Psych 128 Exam 2

Source Monitoring

Who and where you heard something

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that -short-term memory consists of a number of components. -working memory has unlimited capacity. -working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. -short-term memory has unlimited capacity.

Working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. -36 -12 -65 -82

82

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect -Korsakoff's syndrome. -a failure of memory consolidation. -disrupted long-term potentiation. -temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.

A failure of memory consolidation

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? -PAIR -REAR -APPLE -BEAR

APPLE

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

An inability to form new long-term memories

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. -implicit memory during learning -imagery -an organizational context during learning -deep processing during retrieval

An organizational context during learning

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying -the central executive. -the visuospatial sketch pad. -articulatory suppression. -echoic memory.

Articulatory suppression

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as -L -I -R -C

C

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that -experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. -knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. -chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. -expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM. -automatic -iconic -coding -control

Control

Lexical decision

Deciding if something is a word (Y/N) Implicit Task

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT -failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. -source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. -inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. -increased confidence due to postevent questioning.

Failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory? -I was talking to that girl just before class. -I just sat down. -I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago. -I was talking to that boy three months ago.

I was talking to that girl just before class

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? -BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY -SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG -PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN -MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they -are performed without conscious awareness. -do not require attention. -may differ from one task to another. -are difficult to modify.

May differ from one task to another

What factors lead to more and less false memories

More: - Children and older adults - People with higher levels of visual imagery Less: -People with higher levels of source monitoring

What is the correct order of Levels of Processing from shallowest to deepest?

Orthographic (spelling), Phonological (sound), Semantic, Self-Reference

___ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence - Observer perspective -Prospective memory -Automatic narrative -Pragmatic inference

Pragmatic Inference

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. -amygdala -occipital lobe -prefrontal cortex -hippocampus

Prefrontal cortex

Which is a type of Implicit memory? -Procedural -Semantic -Episodic -Autobiographical

Procedural

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of -remote procedural memories. -remote, episodic memories. -state-dependent memories. -remote, semantic memories.

Remote, episodic memories

The misinformation effect can be explained by -proactive interference. -repeated familiarity effects. -retroactive interference. -schematic biases.

Retroactive Interference

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus. -appearance -modality -sound -meaning

Sound

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? -The central executive and long-term memory -The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad -The central executive and the phonological loop -The phonological loop and long-term memory

The central executive and long-term memory

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? -The propaganda effect -Encoding specificity -The self-reference effect -Release from proactive inhibition

The propaganda effect