum severed) can not relive events D. Memories activate every brain region when seen by an fMRI scan

Memories activate the same brain regions as imagination

What type of relationship best discribes how memories are lost by the memory decay hypothesis? A. Memories are lost linearly, the more time that passes leads to the more memories lost B. There is a critical point of time, Memories remain, then after a time start to decay rapidly C. Memories start to decay rapidly, then after about 1 day, the decay plateaus out. D. Memories do not decay as long as they are encoded properly

Memories start to decay rapidly, then after about 1 day, the decay plateaus out.

After taking the 120A final, you do not study cognitive psychology ever again. A year later, your friend asks you what consciousness is, however, you cannot remember, no matter how hard you try. What theory of forgetting best describes this. A. Memory decay hypothesis B. Proactive interference theory C. Retroactive interference theory D. Retrieval failure theory

Memory decay hypothesis

What can be said about the differences in intelligence between men and women? A. Men have an overall higher level of intelligence B. Women are better at spatial tasks and men are better at verbal tasks C. Men are better at spatial tasks, and women are better at verbal tasks D. There are no differences in intelligence between men and women

Men are better at spatial tasks, and women are better at verbal tasks

What term best represents the constraints and assumptions you place on a problem? A. Insight B. Mental set C. Functional fixedness D. Mental limits

Mental set

We looked at a problem where you had to connect 9 dots with 4 lines. Most students tried to draw straight lines connecting the dots along horizontals, verticals, and diagonals. Why? A. Inductive reasoning: this was a strategy that has worked in the past. B. Representativeness heuristic: most problems with dots are solved this way. C. Mental sets: we start off some assumptions about restrictions and rules and become fixed in our approach to solving the problem. D. Framing effect: the problem was framed in a way that encouraged a particular solution. E. Means-end heuristic: we draw lines that connected the most dots first.

Mental sets: we start off some assumptions about restrictions and rules and become fixed in our approach to solving the problem.

When watching a film about traffic safety, you 'remember" the car going faster or slower depending on what word was used in the question (i.e. drove, raced, careened, went). This is due to what effect A. False memory effect B. Planted memory effect C. Misinformation effect D. Semantic vs Episodic memory effect

Misinformation effect

Which of the following is not a characteristic of long term memory? A. Must include a second person B. Self-centered C. Sense of time D. Imagistic

Must include a second person

Which of the following correctly illustrates 2 morphemes? A. Parachuted B. Relate C. Launch D. Reapplied

Parachuted

What lists the lists the analysis of language structure from smallest to largest? A. Semantics, Phonemes, Morphemes, Parsing, Syntax, Discourse B. Phonemes, Morphemes, Syntax, Parsing, Semantics, Discourse C. Syntax, Semantics, Phonemes, Morphemes, Parsing, Discourse D. Morphemes, Phonemes, Parsing, Syntax, Semantics, Discourse

Phonemes, Morphemes, Syntax, Parsing, Semantics, Discourse

You were told directions to this girl's apartment when you met in a bar. You don't have your phone, and don't want to forget. You keep repeating what she said over and over. What are you using? A. Phonological loop B. Visuo-spatial buffer C. Episodic buffer D. Central executive

Phonological loop

Your uncle tells you about the time you tried to drive his car and accidentally crashed into the garage when you were very young. Even though this never happened, after hearing it many times you start to "remember" this. What effect is this due to? A. False memory effect B. Planted memory effect C. Misinformation effect D. Semantic vs Episodic memory effect

Planted memory effect

Suppose you tell me something that happened to you today. If I want to agree with something you said, I might say "Yeah. Right." with a pause between the two words. If I wanted to call into doubt something you said, I might instead say "Yeah right...". What aspect of language allows me to convey two different meanings with the same words? A. Pragmatics B. Prosody C. Semantics D. Levels of processing E. The generative feature of languages

Prosody

What is a single conscious perception? A. Stream of conscious B. Qualia C. Unified process D. Causal power

Qualia

Which of the following is not an example of a false memory A. Incorrectly saying the word 'book' was part of a list of words containing school vocabulary B. Remembering going to the lake with your brother and grandmother, but neither was alive at the same time C. "Seeing" a tiger at the zoo, when there was no tiger present D. Remembering the answers to a test only after leaving the testing room

Remembering the answers to a test only after leaving the testing room

During your final, you got stuck on one question. You remember you studied that exact concept many times, but you just could not remember the answer during the test. After the test, you go out with friends, and suddenly you remember what the answer was. What explains why you could not remember this during the test? A. Memory decay hypothesis B. Proactive interference theory C. Retroactive interference theory D. Retrieval failure theory

Retrieval failure theory

Tip of the Tounge (TOT) phenomenon supports which theory of forgetting? A. Memory decay hypothesis B. Proactive interference theory C. Retroactive interference theory D. Retrieval failure theory

Retrieval failure theory

Homer Simpson once said, "And how is education supposed to make me feel smarter? Besides, every time I learn something new, it pushes some old stuff out of my brain. Remember when I took that home wine-making course and I forgot how to drive?" What is Homer referring to in the underlined sentence? a. Proactive interference b. Retroactive interference c. Memory decay d. State dependent learning

Retroactive interference

Which of the following goals is achievable with the hill-climbing strategy? a. Running 100m on a track b. Winning tic-tac-toe c. Passing 120A d. Eating a healthy diet

Running 100m on a track

You only know the common words for colors. Scientists invent a new color you have never seen before. Currently, there is no word for that color, and you have a hard time thinking about that color. What best explains this? A. Theory theory B. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis C. Prospect theory D. Availability heuristic

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which term refers to the meaning of the words in conversation? A. Syntax B. Prosody C. Semantics D. Morphemes

Semantics

What does it mean that language is structure dependant? A. Only certain words can mean certain things B. Sentences are subject to certain syntax rules C. Words can be combined in infinite ways so that structure creates infinite meaning D. Letters can only be written a certain way, or else meaning can be lost

Sentences are subject to certain syntax rules

Why might you remember where you were and what you were doing when you were accepted into UCLA, but not what you had for dinner 2 nights ago? A. Since getting into UCLA was a huge emotional event, it became a flashbulb memory and you remembered it better B. Since what you had for dinner is part of a routine, it became a flashbulb memory, and your mind blanked it out. C. Since getting into UCLA happened prior to dinner, it had more time to grow into a flashbulb memory D. Since getting into UCLA was a self-centered event, it became a flashbulb memory

Since getting into UCLA was a huge emotional event, it became a flashbulb memory and you remembered it better

What plays a large role in memory consolidation? A. Testing B. Repetition C. Sleep D. Meaningful processing

Sleep

According to prospect theory, what are you more likley to value? A. Large gains and large losses B. Smaller gains, and all loses C. Only large losses D. Things that belong to yourself

Smaller gains, and all loses

In general, which person is most likely to have the highest general fluid intelligence? A. Someone who can name every single state and country capital B. Someone who is able to speak many languages C. Someone who is able to relearn a task quickly D. Someone who can remember a list of 20 words while doing math

Someone who can remember a list of 20 words while doing math

Dr. Zalost is comparing the ability of Spanish speakers and English speakers to memorize pairs of words. Each word pair contains a word and a name (e.g., beans-Nicholas for English speakers, frijoles-Nicolás for Spanish speakers). Dr. Zalost varied whether the grammatical gender of the Spanish words matched the gender of the name it was paired with. Based on your knowledge of linguistic relativity, what did he most likely find? a. English speakers and Spanish speakers remembered more words when the gender of the word matched the gender of the paired name, and fewer words when there was a mismatch b. Spanish speakers remembered more words when the gender of the word matched the gender of the paired name, and fewer words when there was a mismatch c. Spanish speakers were not able to remember any words when there was a mismatch in gender of the word and the paired name d. English speakers remembered more words overall

Spanish speakers remembered more words when the gender of the word matched the gender of the paired name, and fewer words when there was a mismatch

Given that the retroactive interference theory is true, what is the best way to study for your final? A. Study then go to sleep right after studying B. Wake up and study first thing in the morning C. Study in the same place you will take your test D. Eliminate all distractions while studying

Study then go to sleep right after studying

You bring your children to Disneyworld and spent a lot of nonrefundable money on the week. You get there and find out it is going to pour all week. You make your children go to the park anyway because you have already paid for the week, so they are going to enjoy it. What best describes your actions? A. Framing effect B. Base rate neglect C. Sunk cost fallacy D. Conjunction fallacy

Sunk cost fallacy

Broca's aphasia is characterized by halting speech and disordered syntax (agrammatical), but comprehension remains intact. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by the production of nonsense, but grammatically correct sentences. What does this double dissociation reveal about language? a. Like in visual perception, there are dorsal and ventral processing streams for different aspects of language. b. Syntax (production) and semantics (comprehension) might be represented/processed separately in the brain. c. Concepts are stored in a local manner (concentrated in one brain area). d. Concepts are stored in a distributed manner (spread out across different regions of the brain). e. None of the above.

Syntax (production) and semantics (comprehension) might be represented/processed separately in the brain.

You go to your grandmother's house, and it smells like old people, and you immediately think you are going to hate being there. What system best describes this interaction. A. System 1 B. System 2 C. Both System 1 and 2 D. Neither, it was an unconscious thought

System 1

You are taking the 120A final, and you get stuck on a problem. You really think through what you were taught in lecture and what you studies, and you are able to reason your way to an answer. What system of thinking did you use. A. System 1 B. System 2 C. Neither, it was conscious thought D. Neither, it was unconscious thought

System 2

Which of the following could not be a Garden path sentence? A. Put the apple on the towel in the box B. I ran past the man holding the rope C. Teacher strikes her idle kids D. Juvenile court tries shooting defendant

Teacher strikes her idle kids

Phonemes are composed of: A. Different syllabls that make up a word B. The individual sounds that can be made C. Root words without added moderators (-ed, -er, re-, un-, ...) D. The connections between words

The individual sounds that can be made

Where are objects that are most common in a category hierarchy? A. The top B. The middle C. The bottom D. Not on the hierarchy

The middle

What is a sufficient feature? A. One of the many features needed to identify a category B. The single feature needed to identify a category C. A feature a member of a category can have D. A way to identify a concept

The single feature needed to identify a category

Which of the following statements is TRUE about sentences? a. Syntax is unambiguous and determines meaning b. Garden path sentences demonstrate that we follow one interpretational path to arrive at the correct meaning of a sentence c. Sentence meanings are determined solely by the morphemes and syntactic structure d. The way we pronounce a sentence can alter its meaning e. If a sentence is syntactically correct, it must be meaningful

The way we pronounce a sentence can alter its meaning

You know that cars fit together in a category because of your causal belief. It makes sense to you. What categorization theory best explains this? A. Theory Theory B. Classical Theory C. Prototype theory D. Exemplar theory

Theory Theory

What is special about flashbulb memories A. They are emotionally charged, so they are factually correct memories B. Your brain can only produce a certain amount of these C. This is another term for semantic memories D. They are emotionally charged, so they are very vividly remembered

They are emotionally charged, so they are very vividly remembered

You tell your 6 year old cousin that flounder breathe underwater and that whales need to breathe above water. What is your cousin most likely to say about how tuna breathe? A. They breathe underwater because he uses perceptual similarity B. They breathe underwater because he uses categorical similarity C. They breathe above water because he uses perceptual similarity D. They breathe above water because he uses categorical similarity

They breathe underwater because he uses categorical similarity

A nessicary feature for a UCLA professor is having a PhD. You meet someone with a PhD. What does this mean? A. They must be a UCLA professor B. They could be a UCLA professor C. They are not a UCLA professor D. You need more information about this person

They could be a UCLA professor

You are trying to memorize some Spanish-English word pairs for a vocabulary test. Every time you study, you look at the Spanish word and try to retrieve its translation in English. On the test, you are given the English word and need to retrieve the Spanish translation. Which of the following phenomena is the best explanation for why this may be difficult for you? a. Context-dependent learning b. Transfer appropriate processing c. Recognition is often easier than recall d. Proactive interference

Transfer appropriate processing

You are trying to memorize your friend's phone number. Which of the following strategies is most likely to lead to long term retention? a. Make the phone number the background on your phone so that you see it every time you look at your phone b. Repeat the phone number to yourself by chunking the phone number into three sections: (xxx) xxx-xxxx c. Try to recall the phone number several times during the day d. Drink some alcohol, and try to learn the phone number

Try to recall the phone number several times during the day

You driving through New York City, and you see Central Park for the first time. You notice the fountain and the horse carriages in front of it, and the statue to the right, and the trees all around. You keep driving, but that was so beautiful, you keep seeing that image in your mind. What aspect of working memory are you using? A. Phonological loop B. Visuo-spatial buffer C. Episodic buffer D. Central executive

Visuo-spatial buffer

In which scenario would deduction be least to be useful? A. Waking up with amnesia on an alien planet B. Taking a math final C. Working as a repairman D. Uncovering a long lost physics text while trying to preform experiments

Waking up with amnesia on an alien planet

In which of the following scenarios would you use a subordinate label for a category member? a. When making across category discriminations b. When making within category discriminations c. When making within instance discriminations d. When making between category discriminations

When making within category discriminations

What best describes the symbolic aspect of human language A. It is unique to humans, therefore it is one thing that represents the human race B. All words stem some meaning from a single "Universal Grammar" that is biological C. Words can be combined in an infinit ammount of sequences to symbolize anything D. Words are arbitrary, and their meaning has been assigned

Words are arbitrary, and their meaning has been assigned

How does generativity contribute to language? A. Meaning can be easily derived from sentences B. Words can be combined in theoretical infinite sequences for infinite meanings C. It limits the number of ideas that can be expressed to what there are words for D. It allows for the creation of new words whenever there is a deficiency in language

Words can be combined in theoretical infinite sequences for infinite meanings

According to the proactive interference theory, why might you not remember a conversation you had with your friend at lunch? A. You were listening to music at the same time so your encoding was interfered with B. You had a chemistry review session right before lunch C. After lunch, you had an art history lecture D. You were not familiar with the cafe, and the change in context prohibited your remembering

You had a chemistry review session right before lunch

What is the McGurk Effect? A. After being told you will hear a word, you will hear that word even if that is not the word B. When reading sentences, prior sentences can effect the interpretation of newer sentences C. Words that have multiple meanings tend to be annunciated differently depending on the meaning D. You hear a different word from the same audio when a person mouths different words

You hear a different word from the same audio when a person mouths different words

What are the benefits of "cramming?" A. A sudden concentrated study period allows the mind to consolidate information into long term memory B. There are no benefits to cramming C. You will retain the information for a short time, but not a long time D. Cramming right before sleeping helps to create better memory consolidation

You will retain the information for a short time, but not a long time

You have red slashes presented in one eye, and blue slashes presented in the other way perpendicular to the red slashes. What image will your brain see? A. Your brain will see both images in the brain at the same time B. Your brain will combine the images to get purple X's C. Your brain will see one than the other, and they will rotate back and forth D. Your brain will see no image since they are different images

Your brain will see one than the other, and they will rotate back and forth

You and your French friend are asked to remember lists of word-name pairs. What best describes the likely outcome of remembered pairs? A. You will remember the words better since you are a male B. Your friend will remember the words better since French uses gendered nouns C. You will do better with words paired with male names since you are a male D. Your friend will do better with nouns that are paired with the correct gendered names

Your friend will do better with nouns that are paired with the correct gendered names

The most likely cause of the recency effect is that items presented ______ in a list are ______. A. first; rehearsed more frequently B. first; transferred into long-term memory C. last; transferred into long-term memory D. first; rehearsed less frequently E. last; still in short-term memory

last; still in short-term memory

Participants viewed a series of slides depicting an automobile accident. Immediately afterward, half of the participants were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" The other participants were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" One week later, all participants were asked more questions about the slides, including whether they had seen any broken glass in the slides. A comparison of the two groups of participants is likely to show that: A. the minor contrast in how the groups were questioned had no effect on participants' memories. B. how the groups were questioned had little effect on the accuracy of participants' memories, but participants who were asked the "smashed" had higher confidence in their recollection of the event. C. participants who were asked the "smashed" question gave higher estimates of speed and were more likely to remember seeing broken glass. D. groups gave similar estimates of speed, but the "smashed" group was more likely to remember seeing broken glass. E. participants who were asked the "smashed" question gave higher estimates of speed, but the groups gave similar responses to the "broken glass" question.

participants who were asked the "smashed" question gave higher estimates of speed and were more likely to remember seeing broken glass.

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest"—all words concerning the topic of sleep. However, the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants A. do not recall that they heard the word "sleep" on the original list, unless they are explicitly warned to be careful. B. recall the word "sleep" being on the list C. are less confident in their recognition of "sleep" than in their recognition of words actually on the list. D. are likely to say "sleep" was on the list in a recognition test but not during a recall test.

recall the word "sleep" being on the list

When your essays get graded, the grader may be biased to rate them more positively if they are written with an elaborate font, have many long words, and quote from the Oxford English dictionary. This is an example of: A. fluency effects: things that are easier to process tend to be judged more positively. B. framing effects: content framed in a good font and style are rated better. C. the representativeness heuristic: essays that have received good grades in the past tend to have those qualities. D. utility theory: the easier it is to read, the greater its expected value (grade). E. prospect theory: good style often corresponds to the prospect of a good paper.

the representativeness heuristic: essays that have received good grades in the past tend to have those qualities.