PSYCH 200 EXAM 3
Match each term with its role in fetal development. SYNAPTIC PRUNING
"Use it or Lose it" - A baby is born with more neural connections than it will ever use; through pruning, stimulation of neural pathways strengthens them, and a lack of stimulation weakens pathways.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, what do older adults tend to do when searching for meaning in later life?
- Devote more time to close friends *Appreciating important relationships can be a way of finding meaning. - Spend time reflecting and sharing memories with their family - Focus on positive experiences they have had, rather than negative ones * Older adults report more positive emotions than negative ones when they look back. NOT: - Meet and become close with any new people * Older adults may avoid meeting new people, choosing instead to spend time with a few people whose relationships they find meaningful.
Match the terms with gender role and gender identity concepts. Transgender
A transgender person is born with the biology of either a male or female, but identifies with the opposite sex. Transgender identity is determined prenatally. *Biologically male or female with opposite gender identity
Teratogens
Agents that harm the embryo or fetus. Include drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.
EMBRYO
Prenatal growth, first 2 months - The embryo is the prenatal stage where internal organs and systems develop.
PLASTICITY
Property of the brain that allows it to change - After a baby is born, environmental stimulation and experiences affect the brain's growth and development.
MYELINATION
Protective Neuron Covering - During prenatal development, neurons develop myelination, which speeds up neural communication.
What is the typical developmental sequence in learning how to walk?
Raise Head -> Roll Over -> Sit Up -> Crawl -> Stand without help -> Walk without help
Match the terms with gender role and gender identity concepts. Gender Role
The culture a person is born into defines what behaviors are assigned to men and women. Gender is a social construct. *Culturally defined male and female roles
Which of the following are true of the adolescent brain during puberty? (We know: The combination of the developed limbic system with the underdeveloped frontal lobes can lead to poor decisions and risk-taking behaviors.)
True: - Frontal lobes not fully myelinated *The frontal lobes control decision making and impulses, but they are not fully developed. - Limbic systen very active *The limbic system is the emotion and reward system. Its development leads to increased motivation for pleasure and expression of emotions. *Because a teenager's limbic system (the reward and emotional center of their brain) tends to mature more quickly than his or her frontal cortex, teenagers are likely to act on their impulses NOT True: - Good impulse control *The frontal lobe is not fully developed. Impulse control is low.
Match the psychosocial development stage of Erikson's theory with the activity being displayed. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults gain the ability to commit to long-term relationships. ex: A college student has a serious boyfriend for the first time.
The following physical changes DO NOT occur during puberty:
- Girls gain fat on their belly *Girls lose their baby belly fat and their waists become defined. - Girls in stressful environments experience delayed menstruation *Girls in stressful environments start menstruating sooner. - Girls with brothers menstruate earlier *Girls with nongenetically related adult males living in the house menstruate earlier.
Some symptoms of dementia are progressive decreases in memory, thinking, and behavior. Which of the following can contribute to dementia?
- HIV - Genetic predesposition - excessive alcohol consumption - small stokes - decrease in acetylcholine - deterioration of the frontal lobesMatch the child's thinking with the stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. Not: - More blood to the brain *Less blood to the brain caused by mini-strokes increases brain damage and dementia. - More AcetylCoA in the brain * More acetylcholine increases memory functions. People with dementia have low levels of acetylcholine.
What are the effects of a happy marriage?
- Men and women live longer - Have fewer drinking problems - Experience less mental illness, such as depression - Men are healthier - Men report higher sexual satisfaction - Women report more emotional satisfaction - men and women report higher life satisfaction, more joy, and increased sense of meaning in life.
Match the stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory with the appropriate action. Kohlberg's theory of moral development progresses from a perspective of self-interest, to following the rules set by society, to following a higher, universal sense of right and wrong.
- Postconcentional - At the postconventional level of morality, a person follows a higher, universal code that respects life. ex: A person gives his prescription medicine to someone who is very sick and has no money. - Concentional - At the conventional level of morality, a person follows the rules set by society. ex: A person pays his camping fee at a campground based on the honor system -Preconcentional - At the preconventional stage of morality, people take care of themselves. ex: A person takes three items from the yard sale but pays for two.
A director of a senior center is designing programs for the senior participants. To support healthy aging and prevent dementia, which of the following components should the director consider?
- Time for seniors to socialize - Cognitively stimulating games, such as jeopardy - Moderate exercise, such as walking and swimming *As humans age, they "use it or lose it." Programs should be developed to increase mental and physical activity. NOT: - Quit sitting time - Time for seniors to be alone - Repetitive activities, such as making bead nacklaces
The following physical changes occur during puberty:
- hormone levels increase - height and weight increase - primary and secondary characteristics develop
Put these scenarios in order, from earlier moral development to later moral development.
1. Janet took the toy because she wanted it *At the preconventional level of moral development, a person takes care of himself without regard for others. 2. Tim followed the rule to walk in the hallway even when the teacher wasn't present *At the conventional level of moral development, a person follows the rules for the good of society. 3. Susan trespassed on state property to save the kitten *At the postconventional level of moral development, a person will break the laws of society for a higher universal level of morality. A person follows a higher, universal code that respects life. In this case, saving a life is higher than trespassing.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how do humans organize information?
Accomodation - Assimilation - New information that relates to an existing scheme is assimilated into the existing scheme. Schemes Formed - Information that relates to the same concept is organized together into a scheme. NOT: Cultural Context - Vygotsky emphasizes how information is culturally constructed. Social Context - Vygotsky emphasizes how information is organized in social contexts.
Match the psychosocial development stage of Erikson's theory with the activity being displayed. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Adults gain a sense that they are leaving behind a positive legacy and caring for future generations. ex: A middle-aged woman volunteers as a coach for a youth softball team.
Match the terms with gender role and gender identity concepts. Androgens
Androgens are hormones that exist at a higher level in males than in females. *More Prevalent in Males
Match the psychosocial development stage of Erikson's theory with the activity being displayed. Identity vs. Role Confusion
By exploring different social roles, adolescents develop a sense of identity. ex: An adolescent explores joining various extracurricular groups and clubs in high school.
Match the psychosocial development stage of Erikson's theory with the activity being displayed. Industry vs. Inferiority
By working successfully with others and assessing how others view them, children learn to feel competent. ex: A child feels competent after receiving compliments on his project.
Match the terms with gender role and gender identity concepts. Estrogens
Estrogens are hormones that exist at a higher level in females than in males. * More prevalent in females
ZYGOTE
Fertilized egg - When a sperm and an egg unite, they form a zygote.
Lesley disregards her doctor's advice and eats and drinks whatever she wants during her pregnancy. Her baby is born with facial deformities, low birth weight, and cognitive impairment. What is her baby suffering from?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome It is not safe to drink any amount of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol may disrupt and harm the development of the fetus.
Match the terms with gender role and gender identity concepts. Gender Identity
Having a male or female gender identity is due to a complex interaction of prenatal hormones, a person's beliefs, and the culture a person is born into. *An individual identifies more strongly with either being male or female.
Match the psychosocial development stage of Erikson's theory with the activity being displayed. Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults feel a sense of satisfaction that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom. ex: A grandmother is content and happy with her life decisions.
Recreational drug use during pregnancy is very dangerous. Which recreational drugs have been linked with a higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome?
Opiates, specifically Methadone *A mother ingesting these drugs during pregnancy places her infant at high risk for experiencing painful withdrawals when born and sudden infant death syndrome. NOT: Alcohol *Alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome
FETUS
Prenatal growth, months 2 through 9 - A fetus's heart beats, and the prenatal body and brain strengthen and mature.
Melissa works at a day care. She notices the responses infants have to their parents at drop-off and pick-up time. Match the type of attachment with the infant interactions.
Secure - With secure attachment, an infant is distressed at separation and easily consoled upon being reunited with the caregiver. ex: Billy is upset when his dad leaves and gives him big hugs when he returns. Insecure Avoidance - With insecure avoidant attachment, an infant has little to no reaction upon separation or being reunited with the caregiver. ex: Tommy shows no reaction when his dad leaves and ignores his dad when he comes back. Insecure Ambivalent - With insecure ambivalent attachment, an infant is inconsolable upon separation, and alternates between wanting to be reunited and not wanting to be reunited with the caregiver. ex: Jimmy cries for hours after his dad leaves but simultaneously clings to his dad and hits him when he returns.
