Psych 156

Amygdala

"Basic emotions" - evaluates sensory information for emotional significance Part of limbic system (localization in amygdala) - receives info directly from thalamus Primary appraisal = valence = goodness/badness [Turhan Canli] When shown pictures of pos (ice cream) and neg (guns/ gore)... memory for the negative slides correlated w/ activation in the amygdala Depressives tend to have elevated activation in amygdala(davidson) depressive suffering from bipolar have enlarged amygdala LeDoux's hypothesis: classical conditioning automatic evaluation of events in relation to goals- assigning emotional significance to events incre activation when shown sad film clips or erotic or unpleasant tastes or odors

Chromosomes, DNA, Genes

-23 Pairs of Chromosomes containing genes making up DNA, 25,000 genes that help build humans physiologically and anatomically. Genes are not passed on but they reproduce themselves and our bodies are the means of passing the genes on as genes copy, recombine, and even mutate. The selfish gene- being altruistic, Take away: emotion (like fear) helps protect our genes and allow genes to be passed on. the genes are selfish and we are the bodies for the genes. the genes use us to reproduce

HPA Axis

-In the neuroendocrine system which releases hormones into the body -activation results in the release of cortisol -Stressful events activate the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which sends electrochemical signals to the anterior pituitary which produces adren0-corticcotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal glands that are on top of the kidneys to release the stress hormone cortisol into the bloodstream -cortisol activates glucose production → increase heart rate and blood pressure → blood goes to muscles for flight or flight response -triggered when pple feel their social identity threatened → fear, anger, anxiety -helps us respond to immediate threats or probems

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

-Release immunological cells and helps produce an inflammatory response that fights bacterium and viruses -Also send signals to brain that trigger "sickness behavior" sleepiness, withdrawal → many of the sickness submissive behaviors are exhibited in other animals -Study: Ps have to give a speech and in front of them are two audience members giving shameful rejecting facial expressions → being judged in a critical rejecting fashion= led to increase in cytokine system, cytokine system related to emotions of feeling threatened submissive self

Directed Facial Action Task (Ekman & Freinsen)

-coding of facial muscles, moving of facial muscles changes how we feel! -Forrow brow= heart rate increases and blood pressure rises -Have PS. Follow direction to produce a certain emotion -Facial activity --> autonomic response -PS told to put their face into a particular facial position then asked how they feel RESULTS: show that there ALL emotions show elevated sympathetic response and negative emotions involve increased sympathetic arousal, positive involve reduced arousal ex: increase in heart rate for fear anger, galvanic skin response finger temp. greater for fear and disgust than for anger and sadness, different arousals for different emotions

Laughter

-contraction of muscles around the eyes and making vocally distinct sounds -varieties of laughter reflecting tension, anxiety, anger, sarcasm, embarrassment, sexual desire, signal they are listening, empty noise to fill a room -women: voiced laughs more attractive -men: snorts, grunts -preceded language.

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

-emotions are adaptations to problems or opportunities that are specific to the environment -a description of the environment to which human emotions became adapted as our species evolved during the 6 million yrs since the human line branched from chimps and bonobos -selective advantage to human's flexibility and versatility -history of chimps: patterns of interaction -Infer from primates, hunter-gatherer, archeological record -Vulnerable Offspring -Flattening hierarchies -Rise in alliances, symbolic communication -Serial Monogamy -Collective action/cooperation -Food sharing, alloparenting

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

-physiological signal used to make a decision. if you dont feel the fear of risking money- - patients with damaged ventromedial frontal cortex they lack access to emotion related bodily reponses or symbolic representations of such reactions à somatic markers guide an individual in making judgments and decisions -Emotion related somatic markers help us avoid risky activities, -Decision making suffers with frontal lobe damage, judgment and ability to read emotional stimuli affected STUDY: people with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex show little bodily response to emotional stimuli yes show to to events that would not normally elicit emotional response -Showed participants ecovative slides like nudes or scenes of mutilation -Iowa gambling task: this damage showed inability to stay away from high risk gambles showed no sympathetic system response (skin conduction) to the risky decks and continued to choose the disadvantageous deck even they they consciously knew it was the wrong choice

Cannon Critique of James (physiological response)

1. Bodily responses are produced by the brain à many emotions contain the same general activation of the sympathetic nervous system ex: Arousal response: includes release of hormone adrenaline à shift in body to fight or flight or sexual behavior Autonomic Specificity: responses of autonomic system à changes in the body do not carry ENOUGH info to account for emotional distinctions 2. Autonomic Responses are too Slow: takes 15-30 seconds after perceived stimulus à peoples emotional responses can occur much faster ex: blush very quick! 3. main actions of autonomic nervous system that are related to emotion actually occur in a lot of other states such as the fever ex: love and fever same autonomic response 4. Sensitivity to change in Autonomic system refined enough to distinguish emotion? -Can we really be that attuned to changes in blood flow, vasoconstriction etc.?

Markers of Emotional Expression (Frank)

1. Expression of emotion tends to last only a few seconds, real smile longer 10s than a fake smile 2. Involve involuntary muscles actions that people cannot deliberately produce, anger muscles tighten around the face -actions that accompany emotional expression have a neuroanatomical basis 3. Darwin emotions have parallels with other species

Critques to Universality (Ekman's study)

1. Free response critique: critiques of universality → label expression with terms the researcher provided → freely label would they use diff emotions? 2. Ecological validity: expressions in Ekmans studies have highly stylized and exaggerated emotions often made by actors → Do everyday expressions look like this? Response:**Some evidence shows that people are actually better at depicting emotion from real life video clips rather than these exaggerated images** Embarrassment as appeasement: Keltner/ Darwin -Darwin embarrassment and the blush, embarrassment shame and pride similar expression 1. gave aversion, 2. Head moves downward= reduce size of body, 3. Submissiveness, 4. Embarrassed smile, 5. Face touch à lots of these seen in various species! -showing embarrassment makes people more willing to forgive you because you show signs that you want to reconcile -people from small hindu temple in india could identify static images of embarrassment -non human primates show it through touching their faces to cover and show they are embarrassed

Sexual Selection Pressure (Darwin)

1. Intersexual competition: process by which one sex selects specific kinds of traits in the other sex, female and male preferences à good character is preferred in a mate thus that trait is more likely to be passed on 2. Intrasexual (within) competition: competition for mates within a sex, often among males à traits most likely to prevail are most likely to be passed on

4 functions of touch

1. soothe: infants in a procedure held by their mother cry 82% less, grimaced less and had a lower heart rate. 2. safety: infants judge whether an environment is safe according to their mother's touch -studies of attachment, infants closer to parent à more secure attachment 3. increase cooperation: touch for chimps seen as a reward and trade for favors -touch people when asking them to comply à more likely to sign petition -Chimps that groom someone more likely to get food shared with them 4. provide pleasure: touch correlates to activation in the prefrontal cortex responsible for feeling pleasure, happier marriages= more touch! -Encoder and decoder study of touch sit at table with black curtain between them -Decoder selects from 13 emotions RESULTS: could reliably communicate anger disgust and fear with 1-2s touch and love gratitude and sympathy -Decoder blindfolded and encoder could touch any part of body à when more free people are accurate in communicating emotion

Flirting

4 phases: attention getting, recognition- eye contact which activates oxytocin, explorating- touch, explore their body, keeping time-imitate their body language

Regulators

: nonverbal that we use to coordinate conversation turning body toward someone -Head raise, eyebrows, encouraging vocalizations

Discourse

Anthropologists focus on discourse the means by which people use language in its many forms to make sense, socially, or emotional experience à studied in more complex acts of communication gossip, songs, poetry E.g.: Lutz and the Ifaluk: tiny pacific island Ker: excited happiness → in U.S. people have a right to pursue happiness not the same in Ifaluk, this is bad for Ifaluk because it suggests that people might be showing off should be avoided!, certain forms of happiness can separate people from another Song: justifiable anger, social duty to express this if they see anything that disrupts social harmony -very collective community --> "we will all get water now" NOT do you all want to get water with me this suggest separation Functions of emotions: help humans form attachments, take care of offspring, fold into hierarchies, maintain long-term friendships -they are complex social roles and rituals that enable individuals to situate themselves within communities

Romanticism

Apprehension of emotions, era when emotions became valued in personal life, politics, literature, and philosophy -Rousseau 1755: social contract feelings against authority -Frankenstein: novel about compassion, social connection to creator

Lateralization, Approach, Withdrawal

Approach: desire, compassion, enthusiasm on L side brain Withdrawal: fear, shame, sadness on R side brain L side brain also responsible for language which is central to carrying our planful, goal-oriented behavior left sided strokes: high probability of becoming clinically depressed right sided stroke: mania [Davidson] had subject individually watch 4 clips, 2 of animals playing and 2 of gory nurse training -When showed happiness, also activation of L side of brain in frontal region -When showed sadness, also activation of R side of brain in frontal region

Katharsis

Aristotle referred to katharsis as clarification of emotion - "the clearing away of obstacles to understanding" Aristotle believed that our emotions depend on our beliefs and that we are responsible for our emotions because we are responsible for our beliefs He pointed out two effects of tragic drama in the theater - 1) In the theater, people are moved emotionally 2) we can experience katharsis of our emotions: Aristotle meant that when watching theater, we see the consequences of human action in the theater and we understand their relation to the consequences of human action in the world note that katharsis is widely mistranslated as purification or purgation of emotion

Cultural Approach: Assumptions

Batja Mesquita; focus on the practice not potential 1) Emotions constructed by the processes of Culture: how they are valued, practiced à experience unique cross cultures 2) Emotions=Roles: culture specific identities and relationships 3)Practice what is happening in people's day to day lives -Emphasis on the function of emotions within groups -Social unfolding of an emotion à often communicated in acts of communication in words metaphors and conscious experiences of emotion, discourse roles which we fulfill within relationships some elements universal -Some striking differences that are socially learned

Epicureans

Believed that one should live in a simple way and enjoy simple pleasures like food and friendship, rather than chasing after things that make one anxious like wealth, fame, luxuries → to have these unnatural goals will lead to painful emotions like anger and greed Epicureanism grew out of Aristotle's beliefs that emotional experiences are shaped by our judgements, evaluations, and values Epicureans developed ideas of natural human sociality that influenced the American and French revolutions the ideas of the pursuit of happiness and of living naturally in harmony with the environment are distinctively Epicurean ideas

Secure Base

Bowlby also, when babies begin to move they explore their environment when their mother is nearby/present, trust comes from the idea that one is safe, continues into adolescence influence emotional development -Bowlby attachment → influence later intimacy ie the chimps didnt just want the milk from mom, they wanted the soft cloth for comfort. wrong class haha ^

Sham Rage

Cats deprived of their cerebral cortex were liable to make sudden inappropriate and ill-directed attacks Cortex usually inhibits emotional expression brain trauma leads to diminished activity of the higher regions of the brain, thus releasing the lower ones from inhibition

Theory of Mind

Cognitive understanding of others' mental states Engages different regions of the cortex "Empathy network" Includes prefrontal cortex, precuneus, temporal parietal junction Ex: when someone is pricked on the finger the anterior insula & anterior cingulate lights up... ALSO when we hear about someone else's finger being pricked cognitively understand what others are feeling and that they feel different states than we do

Interdependent Self

Collectivist, self fundamentally connected with other people, find one's status identity and roles, one thinks of oneself as embedded within social relationships! -find one's status and role within the collective, find happiness in fulfilling duty E.G.: Mauss Asian American vs. European American: Study: Ps Count backward units à a rude experimenter interrupts students as they are doing task and criticizes how they are doing Results: European report more anger in face but both groups have same physiological response**, Asians hide anger in face

Opiates (liking)

Consummatory processes & the enjoyment of rewards Lactation, nursing, sexual activity, maternal social interaction, touch [Agmo] when opiates are blocked in rats they spend less time with their mothers after separation Allow you to escape from danger before feeling pain! pleasure and calmness felt after a good meal if blocked in females will spend more time alone and less with friends and enjoy social interactions less

Reappraisal and Dorsal prefrontal Cortext

DPC - selects what to attend to & where to focus attention Reappraisal - shifting attention away from one appraised meaning of a stimulus or event to another Ex: Thinking... how I do on this test will determine which college I get into or this test is just one of my talents that will determine where I get into college

Third Person Perspective

During heated argument you might see yourself from 3rd person, as an actor or character Engages medial prefrontal regions of cortex - self-perception

Principles of Change

East Asians are guided by the holistic, dialectic based in buddhism- nothing is static. in interdependent epistomology., contradiction, context- they look at the context of emotions is the face in the middle of the unhappy faces. people are most likely to report contradictory emotions Principle of context: how contexts play a role in understanding the meaning of social situations -asian cultures pay more attention to the context and experience greater awe as a result of contextual causes like a good economy or being a part of a collective while europeans experiences awe due to individual success -More suppression of emotion (evidenced in more interdependent culture) results in overall more unhappiness and well being yet less social problems Matsumoto

Dashiell Method

Ekman used this method in his study of the Fore people in New Guinea, created a story and then had Fore match the story with emotional expression

Awe

Emotion felt when in the presence of something vast and transcends your understanding of the world - people report goosebumps when feeling aw -piloerection= goosebumps

Informative Function

Emotional expressions provide rapid important information about the social world -Give info. About environment for individuals to coordinate their response -Authentic smiles → people more likely to give them resources, people who express anger in voice are perceived to have more power

Unconditioned Stimulus (amygdala study)

Event that has biological significance Ex: [Pavlov] Meat in dogs mouth Ex: Monkeys watching other monkeys be afraid of snakes makes them afraid of snakes Emotional conditioning for negative stimuli is quickly learned and slow to extinguish (anxiety is a long lasting disorder) **The importance of this conditioning takes place only when the amygdala and thalamus are present even without the cortex which means that the amygdala can interpret information without cortex -amygdala responds to the emotional intensity/salience of a stimulus and not whether it is fear inducing or good as compared with bad → more intense stimulus trigger greater activation Study: people that look at life in terms of rewards show more amygdala activation to pos. stimulus those that look at life in terms of costs show more amygdala activation towards neg. stimulus

Empathy

Feel what others feel with the same activation of the brain Makes us human - central to social relationships

Psychoanalysis

Freud also thought that an emotion in the present could derive from one in the past, and he used his method of psychoanalysis to gain insight into the person's emotional subconsciousness Freud's proposed that certain events can be so damaging that they leave emotional scars that can shape the rest of our lives Freud said that emotions are at the core of many mental illnesses

conditioned Stimulus (amygdala study)

Has no emotional significance before experiment but elicits a learned response (ex:flashing light or tone)

Emotion Labor

Hochschid explored the tension that may occur when a person is in conflict about the role he or she plays in life - when there is tension between who someone is in 'oneself' and their performance to the world Hochschild developed the theory of "feeling rules" - rules that can be unconscious, or socially engineered that require us to influence other people's emotions and judgments She defined emotional labor as: work that involves constructing emotions in oneself in order to induce them in others → the purpose of emotional labor is a social one by observing the training of Delta Airlines staff - she saw that stewardesses had to give certain performances on the job and recall their own emotional memories in order to better serve customers on the flight another example - the job of personal assistant requires one to be friendly, helpful, cheerful

Periadaquetal Gray

In the midbrain, above the hindbrain and below the forebrain Activated by signs of distress & negative emotion, engages caregiving tendencies Involved in 3 different processes related to emotion: 1. Release of opioids - regulate pain 2. Activated by negative emotions - usually assoc. w/ pain, increased activation in PD in response to thermal pain as well as negative, distressing images 3. Part of caregiving system in mammalian brain - PD engaged when crouching over pups, retrieval to nest, licking, prolonged nursing [Noriuchi] PD activated in mothers when they saw pictures of own baby but not when saw pictures of other babies

Independent Self

Individualism in U.S., define oneself according to one's distinctiveness and independence according to unique traits and preferences E.G. American Dream -Define oneself according to internal causes such as ones own preferences and social norms -expression of positive emotion=happiness -More interpersonal violence tolerated in high honor societies

Cultural Variation in Emotional Expression

Japanese wives smile when a samurai husband dies, Japanese Olympians (collectivist culture) show more shame at losing, independent cultures more likely to show intense smiles 1. Vary in Intensity 2. Emotion accents: stylized and culturally specific ways of expressing emotion -Furrow of brow, tighten the lip, lip press -cultures might take elements of an emotional display and and elaborate upon it -Southeast Asia: tongue bite and shoulder shrug= embarrassment -Embarrassment: 1. Inhibitory muscle movement, 2. Constricted size reductive 3. Emotional Regulation: according to culture specific display rules, ex posture ; more suppression in collectivist cultures Context: happy face surrounded by sad faces viewed to be less happy and sad face surrounded by happy faces was viewed to be less sad by Japanese Ps over American individualistic cultures- express more emotions and are better at identifying emotions from display behavior and show more intensity in emotional displays

Song

Justifiably angry, social duty to express song when something or someone disrupts social harmony ex: girl must show social intelligence and not display too much ker because too much emotion (happiness) is not socially acceptable.

Dopamine (Wanting)

Motivate the approach to rewards Approach-related, goal-oriented = exploration, affiliation, food hoarding, nursing Ex: in gambling paradigm it is the anticipation of $ that activates the nucleus accumbens & prefrontal cortex rats value the taste of sucrose but can't get themselves to move towards it

Neuroasthetics

Not 1 part of the brain, but many interacting Higher-order cortical processes - how stimulus relates to the individual's self or identity Beautiful paintings & pretty faces elicit activation in the nucleus accumbens & orbitofrontal cortex (basic reward processing & attaching social signfificcacne to the reward system) Watching a dance - activates visual cortex and premotor cortex as if the body is getting ready to dance Music - auditory cortex & amygdala or nuc. accumbens, and maybe orbitofrontal cortex

Orbitofrontal Patients

Phineas Gage - pole through eye J.S. - loss consciousness and suffered damage to parts of frontal lobes (orbitofrontal cortex), hard time with empathy... known for emotional outbursts, deficits in recognizing certain emotions and in responding to the emotions of others Frontal lobes - centers of regulation or executive control problems regulating emotional behavior emotional reactions are wildly inappropriate in social context

Nucleus Accumbens

Rich in dopamine & opioid NT pathways à thought to be central to experience of pos affect & pleasure dopamine activation and release in response to pleasurable food, sex, drugs dopamine and activation of in nucleus accumbens are central to wanting: motivate approach to reward lesions reduce motivation to work for reward activated when thinking about being in love, give money to charity- complex social rewards tracks the likelihood of reward that the stimulus promises

Two Factor Theory

Schachter and Singer based on James theory and Cannon's critique Emotional experiences arise as a product of two processes 1. undifferentiated Autonomic Arousal (there is an arousal that exists for all emotions such as increased heart rate, elevated cortisol)→ these physiological responses have no meaning without being interpreted by a higher process! e. 2. construal and explanation that people arrive at that (people interpret their physiological response) → how the individual interprets/reads their body to decide what emotion they are feeling Study: inject Ps with adrenaline and tell some do not tell others what they are injected with, accomplice in experiment either angry or euphoric → Ps not informed about effects becomes happy or angry given a rude questionnaire *Appraisal and when physiological arousal or anxiety does not have an obvious source people tend to attribute it to their current situation

Kerr

Showing Happiness at inappropriate level. interpreted as showing off. on tiny island (ifaluk)

Affiliative Bonding

Smiles trigger dopamine which cause you to seek opiates (brings people closer together)... touching and soothing voices elicit release of opiates - feelings of warmth, calmness, intimacy Nucleus accumbens is triggered in heterosexual males when they see attractive female faces

Evolution of Compassion

Sympathy will have been increased through natural selection; for those communities, which included the greatest number of the most sympathetic members, would flourish best, and rear the greatest number of offspring. Charles Darwin

Empathy

Vignemont and Singer (2006) define empathy as: having an emotion, which is in some way similar to that of another person, which is elicited by observation or imagination of other's emotion, and that involves knowing that the other is the source of one's emotion Vignemont and Singer 2006 study: Method: assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful electric shock and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one - present in the same room - was receiving a similar shock Results: regions of brain - such as the anterior insula and parts of the anterior cingulate cortex - were activated both when the subject felt pain and when they saw their loved one in pain *the emotional aspect of the pain was shared *anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula mediate empathy

Anterior Cingulate Social Pain

[Bowlby] Social pain of separation helps us stay close to attachment figures who are vital to our survival Anterior cingulate (part of Prefrontal Cortex) - "mind's alarm system," discrepancy detector (detecting conflicts between stimuli, goals, intentions), also active during physical pain (unpleasantness), empathy Social pain activates AC (particularly dorsal region) [Eisenberger] - when playing a ball toss game with 3 people and ball doesn't get passed to you, triggers activation of dorsal region of AC Evolution: social connection became to important that social rejection recruited the use of ancient pain regions of the cortex for more social purposes

Amae

a Japanese emotion no translation into English an attachment emotion -Accepting relationship within a family allows one person to be passive -Mutual dependency between lovers. merged togetherness.

Appraisal

appraisal is the evaluation that people make of events - many now assume that emotions derive from these appraisals people make of events Arnold and Gasson (1954) proposed that emotions are based on appraisals (evaluations) of events - if we know what appraisals/evaluations are made of an event, we can predict which emotion is likely to occur A&G's idea of appraisal is that an emotion relates self to object - emotions are essentially relational (unlike perception or personality, which are inward focusing) appraisals involve first an attraction to or repulsion from some object, and they determine whether the emotion is positive or negative Particular emotions arise according to appraisal: "Impulsive" emotions arise if there is no difficulty in attaining or avoiding an object whereas "emotions of contention" arise when there are difficulties in acting (see pages 21-22) primary= good vs bad. secondary= being able to speak about it

Misattribution of Arousal

arousal from one source attributed to another ex: people who exercise find cartoons funnier right after

Pride

associated with gains in status through socially valued actions Many species show through expanded size, ex: chest pounding at zoo Study: Tracy and Matsumoto look at Athletes after Olympics àjudo compettition both sighted and blind individuals throw their hands in the air after winning, after losing both groups drop their head and shoulders= shame -blind are not copying from seen behaviors: truly universal

Epistomologies

ays of knowing refer to knowledge structures and theories that guide thought and emotion, and behavior -Peng and Nisbett Asians and contradictory emotions: proverb differences, east Asians report contradictory emotions happiness and sadness , Westerners focus more on singular meaning and experience more simple emotions -east asians: more emotional complexity: simultaneous experience of contradictory emotions, -experience sampling study: asian students report feeling opposite emotions simultaneously which americans report one going up and one going down -westerners strive more to maximize positive emotions and minimize negative, while asians seek a balanced emotional state -Epistemology East Asian is rooted in: 1. Change, 2. Contradiction (opposites coexist), 3. Covariation, 4. Compromise, 5. Context

The Blush

blood flow to skin, we blush when we are the objects and recipients of undesired social attention potentially damaging to our self concept, -Darwin: associated with shyness, shame, embarrassment, modesty when attention is brought to our body -Distinct emotion from fear* PS watch scary movie vs. watch themselves sing Star Spangled Banner with 4 others in the room recorded à check blood flow, cheek skin temp., finger skin conductance -Pple who blush show more positive response = positive benefits -blushed more when watched themselves

Vocal Bursts

brief non word utterances that arise between speech incidences -shriek, moan growl People can communicate quite well: anger disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, admiration, awe, achievement, amusement, boredom, contempt, elation, pleasure, relief -study in Himba people in which they could identify some vocal burst the Himba could not

Potential

capability of showing universal response in terms of experience, expression, universiality. means asking whether people of different cultures if put in an appropriate experimental situation, would be capable of showing certain universal emotional responses in terms of experience, expression, and physiology à answer is YES! Three Approaches to cultural variations: 1. Self Construal, 2. Cultural differences in values, 3. Differences in culture specific epistemologies 1. Self-Construal:

Grooming

chimps and other primates use as a social bond chimps spend 20% of their waking time doing it. chimps who helped groom are more likely to get help or share food later in the day.

Rasas

distinct aesthetic emotions, correspond to one distinct everyday emotion.

Variation

each offspring is somewhat different from each other and those differences are hereditary

Fore

ekman lived in Papua, New Guinea with the Fore tribe who had seen no movies or magazines, didn't speak english, and minimal exposure to westerns and they were able to identify emotional expression that showed the universality of emotional expression

Evocative Function

emotional displays coordinate social interactions, triggers specific responses in perceivers. what we see in others evokes similar emotions in ourselves. -Empathy: matching and mirroring emotions of others -Emotions provide us with scripts not of words but of relating à sharing cooperation -if we see someone crying we are more likely to help them, see them smile more likely to smile back and feel happy -ex: of a compliment requires an interaction

Principle of Nervous Discharge

excess random energy released in random expressions ex: leg jiggles

Principle of Serviceable Habits

expression of behaviors that helped individuals respond adaptively to threats and opportunities in the evolutionary past will reoccur in the future -furrow brow to protect eye, expose teeth= ready to attack

Affect Evaluation Theory

extent that emotions reinforce particular values of importance to a culture, those emotions should be highly valued -Jeannie Tsia: emotions that reflect cultural ideals are more highly valued and as a result should play a more prominent role in peoples social lives -In U.S. excitement valued vs. East Asian greater value on calmness also Americans more riskier and try drugs, prefer more upbeat music to elicit excitement- Christian about "proud" glory vs. Buddhism "peace" serene

Illustrators

eye brow raise, nonverbal behavior that accompanies our speech, to make it verbal, visual, or empathetic We gesture with our hands often when we speak, dramatize our speech, raise our eyebrows

Adaptation

genetically based traits that allow an organism to cope well with specific selection pressures and to survive and reproduce ex: Problem: Find fertile mates Solution: Prefer mate with youthful appearance Problem: Avoid eating toxins Solution: distaste for bitterness genetically based traits that allow an organism to cope well with specific selection pressures and to survive and reproduce

Stoics

goal= rid oneself of all emotions. Stoics said that because emotions derive from desires, to free oneself from crippling and destructive emotions, one should destroy almost all desires → they said that most emotions (especially anger, anxiety, and lust) are damaging to one self and society and should be disciplined out of daily experience. Stoics were more radical than Epicureans - Stoicism also grew out of Aristotle's theory on emotion

Embodiment

holds that not only are our conscious experiences of emotion rooted in bodily responses, but so, too, are complex ideas concepts thoughts and metaphors that arise during emotional experiences and by implication our social interactions -Women who get botox cannot read others' emotional responses as well à bodily responses can influence some but not all emotional experience -lack of empathy for others since they themselves cannot embody the emotions -remembering or thinking about an experience causes our body to feel bodily response associated with that experience if you watch a sad movie, you embody the emotion of sadness. -PS hold a pen in their mouth and make judgments about emotion categories à prevents Ps from moving facial muscles à people find it harder to classify disgust

Principal of Antithesis

holds that opposing states will be associated with opposing expressions -Pride signaled in dominant size expansion of chest, whereas shame is signaled in drooping submissive behavior

Display rules

how and to whom it is appropriate to express different emotions -Ifaluk not appropriate to express outright happiness (Ker)→ song. -Overall Asian cultures tend to inhibit emotion more than in America Study: Ekman and Freisen: 3 phase study 1) Ps (U.S. and Asian) watch 3 video clips canoe trip, circumcision, baby delivery, nasal sinus injury → all Ps show similar facial expression, 2) Interviewer comes in and asks Ps about their experience watching the videos 3) Ps watch nasal surgery again and asked how they feel while watching Conclusion: in Phase 3 Asians mask their facial expression of disgust with a polite smile, Also Asians feel they should suppress happiness and surprise

!Kung

hunter-gatherers within the San of the Kalahari -many of our emotions may have been adapted from living in this way --ranging over different environments, cooperating, division of labor in obtaining, preparing and sharing food, and in rearing and protecting children emotions enable them to live in social groups -related to EnviornmentalEvolutionaryAdaptiveness

Phineas Gage

in 1848, a 13 pound rod went through Gage's eyeball, through his skull right through his frontal lobes before the accident, Gage was friendly, amicable, and a hard worker after, he was impatient and easily angered Similar cases of people with frontal lobe damage- orbitofrontal cortex. **the most striking aspect of their condition was the loss in their ability to conduct relationships - they no longer knew what was emotionally important to themselves or others.

Ethnographies

in depth descriptions of social lives, lived among people for extended period typically made by anthropologists Care about the settings and cultural significance of emotions

Sympathetic Nervous System (of ANS)

increases heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output and shuts down digestive processes, stems from various parts of spinal cord -Vasoconstriction of veins, increase HR, increase cardiac output, shuts down digestive processes, contraction of organs= hairs stand up tall= goosebumps, increase processes that provide energy to the body -affects immune system is used too much à chronic stress

Natyasastra

insights into art and emotion attributed to Bharata text specific descriptions of how actors and dancers are to express emotions in performance 69% accuracy for people interpreting emotion from a clip of a dance or performance

Vagus Nerve

involved in processing positive emotions Parasympathetic activation -laughter and smiling → calming response -regulates facial muscles, head movements that enable gaze, vocalizations, these promote social connection and are involved in positive emotion -Measure vagal tone by measuring the heart rate and respiration -Can reduce cardiac output and people can pay more attention -More vagal tone activations correlates with better ability to regulate emotion -higher vagal tone: experience greater positive emotions and stronger social connections. can lead to mania. STUDY: Kok and Fredrickson- asses vagal tone at beginning and end of 9 week stduy people who had high at the start experiencd greater increase in postive emoitons and social conenctions over 9 weeks which led to a rise in vagal tone by the end

Trier Social Stress Task

is a laboratory procedure used to reliably induce stress in human research participants. It is a combination of procedures that were previously known to induce stress, but previous procedures did not do so reliably. Emotions that correlate with stress response, elevated cortisol related with anger, anxiety not fear -STUDY? participants required to deliver impromptu speech to an audience of evaluators who look critical and frustrated. This task elicits elevated sympathetic autonomic nervous system activation as well as a cortisol response. Higher cortisol release when participants feel their positive social identity is threatened. Moons- being judged in a critical fashion led to increase of cytokine system -found that self reports of fear correlated with cytokine levels after trier SST suggesting the cytokines system is involved in emoitons related ti a threatened sel

Dunbar's Hypothesis

laughter has replaced grooming-- in humans, emotional intimate activity like grooming has been replaced by conversation which functions to maintain? -chimpanzees and other primates use grooming to maintain social bonds à grooming makes up fair amount of all social interaction -it is that laughter and conversation have replaced grooming as the glue that holds society together -conversation is the verbal equivalent of grooming since it would take up too much of our time -enlarged human brains to allow for mental models of people in our social group and language -with language we can share aspects of human emotions with others and understand their emotional minds in ways beyond primates -we can think about what others might be thinking and we can know some of what others know, we can share intentions---unlike chimps

Fitness

likelihood of surviving and reproducing (Nesse) is increased for those who are preferred as social and as sexual partners à survival rests on ability to form strong relationships

Vagus Nerve (of PNS)

near top of spinal cord, facilitates blood flow by dilating arteries helping to decrease heart rate and blood pressure -Increases blood flow to the penis à increase sexual response -Increases digestive responses by moving food through GI tract

Autonomic Nervous System

neural signals from the cortex communicate with the limbic system and the hypothalamus which send signals to clusters of neurons of the autonomic nervous system and target organs -Maintains constant position of body so we can respond to changes in environement

Emblems

nonverbal gestures that directly translate to words guide communication Ex: the peace sign, raised fist=power, different ways to gesture F*** you in Australia thumbs up! Vary culturally

tounge bite

people in India recognize as a display of embarrassment à some difference!, some universality and then some cultural difference!

Decoding

people of different cultures should interpret these expressions in the same way Study: Eckman in Papa New Guinea: devise a story with each emotion and ask to match an expression one of three to the story, then have Ps display an emotion that they would display on their face in response to a specific story Results: The Fore (" new Guinea) achieved accuracy rates of 80-90% in identifying emotions even children → ability to identify emotions happens early in life - Fore: people in New Guinea -universality of emotional expression *Anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise

Focal Emotions

prominent in daily life according to cultural differences in values -cultures vary in which emotions are prominent and focal. expressed more intensely in cultures in which they are valued. values- principles that govern our social behavior

Self Adaptors

pulling hair (nervous discharge), nervous behaviors, are often unaware Displays of emotion: signals in face, voice, body, and touch

Decartes

regarded as the founder of modern philosophy and the scientific view of the world → Descartes claimed that there are six fundamental emotions - wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness - that occur in the thinking aspect of ourselves, that he called the soul. Emotions can be regulated by thoughts, especially thoughts that are true Like Aristotle, Descartes said that emotions depend on how we evaluate events **Descartes was the first to argue that emotions serve important functions

Parasympathetic Nervous System (of ANS)

rest/relax. branch that helps with the restorative processes: reducing heart rate and blood pressure, directing inner resources to digestive processes Nerves come from

Constructivist Approach

s a theory of knowledge explaining it as being developed in the human being when information comes into contact with existing knowledge that had been generated from previous experiences. emotions shaped by culture

Imprinting

shortly after hatching from eggs goslings learn to recognize and follow the first largish moving, sound making object in their environment usually mother goose* -attachment is human form of imprinting -as babies we are nurtured with milk à psychological accompaniment -Attachment John Bowlby

Phylogenetic Community

similarities and differences across species: ex: shame and embarrassment. older functions in the brain are the same as they have been. !Kung is an example because we got a lot from their hunter -gatherer tendencies. phylogenetic trees

Emotional Complexity

simultaneous experience of contradictory emotions like compassion and contempt. More common in eastern cultures, westerners focus on singular meaning of situation.

Cortisol

stress hormone -activates glucose production needed for metabolically demanding action -distributes blood to muscles and restricts digestion -Stressful event → amygdala → hypothalamus → chemical message to pituitary gland → hormones go to adrenal gland → cortisol releases

Encoding

the experience of different emotions should be associated with the same distinct expressions in every culture

Superabundance

the idea that animals and plants produce more offspring than are necessary merely to reproduce themselves (Darwin Origin of Species)

Dialecticism

tolerance for contradiction- umbrella term for emotional Complexity, the simultaneous experience of contradicting emotions (happiness and sadness, anger and love). Asians feel more of these emotions, show more emotional complexity, than European-Americans.

Practice

what actually happens in people's emotional lives, the day to day emotional experiences of people vary e.g. some cultures permit public expressions of anger while others suppress it