Psych: 2010- Chapter 15: Therapy

Behavior therapies often use ____ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.

Counterconditioning

What are two counterconditioning techniques?

-Exposure therapies -Aversive conditioning

We should seek help from a mental health professional when you are?

-Feelings of hopelessness -Deep and lasting depression -Self destructive behavior, such as substance abuse -Disruptive fears -Sudden mood shifts -Thoughts of suicide -Compulsive rituals, such as hand washing -Sexual difficulties -Hearing voices or seeing things that others don't experience

Client-centered therapies

A humanistic technique proposed by Carl Rogers. In which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. ( Also called person-centered therapy)

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A painless procedure, performed on a wide awake patient over several weeks. Unlike the ECT, the rTMS procedure produces no brain seizures, memory loss or other serious side effects aside from possible headaches. The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). "Changing they way they think, and how they act "

Clinical psychologist

A psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances. Most are psychologist with a Ph.D (incudes research training) or Psy.D (focuses on therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship and often, postdoctoral training, about half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Clinical or psychiatric social workers

A two year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker.

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Which of the following alternative therapies HAS shown as an effective treatment? A. Light therapy B. Rebirthing therapies C. Recovered-memory therapies D. Energy therapies.

A. Light therapy

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy? A. More focused attention from the therapist B. Less expensive C. Social feedback D . Reassurance that others share troubles

A. More focused attention from the therapist

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

Aaron Beck

A therapist who restates and clarifies the client's statements is practicing ___ ___.

Active listening

Rogers' encourage therapists to foster that growth by exhibiting the following:

Being genuineness- Expressing their true feelings Being accepting- Therapist may help clients feel freer and more open to change. Showing empathy- by sensing and reflecting their clients feeling-they can help clients experience a deeper self understanding and self acceptance.

In family therapy, the therapist assumes that:

Each person's actions trigger reactions from other family members

How does the placebo effect bias patient's attitudes about the effectiveness of various therapies?

The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. When patients expect a treatment to be effective, they may believe it was.

Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

Behavior Modification

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

Behavioral theory

Theory where there is stimulation, response, and reinforcement, SKINNER

Evidence based practice

Therapists using this approach integrate the best available research with clinical expertise and with patient preferences and characteristic.

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques, consisting of interactions between a trained therapist and a person seeking assistance with difficulties or to achieve personal growth. The therapist may explore the clients early relationships, encourage the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or coach the client in replacing old behaviors with new ones.

What is evidence-based clinical decision making?

Using this approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client.

Animal magnetism

a force that Mesmer believed flowed within the body and, when impeded, resulted in disease

Light exposure therapy

exposure to daily timed doses of light (helps treat seasonal affective disorder)

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue and limbs.

What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?

-Hope for demoralized people: Improve morale, create feelings or self efficacy and reduce sx. -A new perspective leading to new behaviors: Therapy is a new experience that can help people change their behaviors and their views of themselves. -An empathic, trusting and caring relationship: No matter what technique they use, effective psychotherapists are empathic. They seek to understand people's experience. They communicate care and concern. And they earn trust through respectful listening, reassurance and guidance.

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in many ways:

-Humanistic therapies aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. -Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus. Thus, those in therapy became "clients" or just "persons" rather than "patients" ( a change many other therapists have adopted) -The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden causes. -Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious. -The present and future are more important than the past. (They focus on exploring feelings as they occur, rather than achieving insight into the childhood origins of those feelings.)

What are the two neural stimulation techniques?

-Magnetic stimulation -Deep brain stimulation *Both technique treat the depressed brain.

According to Carl Rogers' to improve your communication for active listening, he had three inspired hints:

-Paraphrase: Rather than saying "I know how you feel," Check your understandings by summarizing the person's words in your own words. -Invite clarification: "What might be an example of that?" may encourage the person to say more. -Reflect feelings. "It sounds frustrating" might mirror what you're sensing from the person's body language and intensity.

Critics expressed two concerns with behavior modification.

-Practical -Ethical

Franz Anton Mesmer

Austrian physician who tried to treat diseases with a form of hypnotism (1734-1815)

Egas Moniz

A Portuguese physician, developed the lobotomy technique. He would cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. ECT is often an effective treatment of depression that does not respond to drug therapy.

Therapeutic alliance

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

Unconditional positive regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, with Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

Electic Approach

An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Token Economy

An operant conditioning in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges or treats.

Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress CNS activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as ____ drugs

Anti-anxiety

The drugs given most often to treat depression are called __. Schizophrenia is often treated with ___ drugs.

Antidepressants; Antipsychotic

Therapy is most likely to be helpful for those with problems that ___ (are/are not) well-defined.

Are

Aversive conditioning

Associates an unpleasant state (such a nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

After a near fatal car accident. Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the freeway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best help Rico overcome his phobias and why?

Behavior therapies are often the best choice for treating phobias. The therapist will help Rico learn to replace his anxious response to freeway driving with a relaxation response.

Counterconditioning

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors' include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Comparing Modern Psychotherapies

Behavior:

Exposure therapies

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and void.

Psychosis

Break from reality, usually identified by hallucinations, delusions, and/or disorientation.

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

By reflecting clients' feelings in a non-directive setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self aware and self accepting. By making clients aware of self defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of ___ conditioning. Token economies are in application of ____ conditioning.

Classical; operant

___ ____ therapy helps people to change their self defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior.

Cognitive behavioral

Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating?

Depression

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Developed by Psychologist, Francine Shapiro. Observed that anxious thoughts vanish when your eyes spontaneously moves around.

John Cade

Discovered the use of lithium as a mood stabilizer

Catastrophizing

Dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event. When patient's exhibits behavior of relentless, overgeneralized, and self blaming.

Anti-anxiety drug

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. Such as Xanax or Ativan, it depress CNS activity and should not be used in combination with alcohol. These drug are often successfully used in combination with psychological therapy. These drugs can be highly addictive, regular users who stop taking anti-anxiety drugs may experience increased anxiety, insomnia and other withdrawal sx.

Anti-depressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are SSRIs, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). This drug would lift people up from a state of depression. Many of these drugs work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine or serotonin, which elevate arousal and mood and are scarce when a person experiences feelings of depression or anxiety. Most commonly prescribed are Zoloft and Paxil. They work by blocking the normal reuptake of excess serotonin from synapses.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders. Some drugs, Such as Chlorpromazine (sold as Thorazine) reduce patients' overreactions to irrelevant stimuli.

What are the potential side effects of Anti-depressants?

Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension and dizzy spells and decrease sexual desire. Administering them by means of patch, which bypass the intestines and liver, helps reduce such side effects.

Severe depression that has not responded to other therapy may be treated with ___ ___, which can cause brain seizures and memory loss. More moderate neural stimulation techniques designed to help alleviate depression include ___ ___ magnetic stimulation and ___ ___ stimulation

Electroconvulsive therapy; Repetitive transcranial therapy; Deep brain stimulation

The goal of behavior therapy is to:

Eliminate the unwanted behavior

Active listening

Empathic listening in which he listener echoes, restates and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client-centered therapy. This technique is accepted as part of counseling practices in many schools, colleges and clinics.

What are some examples of lifestyle changes we can make to enhance our mental health?

Exercise daily, get enough sleep, get more exposure to light (go outside, go for a walk or use a light box), nuture important relationships, redirect negative thinking and eat a diet rich in Omega 3 fatty acids.

Psychodynamic theory

Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditioned positive regard and active listening.

Humanistic therapy, promoted by Carl Rogers. Self centered therapy.

Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned and replaced by other more adaptive responses.

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Interpretation

In pyschoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

___ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.

Insight

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapists are often referred to as?

Insight therapists

A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the high and lows of bipolar disorders is ___

Litheium

Studies show that ____ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.

No one type of

Cognitive theory

People are motivated as a result of their own thoughts, desires, goals, and expectations.

Psychiatrists

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrist have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as MD or DO they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice.

Posttraumatic growth

Positive psychological changes as a results of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Biomedical therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology. Some examples are prescribing antidepressants for a clinically depressed individual. Or using procedures such as electroconvulsive shock or deep brain stimulation.

Client Centered therapy

Presumed problem- Barriers to self-understanding and self acceptance Therapy Aim- Enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, acceptance and empathy Therapy technique- Listen actively and reflects clients' feelings.

Psychodynamic therapy:

Presumed problem- Unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences Therapy Aim- Reduce anxiety through self insight. Therapy technique- Interpret patients' memories and feelings.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Presumed problem: Self harmful thought and behaviors Therapy aim: Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors Therapy technique: Train people to counter self harmful thoughts and to act out their new ways of thinking.

Group and family therapy

Presumed problem: Stressful relationships Therapy aim: Heal relationships Therapy technique: Develop an understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles and improve communication.

An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is called:

Preventive mental health

Counselors

Professionals who help people with educational and personal matters, such as marriage and family problems arising from family relations. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mental health and other counselors may be required to have a two year master's degree.

A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problems and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings and dreams is drawing from:

Psychoanalysis

Psychology's major theories include:

Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral

What is the difference between preventive mental health and psychological or biomedical therapy?

Psychological and biomedical therapies attempt to relieve people's suffering from psychological disorders. Preventive mental health attempts to prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating the conditions that cause disorders.

The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from

Reports of clinicians and clients

What are the three components of evidence-based practice?

Research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient

Meta-analyses

Research that analyzes many studies on the same topic.

Selective Cognitive Therapy Techniques

Samples of techniques commonly used in cognitive therapy. This is used to help clients benefit from positive self talk.

Free Association

Saying whatever comes to mind

Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapies are more likely to emphasize:

Self fulfillment and growth

When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people with:

Severe depression

How might the placebo effect bias clients' and clinicians' appraisal of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapies who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Frued's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences-and the therapist interpretations of them released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notably:

Sluggishness, tremors and twitches

What are the side effects of Antipsychotic drugs?

Sluggishness, tremors and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's dz. Long-term use of anti-psychotics can produce tardive dyskinesia. These drugs may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes.

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

The technique of ___ ___ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli

Systemic desnsitization

Neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons

What are insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?

The insight therapies- pyschodynamic and humanistic therapies seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behaviors is the problem and treat it directly, playing less attention to its origin.

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interactions. It offers many benefits: -It saves therapists time and client's money. -It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills. -It enables people to see that others share their problems. -It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving.

Psychodynamic therapists

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insights.

Behavior therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. Presumed problem: Dysfunctional behaviors Therapy aim: Learn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problems ones. Therapy technique: Use classical conditioning (via exposure or aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (as in token economies)

Cognitive therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Presumed behavior: Negative, self defeating thinking Therapy aim: Promote healthier thinking and self talk. Therapy technique: Train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions.

Family therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at other family members.

How come the Analysts' interpretations do not follow the scientific method?

They can not be proven or disproven

What is cognitive behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

This integrative therapy helps people change self defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety, obsessive compulsive, depression, bipolar and eating disorders.

At a treatment center, people who display a desired behavior receive coins that they can later exchange for other rewards. This is an example of ___ ___.

Token Economy

In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called ____ . Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating _____. The therapist will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ___ of the mental blocks.

Transference; resistance; interpretation

Progressive relaxation

a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn

Those who undergo psychotherapy are ____ (more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy.

more

Cognitive revolution

studies mental processes such as thinking, knowing and remembering

Mood stabilizing drugs

used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders; an example is lithium

Humanistic theory

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Humanistic Perspective

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.