PSYCH 201 Chapter 3 study guide
What is the sucking reflex?
Something is placed in the infants mouth and the infant starts to suck, replaced after 4 months
What is the babinski reflex?
Stoke sole of foot, toes fan out and curl as foot twists in
What are the types reflexes that newborns have?
Survival value (rooting reflex), future motor skills (stepping reflex), create social ties (palmar grasp)
What are the 5 S's?
Swinging, shushing, sucking, swaddling, sidelying
What is the age of viability?
The point at which a baby can first survive
What is the second stage of childbirth?
The second stage is the delivery of the baby which is much shorter. Strong contractions continue but the mother feels a natural urge to push the baby down and out the birth canal.
What is the third layer that the embryonic disk called and what does it become?
Then endoderm will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands.
At the beginning of the period of the embryo, the embryonic disk forms three layers of cells. Identify those three layers that the embryonic disk forms.
These layers of cells are the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm.
What is toxoplasmosis?
Tini parasites that live in cells, you get it through undercooked meat, contaminated water, feces and soil
What do the cells on the outside of the blastocyst do?
Called the trophoblast, it provides protection and nourishment
Which sense is the least developed at birth?
Vision is the least developed at birth because the retina is not yet fully formed.
What is the eye blink reflex?
When a bright light shines or a clap near the head the infant closes their eyes
What is the rooting reflex?
When the cheek near the corner of the mouth is touched the baby turns towards the source of stimulation, disappears in three weeks
How long is the period of the zygote?
2 weeks, forms a blastocyst
How long should a 2 year old sleep?
10-12 hours at night with 1 two hour nap (12-14 hours a day)
How long should newborns sleep?
16-20 hours a day
How long is the period of the embryo?
6 weeks, includes the last half of the first month and the second month
How long should 6 month olds sleep?
8-12 hours at night, 2-3 two hour naps a day (16 total)
What does the trophoblast form?
A membrane called the amnion that encloses the organism in amniotic fluid
What is oxytocin?
A physical response to sex, nursing and contractions that allow a person to connect with another
What is a teratogen?
An environmental agent that cause damage during the prenatal period
What is the placenta?
An organ that brings nutrients and oxygen to the organism and takes waste away
When does implantation occur?
Around 7-9 days
What is toxemia, also known as preeclampsia, and what are ways to treat it?
Blood pressure increases and the face, hands and feet swell in the last half of pregnancy. Hospitalization, bed rest and drugs can usually lower the blood pressure to a safe level. If not the baby much be delivered then.
When considering hearing at birth, what types of sounds do babies prefer or listen longer to?
Complex sounds such as noises and voices compared to pure tones. They're also sensitive to happy sounding speech compared to speech that is negative or neutral.
What is the umbilical cord?
Connects the placenta to the organism, contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products
What is the yolk sac?
Emerges and produces blood cells until the liver, spleen and bone marrow can take over
What is the moro reflex?
Hold infant horizontally on back or make a loud sound against surface supporting infant and the infant makes an embracing motion
What is the stepping reflex?
Infant lifts foot after another in stepping response
If a pregnant woman stops smoking in her third trimester will it matter? Why or why not?
It would matter. The textbook indicates that no matter when a pregnant woman stops smoking it will reduce the likelihood that her infant will be born underweight and suffer future problems.
What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?
Maintains the temperature of the womb and provides cushion
What are the approaches to childbirth?
Natural, epidural, hypnobirthing and csearean
What are the periods of prenatal development?
Period of zygote, period of the embryo, period of the fetus
What is the palmar grasp?
Place finger in infants hand and the infant grasps finger
What is the tonic neck reflex?
Prepares infant for voluntary reaching
Risk factors for SIDS
Previous complications due to drug abuse or tobacco use. Low Apgar scores indicating complications Respiratory infections and environment Prematurity Low birth weight Poor muscle tone
What are newborn capacities?
Reflexes, states of arousal, sensory capacities
Why do you think second and successive deliveries are usually faster than the first delivery?
Second and successive deliveries are usually faster than the first because the body has already formed a birth canal the body is used to these sensations and has already been stretched before and thus doesn't need as much time to do it again.
Helps for for SIDS
Sleeping on their backs Sucking on Pacifiers Less bedding Quitting smoking while pregnant
What is the Apgar Scale? What specifically does it measure? When after birth is it used?
The Apgar scale assess the newborns physical condition quickly and is used by doctors and nurses to determine a course of action and determine the health of the baby. It specifically measures heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone and color. It rates the child on a scale of 0, 1 or 2. It's used at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
What forms the neural tube?
The ectoderm folds over to form this (the primitive spinal cord)
What is the first layer that the embryonic disk called and what does it become?
The ectoderm will become the nervous system and skin.
The cells on the inside of the blastocyst are?
The embryonic disk
What is the last stage of childbirth?
The final stage of childbirth is delivery of the placenta the final contractions and pushes force the placenta to release from the uterine wall and be delivered shortly after.
What is the second layer that the embryonic disk called and what does it become?
The mesoderm will develop muscles, the skeleton, the circulatory system and other internal organs.
In what period can the growing organism move and respond to touch?
The organism can move and respond to touch by the end of the embryonic period, or about the second month.
What is the first stage of childbirth?
dilation and effacement of the cervix is the longest stage of labor. Contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful which causes the uterine opening to widen. This forms the birthing canal.
