psych 2010-605 chapter 5a (Introduction to Learning and Classical Conditions) learning curve

Harvey, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

Which scenario BEST illustrates classical conditioning?

Rodin feels ill at the sight or smell of peanut butter because it once made him sick.

Marlee was assaulted by a man wearing a strong cologne. Several months afterward, she is in a department store and begins to feel very anxious but has no idea why. Later she realizes she was near the men's cologne section. Based on her knowledge of classical conditioning, she can now understand her reaction and she feels less upset by it. Marlee realized she had experienced:

Stimulus generalization

A group of kindergarten students were in class listening to their teacher when suddenly they saw a snake on the floor. Immediately, all of the students ran to the opposite side of the classroom away from the snake. All the students seemed to have a fear of snakes, despite never having encountered one before. What concept discussed in this chapter might account for these responses?

biological preparedness

The concept that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is referred to in learning theory as:

biological preparedness.

Shannon hears a strange rustling noise on her nature walk and then sees a black bear in the clearing. She feels terror but escapes without injury. Now when she walks in the woods, when she hears a rustling noise she instantly feels fear. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

classical; John B. Watson

Rosetta is conducting an experiment in which the conditioned stimulus is serving as a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus. Rosetta's use of this classically conditioned technique is consistent with the _____ perspective.

cognitive

Dr. Ritz classically conditioned a dog to flex his hind leg at the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of a bell with a mild electric shock to the dog's leg. In this example, the ringing bell is the:

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Habitual coffee drinkers, such as Don and Sandy, often acquire a classically conditioned response (CR) to the smell, sight, or taste of coffee. Even after drinking a cup or two of decaffeinated coffee, which is missing the active ingredient caffeine, they experience increased arousal and alertness. In this example the smell, taste, and sight of the decaffeinated coffee is the _____ and the response to the decaffeinated coffee is called _____.

conditioned stimulus; a placebo response

Baby Kate has learned that every time she cries her mother picks her up. Although only 6 months old, Kate has already successfully applied a basic learning principle called "_____."

conditioning

Five-year-old Packo was recently bitten by his grandmother's Pekingese. Packo sees a different small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry, but he shows no fear when he sees a large dog. Packo's behavior in response to the large dog indicates that he is showing:

discrimination

Insights derived from the study of taste aversion have been used as a way to manipulate coyotes NOT to kill lambs on sheep ranches. The way in which taste aversion is conditioned in coyotes involves creating an association between:

eating the lambs and becoming severely nauseated.

Dr. Michael supports the notion that an animal's natural behavioral patterns and unique characteristics can influence what it is capable of learning. Dr. Michael's views conform to the _____ perspective.

evolutionary

Rescorla's research showed that classical conditioning actually involved a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:

expectations

Raj was vaccinated against tetanus by a nurse wearing a white lab coat. The shot hurt and frightened him. Later that day his mother took him to a bakery where a lady in a white smock tried to hand him a cookie. Raj cried and hid behind his mother. When they got home, his mother took the same kind of cookie from a bag and offered it to him. To her surprise, Raj just cried and backed away. What had happened?

higher order conditioning

Jody has begun to see a counselor for anger problems that are interrupting his ability to have healthy relationships. He believes that his anger problems are inherited because both his father and grandfather had the same type of anger problems. If John B. Watson were Jody's counselor, he would likely tell him that:

his anger is the result of conditioning and learning.

Chey is taking a psychology class that involves classically conditioning two groups of rats, using a tone (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 1, and using a taste (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 2. When asked what she is examining, she answers that she's looking at:

how biological preparedness affects learning through classical conditioning.

David routinely forgets the password to his computer. He posts a sticky note on his computer with a password clue so he can remember it. Eventually, David remembers his password by simply thinking of his clue and no longer needs his sticky note. This is an example of _____ behavior.

learned

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior.

As a result of the research conducted by Rescorla and his colleagues, the modern understanding of how learning occurs in classical conditioning differs from that of Pavlov and Watson in its emphasis on the role of _____ that precede the unconditioned stimulus.

reliable signals

The last time Ethan went camping he found a snake in his tent. He is deathly afraid of snakes. Now, he is nervous every time he thinks about camping or watches a movie or television show that involves camping. The unconditioned stimulus in this case is:

snakes

Nathan had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. After the chemotherapy, he associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he has to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he becomes nauseated while in the waiting room with her. Nathan's nausea best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery.

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs. However, he will pet cats. Walter petting cats illustrates:

stimulus discrimination.

According to the concept of _____, stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response, even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

Jamal was in a car accident in the spring. There was a row of trees in bloom at the accident site. Now, every spring when he sees those trees in bloom, he feels nauseated and anxious. This reaction is an example of:

the conditioned response.

Zane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseated. During the year of treatment, the waiting room started to make him feel nauseated. The waiting room became:

the conditioned stimulus.

Misha met her first serious boyfriend when she was working a summer job as a lifeguard. Years later, when she smells the distinctive smell of saltwater, sand, and the sunscreen he used to wear, she still feels a twinge of excitement, even butterflies, remembering their romance. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell of the ocean and sunscreen; excitement

Savannah always hated having her diaper changed, but she loved cake. Savannah's mom did not want to feed her cake while changing her diaper though, so she decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. She started by playing the same song on a CD and giving Savannah a small bite of cake. Once conditioning had occurred, she played the song when changing Savannah's diaper. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?

the song

To keep her young daughter from touching a hot stove, Mrs. Franklin loudly claps her hands every time her daughter Claire gets near the stove, frightening the child. Now, every time Claire gets too close to the stove, she feels afraid and moves away from it. According to the classical conditioning paradigm, the neutral stimulus in this scenario is _____, the unconditioned stimulus is _____, and the unconditioned response is _____.

the stove; the loud hand clap; fear

The first time Ms. Tucker ate sour candy her mouth puckered. Now, if she even sees a piece of sour candy, her mouth puckers. The candy in Ms. Tucker's mouth that caused the original reaction is called the "_____," in classical conditioning.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS